Thomas Earl Starzl (March 11, 1926 – March 4, 2017) was an American physician , researcher, and expert on organ transplants . He performed the first human liver transplants, and has often been referred to as "the father of modern transplantation". A documentary, entitled "Burden of Genius," covering the medical and scientific advances spearheaded by Starzl himself, was released to the public in 2017 in a series of screenings. Starzl also penned his autobiography, "The Puzzle People: Memoirs Of A Transplant Surgeon," which was published in 1992.
49-551: Starzl was born on March 11, 1926, in Le Mars, Iowa , the son of newspaper editor and science fiction writer Roman Frederick Starzl and Anna Laura Fitzgerald who was a teacher and a nurse. He was the second of four siblings. Originally intending to become a priest in his teenage years, Starzl changed his plans drastically when his mother died from breast cancer in 1947. He attended Westminster College in Fulton, Missouri , where he earned
98-503: A Bachelor of Science degree in biology . Starzl attended Northwestern University Medical School in Chicago , where in 1950 he received a Master of Science degree in anatomy and in 1952 earned both a Ph.D. in neurophysiology and an M.D. with distinction. While attending medical school, he established a long friendship with Professor Loyal Davis, MD, a neurosurgeon (whose wife Edith Luckett Davis ' daughter from her first marriage
147-563: A Markle scholarship . After obtaining his medical degree, Starzl trained in surgery at Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore and Jackson Memorial Hospital in Miami. At both places, he conducted lab and animal research, showing a keen interest in liver biology. Starzl was a surgeon and researcher in the then nascent field of organ transplantation at the University of Colorado from 1962 until his move to
196-526: A Superior Court and Sheriff (as an officer of the court ), both located in a designated "shire town". Bennington County, Vermont has two shire towns; the court for "North Shire" is in the shire town Manchester , and the Sheriff for the county and court for "South Shire" are in the shire town Bennington. In 2024, Connecticut , which had not defined their counties for anything but statistical, historical and weather warning purposes since 1960, along with ending
245-495: A county or civil parish . The term is in use in five countries: Canada , China , Hungary , Romania , and the United States . An equivalent term, shire town , is used in the U.S. state of Vermont and in several other English-speaking jurisdictions. In Canada , the provinces of Ontario , Quebec , New Brunswick , Prince Edward Island , and Nova Scotia have counties as an administrative division of government below
294-684: A celebration for his 80th birthday, the University of Pittsburgh renamed one of its newest medical research buildings the Thomas E. Starzl Biomedical Science Tower in recognition of his achievements and contributions to the field. On October 15, 2007, the Western Pennsylvania American Liver Foundation and the City of Pittsburgh honored Starzl by dedicating Lothrop Street, near his office and the biomedical research tower bearing his name, as "Thomas E. Starzl Way". A statue honoring Starzl
343-410: A county seat may be an independent city surrounded by, but not part of, the county of which it is the administrative center; for example, Fairfax City is both the county seat of Fairfax County, Virginia and completely surrounded by Fairfax County, but the city is politically independent of the county. When the county seat is in the independent city, government offices such as the courthouse may be in
392-404: A family was $ 47,409. Males had a median income of $ 35,936 versus $ 21,757 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 19,598. About 4.5% of families and 6.2% of the population were below the poverty line , including 7.0% of those under age 18 and 6.7% of those age 65 or over. Le Mars is home to two educational institutions, one public and one private. Le Mars Community School District
441-531: A female householder with no spouse or partner present and 17.9% had a male householder with no spouse or partner present. 35.6% of all households were non-families. 30.2% of all households were made up of individuals, 13.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years old or older. The median age in the city was 38.1 years. 28.5% of the residents were under the age of 20; 5.4% were between the ages of 20 and 24; 24.7% were from 25 and 44; 24.5% were from 45 and 64; and 16.9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of
490-497: A “Name That Ice Cream” contest in the Sioux City Journal . The winner of the $ 25 prize suggested "Blue Bunny" because his son had enjoyed seeing blue bunnies in department store windows at Easter . In 2022, the company Ferrero Rocher purchased Wells Enterprise. Dominating the skyline of present-day Le Mars is Wells' Blue Bunny Dairy's 900,000-square-foot (84,000 m ) plant with a 12-story tall refrigeration tower called
539-569: Is a jay. Gehlen Catholic is a member of the War Eagle Conference . Westmar University was a private four-year liberal arts college in Le Mars. It permanently closed on November 21, 1997. Le Mars Municipal Airport is owned by the city of Le Mars and located two nautical miles (3.7 km) southwest of its central business district . County seat A county seat is an administrative center, seat of government , or capital city of
