The Three Forks Group is a stratigraphical unit of Famennian age in the Williston Basin .
61-702: It takes the name from the city of Three Forks, Montana , and was first described in outcrop near the city by A.C. Peale in 1893 (for the Three Forks Shale). The Three Forks Group is composed of dolomite , mudstone and bituminous shale . In the subsurface of the Williston Basin, the Three Forks is referred to as the Three Forks Formation , which lies between the Birdbear Formation below, and
122-597: A Comanche tribe and had a number of children, including Tacutine's father, Ticannaf. Porivo left the tribe after her husband, Jerk-Meat, was killed. According to these narratives, Porivo lived for some time at Fort Bridger in Wyoming with her sons Bazil and Baptiste, who each knew several languages, including English and French. Eventually, she returned to the Lemhi Shoshone at the Wind River Reservation, where she
183-597: A Shoshone woman at the Wind River Reservation with the Comanche name Porivo ('chief woman'). Some of those he interviewed said that she spoke of a long journey wherein she had helped white men, and that she had a silver Jefferson peace medal of the type carried by the Lewis and Clark Expedition. He found a Comanche woman named Tacutine who said that Porivo was her grandmother. According to Tacutine, Porivo had married into
244-614: A capsized boat, including the journals and records of Lewis and Clark. The corps commanders, who praised her quick action, named the Sacagawea River in her honor on May 20, 1805. By August 1805, the corps had located a Shoshone tribe and was attempting to trade for horses to cross the Rocky Mountains . They used Sacagawea to interpret and discovered that the tribe's leader, Cameahwait , was her brother. Lewis recorded their reunion in his journal: Shortly after Capt. Clark arrived with
305-678: A child in Germany named Anton Fries. After his infant son died, Jean Baptiste returned from Europe in 1829 to the United States. He lived after that as a Western frontiersman . In 1846, he was a guide for the Mormon Battalion during construction of the first wagon road to South California. While in California, he was appointed as a magistrate for the Mission San Luis Rey . He disliked
366-437: A household in the city was $ 34,212, and the median income for a family was $ 39,938. Males had a median income of $ 30,086 versus $ 19,196 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 15,362. About 5.5% of families and 7.7% of the population were below the poverty line , including 6.6% of those under age 18 and 6.7% of those age 65 or over. The City of Three Forks is a Mayor–council government form of government in which
427-416: A hub for tourism. Three Forks is at the cross-roads of Interstate 90 and U.S. Route 287 . Sacagawea Sacagawea ( / ˌ s æ k ə dʒ ə ˈ w iː ə / SAK -ə-jə- WEE -ə or / s ə ˌ k ɒ ɡ ə ˈ w eɪ ə / sə- KOG -ə- WAY -ə ; also spelled Sakakawea or Sacajawea ; May c. 1788 – December 20, 1812) was a Lemhi Shoshone woman who, in her teens, helped
488-519: A journal entry from 1811 by Henry Brackenridge , a fur trader at Fort Lisa Trading Post on the Missouri River, wrote that Sacagawea and Charbonneau were living at the fort. Brackenridge recorded that Sacagawea "had become sickly and longed to revisit her native country." John Luttig, a Fort Lisa clerk, recorded in his journal on December 20, 1812, that "the wife of Charbonneau, a Snake Squaw [i.e. Shoshone ], died of putrid fever ." He said that she
549-661: A manner as to gain my friendship, your woman who accompanied you that long dangerous and fatigueing rout to the Pacific Ocian and back diserved a greater reward for her attention and services on that rout than we had in our power to give her at the Mandans. As to your little Son (my boy Pomp) you well know my fondness of him and my anxiety to take him and raise him as my own child. ... If you are desposed to accept either of my offers to you and will bring down you Son your famn [femme, woman] Janey had best come along with you to take care of
610-460: A part of Three Forks Public Schools . Three Forks Schools educates students from kindergarten through 12th grade. Three Forks High School 's team name is the Wolves. The Three Forks Community Library is a public library. The Three Forks Voice is a weekly newspaper serving the area. Area attractions such as Lewis and Clark Caverns State Park have made Three Forks and the surrounding area
