173-646: Thomas Jeffrey (surname also recorded as Jeffery , Jeffries , Jeffreys or Jefferies ) was a convict bushranger , murderer, and cannibal in the mid-1820s in Van Diemen's Land (now Tasmania , Australia). In contemporary newspaper reports of his crimes, he was frequently described as a 'monster'. Jeffrey and three other convicts absconded from custody in Launceston in December 1825 and were subsequently responsible for five murders characterised by extreme violence, including
346-402: A "castle, hearts, and darts, flower pots, and several other marks" on his left arm. In common with others on the list, a reward of two pounds was offered for his apprehension. It is likely that Jeffrey was recaptured soon afterwards, with his conduct record noting that he received a punishment of fifty lashes and hard labour in the gaol work-gang. By April 1825, Jeffrey was transferred further up
519-582: A "fowling piece" (shotgun) and provisions, forcing the two occupants to walk with them into the bush before releasing them. On 14 December, "Jeffries, the flogger, and his gang" robbed a stock-hut near land on the South Esk River belonging to Rowland Loane . As they left, "they stated their intention of joining Brady and his gang". Matthew Brady and his gang of bushrangers were at the time notorious in Van Diemen's Land, having been at large and active throughout
692-402: A baby". On 27 April, Jeffrey and Perry were tried for the murder of Magnus Bakie, for which Jeffrey was found guilty. Perry was found "Guilty on the 2nd Count and Not Guilty on the other". On 29 April, Justice Pedder sentenced Jeffrey, Perry, and Hopkins to death, along with nine others (including Brady, Bryant, Goodwin, and five others of Brady's gang). Jeffrey "appeared much agitated" after
865-556: A bushranger was "an open villain who subsists by highway robbery, and will sooner be killed than taken alive". Over 2,000 bushrangers are estimated to have roamed the Australian countryside, beginning with the convict bolters and drawing to a close after Ned Kelly 's last stand at Glenrowan . Bushranging began soon after British settlement with the establishment of New South Wales as a penal colony in 1788. The majority of early bushrangers were convicts who had escaped prison, or from
1038-558: A combined route at Rydalmere or Camellia and pass through Parramatta before terminating at Westmead. The line will open in 2024. The under construction Sydney Metro West will be a metro line run between the Sydney central business district and Westmead. Announced in 2016, the line is set to open in 2032 with a station in Parramatta , Parramatta Road has always been an important thoroughfare for Sydney from its earliest days. From Parramatta
1211-488: A convict uprising, declared martial law in an effort to suppress Howe's influence. Most of the gang had either been captured or killed by 1818, the year Howe was clubbed to death by a soldier. Vandemonian bushranging peaked in the 1820s with hundreds of bolters at large, among the most notorious being Matthew Brady 's gang, cannibal serial killers Alexander Pearce and Thomas Jeffrey , and tracker-turned-resistance leader Musquito . Jackey Jackey (alias of William Westwood)
1384-746: A corner on the Macintyre (1894) and Bailed Up (1895), both set in Inverell , the area where Captain Thunderbolt was once active. Although not the first Australian film with a bushranging theme, The Story of the Kelly Gang (1906)—the world's first feature-length narrative film —is regarded as having set the template for the genre. On the back of the film's success, its producers released one of two 1907 film adaptations of Boldrewood's Robbery Under Arms (the other being Charles MacMahon's version ). Entering
1557-484: A fire and broiled some of the flesh and ate it, before moving on. A newspaper report after Jeffrey's capture, claiming to be based on his verbal confession, included a differing version of the events preceding Russell's murder. The account in the Colonial Times describes how with Jeffrey and his companions "being rather pressed for food, lots were cast which of his two companions should die — it fell upon Russell — but as
1730-471: A group of Bidjigal warriors, estimated to be at least 100, in an attack on the town of Parramatta. The local garrison withdrew to their barracks and Pemulwuy held the town until he was eventually shot and wounded. A year later, a government farm at Toongabbie was attacked by Pemulwuy, who challenged the New South Wales Corps to a fight. Governor Arthur Phillip built a small house for himself on
1903-693: A group of armed locals in Bobin, NSW , and the death of his brother, Joe Governor, near Singleton, NSW a few days later. Jack Underwood (who had been caught shortly after the Breelong Massacre) was hanged in Dubbo Gaol on 14 January 1901, and Jimmy Governor was hanged in Darlinghurst Gaol on 18 January 1901. The final phase of bushranging was sustained by the so-called "boy bushrangers"—youths who sought to commit crimes, mostly armed robberies, modelled on