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#1733085939709588-409: Is known as the seat of its county. Generally, the county legislature, county courthouse, sheriff's department headquarters, hall of records, jail and correctional facility are located in the county seat, though some functions (such as highway maintenance, which usually requires a large garage for vehicles, along with asphalt and salt storage facilities) may also be located or conducted in other parts of
637-611: Is the public school serving over 2,000 students grades PK–12. Le Mars Community, known locally as "Community", has a mascot of a bulldog. Le Mars was a member of the Lakes Conference until July 2019, when it switched to the Missouri River Conference . Gehlen Catholic is a private school associated with the Roman Catholic Diocese of Sioux City serving over 350 students in grades PK–12. Gehlen Catholic's mascot
686-583: The Floyd River northeast of Sioux City . The population was 10,571 at the time of the 2020 census . Le Mars is part of the Sioux City metropolitan area . Le Mars is the home of Wells Enterprises, Inc. , world's largest producer of ice cream novelties in one location and so claims to be the "Ice Cream Capital of the World" although it would probably be more accurate to claim to be the “Ice Cream Novelties Capital of
735-481: The University of Pittsburgh in 1981. The Institute for Scientific Information released information in 1999 that documented that his work had been cited more than any other researcher in the world. Between 1981 and June 1998, he was cited 26,456 times. His autobiographical memoir, The Puzzle People , was named by The Wall Street Journal as the third best book on doctors' lives and was written in three months. Starzl's most notable accomplishments include: Starzl
784-429: The "Ice Cream Capital of the World". Wells is best known for its various sweet products, including Blue Bunny, Bomb Pop, Blue Ribbon, and Chilly Cow. To showcase its sweet treats, Le Mars has an ice cream parlor, which was remodeled in 2019, and includes an old-fashioned ice cream serving station, museum displays, roof-top seating, and gift shop. The ice cream parlor in Le Mars is one of the largest tourist attractions in
833-456: The "South Ice Cream Plant" – so-named because it is on the south side of town. As of 2005, the plant employed 1,000 and produces 75 million gallons of frozen treats, the milk coming mainly coming from three large Iowa dairy farms. The size of this plant has led to speculation that the company is the world's largest family-owned and managed dairy processor and the world's largest manufacturer of ice cream in one location, with Le Mars claiming to be
882-399: The Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute. Since his "retirement," he earned the additional distinctions of being one of the most prolific scientists in the world as well as the most cited scientist in the field of clinical medicine. Le Mars, Iowa Le Mars / l ə ˈ m ɑːr z / is a city and the county seat of Plymouth County, Iowa , United States. It is located on
931-935: The United States, followed by Towson , the county seat of Baltimore County, Maryland . Likewise, some county seats may not be incorporated in their own right, but are located within incorporated municipalities. For example, Cape May Court House, New Jersey , though unincorporated, is a section of Middle Township , an incorporated municipality. In some states, often those that were among the original Thirteen Colonies , county seats include or formerly included "Court House" as part of their name, such as Spotsylvania Courthouse, Virginia . Most counties have only one county seat. However, some counties in Alabama , Arkansas , Georgia , Iowa , Kentucky , Massachusetts , Mississippi , Missouri , New Hampshire , New York , and Vermont have two or more county seats, usually located on opposite sides of
980-761: The World”. In 1866, Benjamin F. Betsworth was the first settler in the town which came to be known as Le Mars; he homesteaded on the Floyd River and built the town's first schoolhouse. Le Mars was platted three years later but no lots were sold until the Iowa Falls and Sioux City Railroad Company, a subsidiary of the Iowa Falls and Sioux City Railroad (later part of the Illinois Central Railroad ), completed its trackage from Le Mars southwardly to Sioux City in 1870. Railroad magnate John I. Blair hosted an excursion to
1029-450: The attention of the nation when "over five hundred farmers crowded the court room in Le Mars", according to an account by historian Arthur Schlesinger, Jr. The farmers were there to demand that Judge Charles C. Bradley suspend foreclosure proceedings until recently passed laws could be considered. Judge Bradley refused. One farmer remarked that the court room wasn't his alone, that farmers had paid for it with their taxes. The crowd rushed
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#17330859397091078-405: The average family size was 3.05. Age spread: 27.2% under the age of 18, 8.3% from 18 to 24, 27.6% from 25 to 44, 20.3% from 45 to 64, and 16.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.8 males. The median income for a household in the city was $ 38,892, and the median income for
1127-532: The city has a total area of 8.55 square miles (22.14 km ), of which 8.54 square miles (22.12 km ) is land and 0.01 square miles (0.03 km ) is water. Le Mars is a part of the Sioux City metropolitan area . As of the census of 2020, there were 10,571 people, 4,296 households, and 2,768 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,238.3 inhabitants per square mile (478.1/km ). There were 4,521 housing units at an average density of 529.6 per square mile (204.5/km ). The racial makeup of