671-514: A record of the pilot-woman's death in 1884 (when ninety-five years old) on the Shoshone Reservation, Wyoming, and her wind-swept grave." In 1925, Dr. Charles Eastman , a Dakota Sioux physician, was hired by the Bureau of Indian Affairs to locate Sacagawea's remains. Eastman visited various Native American tribes to interview elders who might have known or heard of Sacagawea. He learned of
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#1732875730846732-539: A woman with a party of men is a token of peace." Further he wrote that she "confirmed those people of our friendly intentions, as no woman ever accompanies a war party of Indians in this quarter" [ sic ]. As Clark traveled downriver from Fort Mandan at the end of the journey, on board the pirogue near the Ricara Village, he wrote to Charbonneau: You have been a long time with me and conducted your Self in Such
793-473: Is advisable to emphasize the second, long syllable, rather than the /i/ syllable, as is common in English. The name has several spelling traditions in English. The origin of each tradition is described in the following sections. The spelling Sacajawea ( / ˌ s æ k ə dʒ ə ˈ w iː ə / ) is said to have derived from Shoshone Saca-tzaw-meah, meaning 'boat puller' or 'boat launcher'. In contrast to
854-562: Is historically considered the birthplace or start of the Missouri River. The population was 1,989 at the 2020 census . The city of Three Forks is named so because it lies geographically near the point, in nearby Missouri Headwaters State Park , where the Jefferson , Madison , and Gallatin rivers converge to form the Missouri River — the longest single river in North America , as well as
915-559: Is located at 45°53′29″N 111°33′6″W / 45.89139°N 111.55167°W / 45.89139; -111.55167 (45.891334, -111.551532). According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 1.50 square miles (3.88 km ), of which 1.44 square miles (3.73 km ) is land and 0.06 square miles (0.16 km ) is water. [REDACTED] As of the census of 2010, there were 1,869 people, 785 households, and 524 families residing in
976-545: Is no independent evidence supporting this tale. Sacagawea's son, Jean Baptiste Charbonneau , had an adventurous life. Known as the infant who, with his mother, accompanied the explorers to the Pacific Ocean and back, he had lifelong celebrity status. At the age of 18, he was befriended by a German Prince , Duke Paul Wilhelm of Württemberg , who took him to Europe . There, Jean Baptiste lived for six years among royalty , while learning four languages and allegedly fathering
1037-528: The Big Belley language visit us, he wished to hire & informed us his 2 Squars (squaws) were Snake Indians, we engau (engaged) him to go on with us and take one of his wives to interpret the Snake language . Charbonneau and Sacagawea moved into the expedition's fort a week later. Clark later nicknamed her "Janey." Lewis recorded the birth of Jean Baptiste Charbonneau on February 11, 1805, noting that another of
1098-545: The Lewis and Clark Expedition in achieving their chartered mission objectives by exploring the Louisiana Territory . Sacagawea traveled with the expedition thousands of miles from North Dakota to the Pacific Ocean , helping to establish cultural contacts with Native American people and contributing to the expedition's knowledge of natural history in different regions. The National American Woman Suffrage Association of
1159-572: The Lewis and Clark Expedition . In 1800, she was captured by the Mennetaree tribe near the present site of Three Forks. She later returned to this area with Lewis and Clark and the Corps of Discovery. A statue of Sacagawea now sits in a park off Main Street. The present-day city of Three Forks was founded September 17, 1908 by John Q. Adams, a Milwaukee Road land agent. The Milwaukee (Railroad) Land Co., platted
1220-729: The Saskatchewan Group and is disconformably overlain by the Madison Group . It is equivalent to the sum of the Wabamun Group and Exshaw Formation in Alberta . Three Forks, Montana Three Forks is a city in Gallatin County , Montana , United States and is located within the watershed valley system of both the Missouri and Mississippi rivers drainage basins — and
1281-741: The University of Wyoming in Laramie and an active supporter of the Nineteenth Amendment , campaigned for federal legislation to erect an edifice honoring Sacajawea's alleged death in 1884. An account of the expedition published in May 1919 noted that "A sculptor, Mr. Bruno Zimm , seeking a model for a statue of Sacagawea that was later erected at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in St. Louis, discovered