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#17330861657512076-469: A half years, one of the longest careers of any bushranger. He sometimes operated alone; at other times, he led gangs, and was accompanied by his Aboriginal 'wife', Mary Ann Bugg , who is credited with helping extend his career. The increasing push of settlement, increased police efficiency, improvements in rail transport and communications technology, such as telegraphy , made it more difficult for bushrangers to evade capture. In 1870, Captain Thunderbolt
2249-411: A kangaroo rug over it" about six yards (5 m) from the fire and "he obliged Mrs. Tibbs to lay... with him". By his later deposition, Samuel Russell "heard no conversation pass between" Jeffrey and Russell's mistress, though he did hear her crying and "fretting once during the night". At daybreak they had some breakfast and Jeffrey told Walker and Mrs. Tibbs they were to be released. He went with them to
2422-552: A knife, made several thrusts at Lawson and told them "he would stab the first man that should attempt to put him in irons". Lawson succeeded in knocking the knife from Jeffrey's grasp, and he was restrained and placed in a cell. Jeffrey was later transferred to the George Town Gaol and sentenced to twelve months in the Macquarie Harbour Penal Station for "threats to stab Chief Constable Lawson". However, Jeffrey
2595-520: A large group of escaped convicts in The Cowpastures district but was betrayed, apprehended, and taken to Parramatta Gaol where he was put in irons. Eventually, Jeffrey was taken before the magistrate John Macarthur to whom he provided information that led to the apprehension of his erstwhile companions (who were later sent to the Port Macquarie penal settlement). Macarthur decided to send Jeffrey,
2768-478: A location that he called The Crescent, a defensible hill curved round a river bend, now in Parramatta Park . As a settlement developed, Governor Phillip gave it the name "Rose Hill" after British politician George Rose . On 4 June 1791 Phillip changed the name of the township to Parramatta, approximating the term used by the local Aboriginal people. A neighbouring suburb acquired the name "Rose Hill", which today
2941-486: A number of bushrangers became folk heroes and symbols of rebellion against the authorities, admired for their bravery, rough chivalry and colourful personalities. However, in stark contrast to romantic portrayals in the arts and popular culture, bushrangers tended to lead lives that were "nasty, brutish and short", with some earning notoriety for their cruelty and bloodthirst. Australian attitudes toward bushrangers remain complex and ambivalent. The earliest documented use of
3114-488: A pistol) and was captured. Jeffrey was brought into Launceston at about seven o'clock on the evening of his capture. A large crowd had gathered – "men, women, and children, free and prisoners, joined in their personal execrations against the monster". The crowd gathered around the cart conveying Jeffrey to the gaol and "it was with the greatest difficulty imaginable the people were prevented from tearing him to pieces". After Perry had become separated from Jeffrey, he kept on
3287-586: A relative of his mother's, before leaving London and moving from one place to another. He joined three men armed with pistols and began robbing farmers as they returned from market. On one occasion, between Lincoln and Gainsborough in the East Midlands , they accosted an old farmer who refused to hand over his money. One of Jeffrey's accomplices shot him dead and they left his body in a ditch, stealing £69 from their victim. The four men drank and gambled until they were apprehended near Hull on suspicion of murdering
3460-409: A sailor, and a soldier who had been stationed there as a signal-man. After robbing the buildings of supplies, including the soldier's musket, they headed east with their captives. Later that morning, they released Parish and the sailor, and the following morning freed the soldier. After keeping on the move for about three days, the three fugitives met up with William Bruce, a mailman. They took him into
3633-525: A school for Aboriginal children at Parramatta as part of a policy of improving relations between Aboriginal and European communities. This school was later relocated to "Black Town" . Parramatta has a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen climate classification : Cfa ) with mild to cool, somewhat short winters and warm to usually hot summers, alongside moderate rainfall spread throughout the year. Summer maximum temperatures are quite variable, often reaching above 35 °C (95 °F), on average 13.1 days in