1176-543: The city was 49.4% male and 50.6% female. As of the census of 2015, there were 9,436 people, 4,013 households, and 2,593 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,096.7 inhabitants per square mile (423.4/km ). There were 4,220 housing units at an average density of 471.0 per square mile (181.9/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 92.5% White , 0.5% African American , 0.3% Native American , 0.7% Asian , 2.9% from other races , and 1.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.4% of
1225-435: The city was 85.4% White , 2.9% Black or African American , 0.4% Native American , 0.9% Asian , 0.7% Pacific Islander , 4.7% from other races and 5.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino persons of any race comprised 9.5% of the population. Of the 4,296 households, 31.0% of which had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.0% were married couples living together, 6.9% were cohabitating couples, 26.2% had
1274-427: The city. The population density was 1,356.9 inhabitants per square mile (523.9/km ). There were 3,818 housing units at an average density of 560.9 per square mile (216.6/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 97.24% White , 0.45% African American , 0.16% Native American , 0.30% Asian , 0.09% Pacific Islander , 0.94% from other races , and 0.81% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.44% of
1323-517: The counties after his unification, there were about 1,000. Under the Eastern Han dynasty , the number of counties increased to above 1,000. About 1400 existed when the Sui dynasty abolished the commandery level (郡 jùn), which was the level just above counties, and demoted some commanderies to counties. In Imperial China, the county was a significant administrative unit because it marked the lowest level of
1372-418: The county, especially if it is geographically large. A county seat is usually an incorporated municipality . The exceptions include the county seats of counties that have no incorporated municipalities within their borders, such as Arlington County, Virginia , where the county seat is the entire county. Ellicott City , the county seat of Howard County, Maryland , is the largest unincorporated county seat in
1421-420: The county. Examples include Harrison County, Mississippi , which has both Biloxi and Gulfport as county seats, and Hinds County, Mississippi , which has both Raymond and the state capital of Jackson . The practice of multiple county seat towns dates from the days when travel was difficult. There have been few efforts to eliminate the two-seat arrangement, since a county seat is a source of civic pride for
1470-424: The imperial bureaucratic structure; in other words, it was the lowest level that the government reached. Government below the county level was often undertaken through informal non-bureaucratic means, varying between dynasties. The head of a county was the magistrate , who oversaw both the day-to-day operations of the county as well as civil and criminal cases. The current number of counties mostly resembled that of
1519-572: The increase of Han Chinese population in Taiwan, the number of counties also grew by time. By the end of Qing era, there were 11 counties in Taiwan. Protestant missionaries in China first romanized the term as hien . When Taiwan became a Japanese colony in 1895, the hierarchy of divisions also incorporated into the Japanese system in the period when Taiwan was under Japanese rule. By September 1945, Taiwan
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1568-611: The independent city under an agreement, such as in Albemarle , or may in be enclaves of the county surrounded by the independent city, such as in Fairfax . Others, such as Prince William , have the courthouse in an enclave surrounded by the independent city and have the county government, the Board of Supervisors, in a different part of the county, far from the county seat. The following counties have their county seat in an independent city: Bedford
1617-524: The judge, slapped him, and placed a rope around his neck and a hub cap on his head. They did not, however lynch him. President George W. Bush came to Le Mars on November 3, 2006, to campaign for Jim Nussle , then candidate for Iowa governor, as well as Rep. Steve King . He spoke at Le Mars Community High School to a crowd of over 2500 people. Le Mars is a popular stop for presidential candidates as they make their way across caucus-famous Iowa, and has been visited by nearly every presidential candidate over
1666-732: The later years of the Qing dynasty . Changes of location and names of counties in Chinese history have been a major field of research in Chinese historical geography, especially from the 1960s to the 1980s. There are 1,355 counties in Mainland China out of a total of 2,851 county-level divisions. In Taiwan , the first counties were first established in 1661 by the Kingdom of Tungning . The later ruler Qing empire inherited this type of administrative divisions. With
1715-509: The new town, which was then called St. Paul Junction because of its 1871 connection to St. Paul on the nascent Sioux City & St. Paul Railroad . Blair asked the women in the party to name the town, and they submitted an acronym based upon their first names' initials: L ucy Ford and L aura Walker, E llen Cleghorn or E lizabeth Underhill, M artha Weare and M ary Weare, A deline Swain , R ebecca Smith and S arah Reynolds. (Note that some letters represent more than one person.) There
1764-470: The past several elections including Joe Biden, Barack Obama, Hillary Clinton, Mitt Romney, John McCain, etc. In 1925, Fred H. Wells Jr. and his sons had opened an ice cream manufacturing plant there. However, the plant (and the Wells name) was purchased by Fairmount Ice Cream in 1928. In 1935, Fred and his sons sought to begin selling ice cream again, but could no longer use their name. They, therefore, sponsored