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#17328757308461342-537: The Yellowstone River basin at what is now known as Bozeman Pass . Later, this was chosen as the optimal route for the Northern Pacific Railway to cross the continental divide . While Sacagawea has been depicted as a guide for the expedition, she is recorded as providing direction in only a few instances, primarily in present-day Montana. Her work as an interpreter helped the party to negotiate with
1403-402: The continental divide at the present-day Idaho- Montana border. In 1800, when she was about 12 years old, Sacagawea and several other children were taken captive by a group of Hidatsa in a raid that resulted in the deaths of several Shoshone : four men, four women, and several boys. She was held captive at a Hidatsa village near present-day Washburn, North Dakota . At about age 13, she
1464-601: The Bakken Formation above. Oil produced from the Three Forks Formation in the Williston Basin of North Dakota and south-eastern Saskatchewan is often included in production statistics with the overlying Bakken Formation. For instance, the Three Forks and Bakken were combined in estimates of potential production released by the United States Geological Survey on April 30, 2013. The estimate by
1525-645: The City Council is chaired by an elected Mayor . These two entities form the legislative and executive branches of the government. There are six elected City Council members. Three Forks Airport is a public use airport located 1 mile southeast of town. The municipality is in the Three Forks Elementary School District and the Three Forks High School District. The Three Forks elementary and high school districts are both
1586-489: The Hidatsa etymology more popular among academics, Sacajawea is the preferred spelling used by her own tribe, the Lemhi Shoshone people, some of whom claim that her Hidatsa captors transliterated her Shoshone name in their own language and pronounced it according to their own dialect. That is, they heard a name that approximated tsakaka and wia , and interpreted it as 'bird woman', substituting their hard "g/k" pronunciation for
1647-686: The Interpreter Charbono, and the Indian woman, who proved to be a sister of the Chief Cameahwait. The meeting of those people was really affecting, particularly between Sah cah-gar-we-ah and an Indian woman, who had been taken prisoner at the same time with her, and who had afterwards escaped from the Minnetares and rejoined her nation. And Clark in his: The Intertrepeter [ sic ] & Squar who were before me at Some distance danced for
1708-603: The Jefferson—the largest— as a separate tributary river, is that today the Mississippi River can arguably be called longer than the Missouri River because extensive re-channelization of the streambed for hydroelectric power projects has shortened the river while the Mississippi Delta has grown, lengthening the rival river. Honored in Three Forks, the Indian woman Sacagawea is best known as the interpreter and guide for
1769-620: The Shoshone. But, she also had significant value to the mission simply by her presence on the journey, as having a woman and infant accompany them demonstrated the peaceful intent of the expedition. While traveling through what is now Franklin County , Washington , in October 1805, Clark noted that "the wife of Shabono [Charbonneau] our interpreter, we find reconciles all the Indians, as to our friendly intentions
1830-497: The USGS projects that 7.4 billion barrels of oil can be recovered from the Bakken and Three Forks formations and 6.7 trillion cubic feet of natural gas and 530 million barrels of natural gas liquids using current technology. The Three Forks Group reaches a maximum thickness of 80 metres (260 ft), but can be as thin as 35 metres (110 ft). The Three Forks Group conformably overlies
1891-487: The United States through Sacajawea (1933), a biography written by Grace Raymond Hebard, based on her 30 years of research. Mickelson recounts the findings of Thomas H. Johnson, who argues in his Also Called Sacajawea: Chief Woman's Stolen Identity (2007) that Hebard identified the wrong woman when she relied upon oral history that an old woman who died and is buried on the Wyoming Wind River Reservation