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#17330861657513806-472: A search party hunting for the escapees and had become separated from his group. They confiscated Bakie's weapon and ammunition, tied his hands and loaded him with a knapsack. The bushrangers and their captives then resumed walking in a south-easterly direction parallel to the Tamar Valley. Later, they heard a gun being fired and were compelled to alter their course. Believing Bakie had tried to steer them towards
3979-502: A self-made book of kangaroo skin and written in kangaroo blood. In it was a dream diary and plans for a settlement he intended to found in the bush. Sometime bushranger Francis MacNamara, also known as Frank the Poet , wrote some of the best-known poems of the convict era. Several convict bushrangers also wrote autobiographies, including Jackey Jackey, Martin Cash and Owen Suffolk . Jack Donahue
4152-636: A shootout with the police. Ned Kelly, the only gang member to survive, was hanged at the Melbourne Gaol on 11 November 1880. In July 1900, the Governor brothers—a trio group consisting of an Aboriginal fencing contractor named Jimmy Governor and his associates, Joe Governor and Jack Underwood—perpetrated the Breelong Massacre, wounding one and killing five members of the Mawbey family. The massacre sparked
4325-548: A shot was fired ahead of them. As they moved cautiously forward, two men armed with muskets were sighted. Jeffrey told them to drop their arms, to which they responded by demanding their identities. When Jeffrey said who he was, one of the men ran off and Jeffrey and the remaining man exchanged shots, resulting in the man receiving a thigh wound. As Jeffrey and his companions approached the wounded man, who appeared to be drunk, he began to abuse them. According to Jeffrey's later accounts, as they drew nearer Russell came up behind and shot
4498-533: A situation unfit for a drunkard". On 25 August, Jeffrey was fined half his salary for "falsely imprisoning & assaulting" Mrs. Elizabeth Jessop, a free woman. The incident, which began on the evening of 20 August, was the subject of differing accounts by Jessop herself and another woman, Mrs. Ann Sharman. Common to both accounts is that Mrs. Sharman had been confined to the watch-house and Mrs. Jessop visited her there, bringing bedding and food. Sharman described Jessop as being "very tipsey" and abusive towards Jeffrey,
4671-529: A ten-year sentence in HM Prison Pentridge . Within a year of his release in 1879, he and his gang held up the town of Wantabadgery in the Riverina . Two of the gang (including Moonlite's "soulmate" and alleged lover, James Nesbitt) and one trooper were killed when the police attacked. Scott was found guilty of murder and hanged along with one of his accomplices on 20 January 1880. Among the last bushrangers
4844-637: A trooper in 1830. That same year, west of the Blue Mountains , convict Ralph Entwistle sparked a bushranging insurgency known as the Bathurst Rebellion . He and his gang raided farms, liberating assigned convicts by force in the process, and within a month, his personal army numbered 80 men. Following gun battles with vigilante posses, mounted policemen and soldiers of the 39th and 57th Regiment of Foot , he and nine of his men were captured and executed. Convict bushrangers were particularly prevalent in
5017-577: A zoo until 1951 when the animals were transferred to Taronga Zoo . Parramatta is known as the 'River City' as the Parramatta River flows through the Parramatta CBD. Its foreshore features a playground, seating, picnic tables and pathways that are increasingly popular with residents, visitors and CBD workers. Prince Alfred Square is a Victorian era park located within the CBD on the northern side of
5190-497: Is Jeffries!" Thus alerted, the twelve men remained concealed until the bushranger was "within reach of a musket ball", at which point "one of Mr. Davies's men and one of Mr. Wedge's party rushed out". Jeffrey immediately took cover behind a tree. As the other men emerged from the hut, he asked if "any quarter" would be given; he was answered in the affirmative by Mr. Wedge's man (a convict named William Parsons), who had him covered with his firearm. Jeffrey threw down his arms (a musket and
5363-629: Is a Christian liberal arts college with a campus in Parramatta located at 30 Cowper Street. The University of Sydney has also announced that it intends to establish a new campus in Parramatta. The Parramatta Advertiser is the local newspaper serving Parramatta and surrounding suburbs. On 16 March 2020, the Australian Broadcasting Corporation opened a new Western Sydney newsroom in Horwood Place at Parramatta incorporating space for 12 staff and news production equipment with
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5536-564: Is a central suburb of the City of Parramatta and a major commercial centre in Greater Western Sydney . Parramatta is located approximately 24 kilometres (15 mi) west of the Sydney CBD , on the banks of the Parramatta River . It is commonly regarded as the secondary central business district of metropolitan Sydney . Parramatta is the municipal seat of the local government area of