1813-408: The population. There were 3,640 households, out of which 34.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.0% were married couples living together, 8.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.6% were non-families. 28.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.46 and
1862-441: The population. There were 4,013 households, of which 31.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.3% were married couples living together, 8.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 35.4% were non-families. 30.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size
1911-752: The provincial level, and thus county seats. In the provinces of Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia the term "shire town" is used in place of county seat. County seats in China are the administrative centers of the counties in the People's Republic of China . Xian have existed since the Warring States period and were set up nationwide by the Qin dynasty . The number of counties in China proper gradually increased from dynasty to dynasty. As Qin Shi Huang reorganized
1960-485: The state of Iowa. Le Mars hosts an annual celebration "Ice Cream Days" every year in late June which includes many activities such as ice cream socials, concerts, art exhibitions, parades, and more. Le Mars is located at 42°47′20″N 96°9′57″W / 42.78889°N 96.16583°W / 42.78889; -96.16583 (42.788799, −96.165944). According to the United States Census Bureau ,
2009-764: The state's area, has no borough government or borough seat. One borough, the Lake and Peninsula Borough , has its borough seat located in another borough, namely King Salmon in Bristol Bay Borough . In Louisiana , which is divided into parishes rather than counties, county seats are referred to as "parish seats". In New England , counties have served mainly as dividing lines for the states' judicial systems. Rhode Island has no county level of government and thus no county seats, and Massachusetts has dissolved many but not all of its county governments. In Vermont , Massachusetts , and Maine county government consists only of
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2058-416: The towns involved, along with providing employment opportunities. There are 33 counties with multiple county seats in 11 states: Alaska is divided into boroughs rather than counties; the county seat in these case is referred to as the "borough seat"; this includes six consolidated city-borough governments (one of which is styled as a "municipality"). The Unorganized Borough, Alaska , which covers 49% of
2107-538: The use of county seats in particular, will fully transition with the permission of the United States Census Bureau to a system of councils of government for the purposes of boundary definition and as county equivalents. Two counties in South Dakota , Oglala Lakota and Todd , have their county seat and government services centered in a neighboring county. Their county-level services are provided by Fall River County and Tripp County , respectively. In Virginia ,
2156-422: Was Nancy Reagan ). Starzl spent an extra year at medical school, using the additional time to complete a doctorate in neurophysiology , in 1952. He wrote a seminal paper describing a technique to record the electrical responses of deep brain structures to sensory stimuli such as a flash of light or a loud sound. The paper is highly cited, having been referenced in 384 articles by January 2019. In 1959, he gained
2205-438: Was 2.39 and the average family size was 3.00. The median age in the city was 39.2 years. 25.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 23.5% were from 25 to 44; 26.3% were from 45 to 64; and 16.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.4% male and 51.6% female. As of the census of 2000, there were 9,237 people, 3,640 households, and 2,453 families residing in
2254-568: Was divided into 8 prefectures ( 州 and 廳 ), which remained after the Republic of China took over. There are 13 county seats in Taiwan, which function as county-administered cities , urban townships , or rural townships . In most of the United States , a county is an administrative or political subdivision of a state that consists of a geographic area with specific boundaries and usually some level of governmental authority. The city, town, or populated place that houses county government
2303-718: Was named one of the most important people of the Millennium, ranking No. 213, according to the authors of "1,000 Years, 1,000 People: Ranking the Men and Women Who Shaped the Millennium " (Kodansha America, 332 pp.) [1] Starzl has also received honorary degrees from 26 universities in the United States and abroad, which include 12 in Science, 11 in Medicine, 2 in Humane Letters, and 1 in Law. In 2006, at
2352-608: Was some subsequent uncertainty about who the women of the acronym actually were. For example, the city's web page contains a somewhat different list. In 1885, Frederick Brooke Close, a young Englishman who had passed up attending Cambridge University to live in Iowa, founded the Northwestern Polo League in Le Mars. During the Great Depression in 1933, at a time when banks were foreclosing on many farmers, Le Mars caught
2401-458: Was unveiled on June 24, 2018 on the University of Pittsburgh campus near the school's Cathedral of Learning . Having retired from clinical and surgical service since 1991, Starzl devoted his time to research endeavors and remained active as professor of surgery at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center's (UPMC) program named in his honor:
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