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1952-427: The age of 18 living with them, 51.2% were married couples living together, 9.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 33.2% were non-families. 28.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 2.90. The median age in
2013-491: The attention of national suffragists seeking voting rights for women, according to author Raymond Wilson. Wilson argues that Sacagawea became a role model whom suffragists pointed to "with pride". She received even more attention in the 1930s, after publication of a history novel about her. Wilson notes: Interest in Sacajawea peaked and controversy intensified when Dr. Grace Raymond Hebard , professor of political economy at
2074-517: The beach south of Fort Clatsop , Sacagawea insisted on her right to go see this "monstrous fish." On the return trip, they approached the Rocky Mountains in July 1806. On July 6, Clark recorded: The Indian woman informed me that she had been in this plain frequently and knew it well. ... She said we would discover a gap in the mountains in our direction [i.e., present-day Gibbons Pass ]. A week later, on July 13, Sacagawea advised Clark to cross into
2135-553: The boy untill I get him. ... Wishing you and your family great success & with anxious expectations of seeing my little danceing boy Baptiest I shall remain your Friend, William Clark. [ sic ] Following the expedition, Charbonneau and Sacagawea spent three years among the Hidatsa before accepting William Clark's invitation to settle in St. Louis, Missouri , in 1809. They entrusted Jean-Baptiste's education to Clark, who enrolled
2196-561: The city was 40.8 years. 24.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24.5% were from 25 to 44; 28.4% were from 45 to 64; and 15.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.9% male and 50.1% female. As of the census of 2000, there were 1,728 people, 686 households, and 469 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,360.7 inhabitants per square mile (525.4/km ). There were 726 housing units at an average density of 571.7 per square mile (220.7/km ). The racial makeup of
2257-530: The city was 97.57% White, 1.10% Native American, 0.17% Asian, 0.23% Pacific Islander , 0.35% from other races , and 0.58% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.33% of the population. There were 686 households, out of which 35.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.3% were married couples living together, 5.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.5% were non-families. 26.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.1% had someone living alone who
2318-448: The city. The population density was 1,297.9 inhabitants per square mile (501.1/km ). There were 850 housing units at an average density of 590.3 per square mile (227.9/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 98.1% White , 0.2% African American , 0.4% Native American , 0.5% Asian , and 0.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.1% of the population. There were 785 households, of which 31.1% had children under
2379-449: The early 20th century adopted Sacagawea as a symbol of women's worth and independence, erecting several statues and plaques in her memory, and doing much to recount her accomplishments. Reliable historical information about Sacagawea is very limited. She was born c. 1788 into the Agaidika ('Salmon Eater', aka Lemhi Shoshone ) tribe near present-day Salmon, Idaho . This is near
2440-576: The expedition approached the mouth of the Columbia River on the Pacific Coast , Sacagawea gave up her beaded belt to enable the captains to trade for a fur robe they wished to bring back to give to President Thomas Jefferson . Clark's journal entry for November 20, 1805, reads: one of the Indians had on a roab made of 2 Sea Otter Skins the fur of them were more butifull than any fur I had ever Seen both Capt. Lewis & my Self endeavored to purchase
2501-469: The expedition up the Missouri River in the springtime. Knowing they would need to communicate with the tribal nations who lived at the headwaters of the Missouri River, they agreed to hire Toussaint Charbonneau , who claimed to speak several Native languages, and one of his wives, who spoke Shoshone . Sacajawea was pregnant with her first child at the time. On November 4, 1804, Clark recorded in his journal: [A] french man by Name Chabonah, who Speaks