5709-533: Is at the Charles Street Weir, which divides the tidal saltwater from the freshwater of the upper river, on the eastern boundary of the Central Business District. The wharf is the westernmost destination of Sydney Ferries ' Parramatta River ferry services . The Parramatta Light Rail project was announced in 2015. Lines originating from Carlingford and Olympic Park via Wentworth Point will form
5882-621: Is considered a classic of Australian colonial literature. It also cited as an important influence on the American writer Owen Wister 's 1902 novel The Virginian , widely regarded as the first Western . Bushrangers were a favoured subject of colonial artists such as S. T. Gill , Frank P. Mahony and William Strutt . Tom Roberts , one of the leading figures of the Heidelberg School (also known as Australian Impressionism ), depicted bushrangers in some of his history paintings, including In
6055-537: Is home to many shops and restaurants. The northern end of Church Street, close to Lennox Bridge, features al fresco dining with a diverse range of cuisines. Immediately south of the CBD Church Street is known across Sydney as 'Auto Alley' for the many car dealerships lining both sides of the street as far as the M4 Motorway. Since 2000, Parramatta has seen the consolidation of its role as a government centre, with
6228-534: Is located in Cowper Street, Parramatta. Parramatta's Mosque is in an apartment building on Marsden Street, Parramatta. The district is served by BAPS Swaminarayan Hindu temple located on Eleanor St, Rosehill, and a Murugan Hindu temple in Mays Hill , off Great Western Highway. Parramatta Park is a large park adjacent to Western Sydney Stadium that is a popular venue for walking, jogging and bike riding. It
6401-645: Is one of the oldest active Salvation Army Corps in Australia. Parramatta is also home to the Parramatta and Districts Synagogue, which services the Jewish community of western Sydney. The Greek Orthodox Parish and Community of St Ioannis (St John The Frontrunner) Greek Orthodox Church was established in Parramatta in May 1960 under the ecumenical jurisdiction of the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Australia to serve
6574-512: Is served by Sydney Trains Cumberland Line , Leppington & Inner West Line and North Shore & Western Line services. NSW TrainLink operate intercity services on the Blue Mountains Line as well as services to rural New South Wales. The station was originally opened in 1855, located in what is now Granville , and known as Parramatta Junction. The station was moved to its current location and opened on 4 July 1860, five years after
6747-582: Is served by buses utilising the North West T-Way to Rouse Hill and the Liverpool-Parramatta T-way to Liverpool. Parramatta is also serviced by one high frequency Metrobus service: A free bus Route 900 is operated by Transit Systems in conjunction with the state government. Route 900 circles Parramatta CBD. A free bus also links Western Sydney Stadium to Parramatta railway station during major sporting events. The Parramatta ferry wharf
6920-429: Is spelt " Rosehill ". In an attempt to deal with the food crisis, Phillip in 1789 granted a convict named James Ruse the land of Experiment Farm at Parramatta on the condition that he develop a viable agriculture. There, Ruse became the first European to successfully grow grain in Australia. The Parramatta area was also the site of the pioneering of the Australian wool industry by John Macarthur 's Elizabeth Farm in
7093-550: Is successor to an earlier school 'Parramatta Commercial and Household Arts School'. Others schools include Parramatta Public School, Parramatta East Public School, Parramatta West Public School, and St Patrick's Primary Parramatta. Several tertiary education facilities are also located within Parramatta. A University of New England study centre and two Western Sydney University campuses are situated in Parramatta. The Western Sydney University Parramatta Campus consists of two sites: Parramatta South (the primary site) which occupies
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7266-652: Is the Parramatta Courthouse and the Drug Court of New South Wales . The Garfield Barwick Commonwealth Law Courts Building (named in honour of Sir Garfield Barwick ), houses courts of the Federal Magistrates Court and the Family Court of Australia . The NSW Government has also announced plans to secure up to 45,000 m of new A-grade leased office space in Parramatta to relocate a further 4,000 workers from
7439-536: Is the natural amphitheatre located on one of the bends of the river, named by Governor Philip as "the Crescent", which is used to stage concerts. It is home to the Dairy Cottage , built from 1798 to 1805, originally a single-room cottage and is one of the earliest surviving cottages in Australia. The remains of Governor Brisbane's private astronomical observatory, constructed in 1822, are visible. Astronomers who worked at