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2562-463: The guardian of Tousant Charbonneau, a boy about ten years, and Lizette Charbonneau, a girl about one year old.' For a Missouri State Court at the time, to designate a child as orphaned and to allow an adoption, both parents had to be confirmed dead in court papers. The last recorded document referring to Sacagawea's life appears in William Clark's original notes written between 1825 and 1826. He lists
2623-489: The joyful Sight, and She made signs to me that they were her nation ... The Shoshone agreed to barter horses and to provide guides to lead the expedition over the Rocky Mountains. The mountain crossing took longer than expected, and the expedition's food supplies dwindled. When they descended into more temperate regions, Sacagawea helped to find and cook camas roots to help the party members regain their strength. As
2684-708: The latter one, the Three Valleys State Bank , whose building survives, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places , and serves as a local history museum. The town's early growth prospects foundered from the effects of economic depression, crop failures, and an earthquake that hit the town on June 27, 1925, damaging all of its brick buildings. The town's population never reached the 10,000 level that some once hoped for, and dropped to about 1,000. Some prosperity returned during and after World War II , and population has grown modestly since. Three Forks
2745-663: The major portion of the Missouri–Mississippi River System from the headwaters near Three Forks to its discharge into the Gulf of Mexico . Three Forks is part of the Bozeman, MT Micropolitan Statistical Area of approximately 100,000 people and located thirty miles west of Bozeman. The three rivers, west to east, were named by Meriwether Lewis in late July 1805 for President Thomas Jefferson , Secretary of State James Madison , and Treasury Secretary Albert Gallatin which
2806-441: The name indicates a long vowel , while the diacritics suggest a falling pitch pattern. Hidatsa is a pitch-accent language that does not have stress ; therefore, in the Hidatsa pronunciation all syllables in [tsaɡáàɡawia] are pronounced with roughly the same relative emphasis. However, most English speakers perceive the accented syllable (the long /aa/ ) as stressed. In faithful rendering of Cagáàgawia to other languages, it
2867-449: The name's Hidatsa etymology essentially indisputable. The name is a compound of two common Hidatsa nouns : cagáàga ( [tsakáàka] , 'bird') and míà ( [míà] , 'woman'). The compound is written as Cagáàgawia ('Bird Woman') in modern Hidatsa orthography , and pronounced [tsakáàkawia] ( /m/ is pronounced [w] between vowels in Hidatsa). The double /aa/ in
2928-457: The names of each of the expedition members and their last known whereabouts. For Sacagawea, he writes, "Se car ja we au— Dead." Some oral traditions relate that, rather than dying in 1812, Sacagawea left her husband Charbonneau, crossed the Great Plains , and married into a Comanche tribe. She was said to have returned to the Shoshone in 1860 in Wyoming, where she died in 1884. However there
2989-423: The party's interpreters administered crushed rattlesnake rattles in water to speed the delivery. Clark and other members of the Corps nicknamed the boy "Pomp" or "Pompy." In April, the expedition left Fort Mandan and headed up the Missouri River in pirogues . They had to be poled against the current and sometimes pulled by crew along the riverbanks. On May 14, 1805, Sacagawea rescued items that had fallen out of
3050-535: The roab with different articles at length we precured it for a belt of blue beeds which the Squar—wife of our interpreter Shabono wore around her waste. [ sic ] When the corps reached the Pacific Ocean, all members of the expedition—including Sacagawea and Clark's enslaved servant York —voted on November 24 on the location for building their winter fort. In January, when a whale 's carcass washed up onto
3111-399: The softer "tz/j" sound that did not exist in the Hidatsa language. The use of this spelling almost certainly originated with Nicholas Biddle , who used the "j" when he annotated the journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition for publication in 1814. This use became more widespread with the publication in 1902 of Eva Emery Dye 's novel The Conquest: The True Story of Lewis and Clark . It