7612-584: Is the second oldest city in Australia, being only 10 months younger than Sydney. The British Colonists, who had arrived in January 1788 on the First Fleet at Sydney Cove , had only enough food to support themselves for a short time and the soil around Sydney Cove proved too poor to grow the amount of food that 1,000 convicts , soldiers and administrators needed to survive. During 1788, Governor Arthur Phillip had reconnoitred several places before choosing Parramatta as
7785-698: The British naval warship Achille . After four years and seven months, he deserted from the Navy, claiming "cruel usage". Jeffrey then went to London where he enlisted in the Army as a drummer. After two years and nine months, he deserted again and returned to sea on the frigate Leander . In 1814, Jeffrey returned to Bristol where he began to exhibit sociopathic behaviour, stealing from his father and other relatives before returning to London. There, he stole from an uncle and Captain Dower,
7958-498: The City of Parramatta and is often regarded as one of the primary centres of the Greater Sydney metropolitan region, along with the Sydney CBD , Penrith , and Liverpool . Parramatta also has a long history as a second administrative centre in the Sydney metropolitan region, playing host to a number of government departments, as well as state and federal courts. It is often colloquially referred to as "Parra". Parramatta, which
8131-647: The Parliament of New South Wales passed a bill, the Felons Apprehension Act 1865 , that effectively allowed anyone to shoot outlawed bushrangers on sight. By the time that the Clarke brothers were captured and hanged in 1867, organised gang bushranging in New South Wales had effectively ceased. Captain Thunderbolt (alias of Frederick Ward) robbed inns and mail-coaches across northern New South Wales for six and
8304-652: The Parramatta Eels of the National Rugby League and Western Sydney Wanderers of the A-League . Both teams formerly played matches at Parramatta Stadium that has since been demolished, and replaced with the 30,000-seat Western Sydney Stadium . Parramatta Stadium was also home to the now dissolved Sydney Wave of the former Australian Baseball League and Parramatta Power of the former National Soccer League . The newly built Bankwest Stadium opened its gates for
8477-564: The Parramatta River . It is one of the oldest public parks in New South Wales with trees dating from c. 1869 . Prior to being a public park, it was the site of Parramatta's second gaol from 1804 until 1841 and the first female factory in Australia between 1804 and 1821. In contrast to the high level of car dependency throughout Sydney, a greater proportion of Parramatta's workers travelled to work on public transport (45.2%) than by car (36.2%) in 2016. Parramatta railway station
8650-536: The 1790s. Philip Gidley King 's account of his visit to Parramatta on 9 April 1790 is one of the earliest descriptions of the area. Walking four miles with Governor Phillip to Prospect, he saw undulating grassland interspersed with magnificent trees and a great number of kangaroos and emus . The Battle of Parramatta , a major battle of the Australian frontier wars , occurred in March 1797 where Eora leader Pemulwuy led
8823-469: The 1820s. In 1803, another famous incident occurred in Parramatta, involving a convicted criminal named Joseph Samuel , originally from England. Samuel was convicted of murder and sentenced to death by hanging, but the rope broke. In the second attempt, the noose slipped off his neck. In the third attempt, the new rope broke. Governor King was summoned and pardoned Samuel, as the incident appeared to him to be divine intervention . In 1814, Macquarie opened
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#17330861657518996-447: The 1860s, including the 1862 Escort Rock robbery , Australia's largest ever gold heist. The gang also engaged in many shootouts with the police, resulting in deaths on both sides. Other bushrangers active in New South Wales during this period, such as Dan Morgan , and the Clarke brothers and their associates, murdered multiple policemen. As bushranging continued to escalate in the 1860s,
9169-677: The Bushranger (1830), William Thomas Moncrieff 's Van Diemen's Land: An Operatic Drama (1831), The Bushrangers; or, Norwood Vale (1834) by Henry Melville , and The Bushrangers; or, The Tregedy of Donohoe (1835) by Charles Harpur . In the late 19th century, E. W. Hornung and Hume Nisbet created popular bushranger novels within the conventions of the European "noble bandit" tradition. First serialised in The Sydney Mail in 1882–83, Rolf Boldrewood 's bushranging novel Robbery Under Arms