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#17328757308463172-465: The survivors. Charbonneau was mistakenly thought to have been killed at this time, but he apparently lived to at least age 76. He had signed over formal custody of his son to William Clark in 1813. As further proof that Sacagawea died in 1812, Butterfield writes: An adoption document made in the Orphans Court Records in St. Louis, Missouri, states, 'On August 11, 1813, William Clark became
3233-631: The town and held a lot sale that day. Some buildings were moved to the present city from "Old Town Three Forks", a mile to the northeast. The city became a division point on the Milwaukee Road's Rocky Mountain Division and was an important hub for the railroad during the existence of the Milwaukee in Montana (1908-1980). Two banks for the town were chartered in 1909 and 1910; John Q. Adams financed construction of
3294-556: The way Indians were treated in the missions and left to become a hotel clerk in Auburn, California , once the center of gold rush activity. After working six years in Auburn, Jean Baptiste left in search of riches in the gold mines of Montana . He was 61 years old, and the trip was too much for him. He became ill with pneumonia and died in a remote area near Danner, Oregon , on May 16, 1866. The question of Sacagawea's burial place caught
3355-587: The young man in the Saint Louis Academy boarding school. Sacagawea gave birth to a daughter, Lizette Charbonneau, about 1812. Lizette was identified as a year-old girl in adoption papers in 1813 recognizing William Clark, who also adopted her older brother that year. Because Clark's papers make no later mention of Lizette, it is believed that she died in childhood. According to Bonnie "Spirit Wind-Walker" Butterfield, historical documents suggest that Sacagawea died in 1812 of an unknown sickness. For instance,
3416-472: Was "aged about 25 years. She left a fine infant girl." Documents held by Clark show that Charbonneau had already entrusted their son Baptiste to Clark's care for a boarding school education, at Clark's insistence (Jackson, 1962). In February 1813, a few months after Luttig's journal entry, 15 men were killed in a Native attack on Fort Lisa, which was then located at the mouth of the Bighorn River . John Luttig, as well as Sacagawea's infant daughter, were among
3477-450: Was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.51 and the average family size was 3.08. In the city, the population was spread out, with 28.4% under the age of 18, 6.0% from 18 to 24, 28.9% from 25 to 44, 21.8% from 45 to 64, and 15.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 102.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.6 males. The median income for
3538-423: Was Sacajawea. Critics have also questioned Hebard's work because she portrayed Sacajawea in a manner described as "undeniably long on romance and short on hard evidence, suffering from a sentimentalization of Indian culture." A long-running controversy has related to the correct spelling, pronunciation, and etymology of the Shoshone woman's name. Linguists studying Hidatsa since the 1870s have always considered
3599-511: Was in the times the genesis of a mild controversy and eventually spawned a modern-day geographical controversy—in both cases regarding length comparisons between the Missouri and Mississippi rivers. Today the two confluences are incorporated inside Missouri Headwaters State Park, which is also a U.S. National Historic Landmark . The Lewis and Clark expedition visited the site on July 28, 1805. Meriwether Lewis in his journal entry wrote: One consequence of their decision to designate, map and name
3660-404: Was recorded as "Bazil's mother." This woman, Porivo, is believed to have died on April 9, 1884. Eastman concluded that Porivo was Sacagawea. In 1963, a monument to "Sacajawea of the Shoshonis" was erected at Fort Washakie on the Wind River Reservation near Lander, Wyoming , on the basis of this claim. The belief that Sacagawea lived to old age and died in Wyoming was widely disseminated in
3721-545: Was sold into a non-consensual marriage to Toussaint Charbonneau , a Quebecois trapper . He had also bought another young Shoshone girl, known as Otter Woman , for a wife. Charbonneau was variously reported to have purchased both girls from the Hidatsa, or to have won Sacagawea while gambling . In 1804, the Corps of Discovery reached a Mandan village, where Captains Meriwether Lewis and William Clark built Fort Mandan for wintering over in 1804–05. They interviewed several trappers who might be able to interpret or guide
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