9342-453: The Darug language, and are incorrect. To this day many eels and other sea creatures are attracted to nutrients that are concentrated where the saltwater of Port Jackson meets the freshwater of the Parramatta River . The Parramatta Eels rugby league club chose their symbol as a result of this phenomenon. Parramatta was occupied by Europeans in 1788, the same year as Sydney. As such, Parramatta
9515-427: The Governor brothers to engage in a crime spree across northern New South Wales, triggering one of the largest manhunts in Australian history, with 2,000 armed civilians and police covering 3,000 km of northern New South Wales in a search for the brothers. The Governor brothers were pursued by authorities for a total of three months, consequently being brought down on 27 October with the arrest of Jimmy Governor by
9688-470: The Parramatta Hospital in 1949. Parramatta is a major business and commercial centre, and home to Westfield Parramatta , the tenth largest shopping centre in Australia . Parramatta is also the major transport hub for Western Sydney, servicing trains and buses, as well as having a ferry wharf and future light rail and metro services. Major upgrades have occurred around Parramatta railway station with
9861-485: The South Esk River). As Jeffrey neared the door of the dwelling, two men appeared holding muskets but dropped them at the bushranger's command. Another two men were found inside, one of them injured in bed. After gathering supplies from the hut, they forced the three men able to walk to carry the goods 9 miles (14 km) to the foot of the surrounding mountains where they were given their freedom. On about 16 December,
10034-492: The Stockkeeper to say their Prayers" after which Russell shot Beechy with his pistol. Perry then fired at Tibbs with a musket he had previously loaded with "gunpowder and seven pistol balls", wounding him in the neck. Despite his wound, Tibbs attempted to run away. Perry ran after him and knocked him to the ground with his musket, but Tibbs' hands had become loose and he managed to regain his feet and escape. Despite his wound, Tibbs
10207-660: The Sydney CBD. Parramatta Square (previously known as Civic Place) is a civic precinct located in the heart of the city, adjacent to Parramatta Town Hall. The Parramatta Square construction works included a redevelopment of the Parramatta Civic Centre, construction of a new culture and arts centre, and the construction of a new plaza. The designs of the first two projects, a 65-storey residential skyscraper and an office building were announced on 20 July 2012. Concerns from CASA about infringements into controlled airspace from
10380-460: The Sydney region. During their journey through the bush, two of the escaped convicts were murdered and eaten by the others. The five remaining absconders were apprehended when they reached Parramatta . Jeffrey was sent "over the Blue Mountains " but absconded after only three weeks with three other prisoners. They made their way to Emu Plains , where they survived by opportunistic stealing. After his companions gave themselves up, Jeffrey joined with
10553-643: The Tamar Valley to Launceston, where he was assigned as flagellator at the Launceston Gaol. Jeffrey very soon became known as a vicious flogger of men who "appeared to delight in the torture which he inflicted". In April 1825, it was reported that the Commandant of Launceston Gaol "thinks that by a very severe mode of flogging, he will repress all disorders". To this end, he had engaged "a very strong man" as flagellator. The correspondent claimed to have personally witnessed two men recently flogged, "who were cut round into
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#173308616575110726-597: The abhorrent vice of drunkenness". With the necessary preparations in place for all five men, Bedford "commenced reading certain portions of the funeral service". When he came to a particular passage "the drop fell, and this world closed upon the wretched men for ever!". When the bodies of Jeffrey and Brady were taken down from the gallows, Dr. Scott, the Colonial Surgeon, took plaster of Paris casts "of their countenances". The following morning, six members of Brady's gang of bushrangers were also hanged, making full use of
10899-457: The area before European settlement regarded the area as rich in food from the river and forests. They named the area Baramada or Burramatta ('Parramatta') which means Eel ("Burra") Place ("matta"). Similar Darug words include Cabramatta (Grub place) and Wianamatta (Mother place). Other references are derived from the words of Captain Watkin Tench , a white British man with a poor understanding of
11072-410: The authorities. By the 1820s, the term had evolved to refer to those who took up " robbery under arms " as a way of life, using the bush as their base. Bushranging thrived during the gold rush era of the mid-19th century, with many bushrangers roaming the goldfields and country districts of New South Wales and Victoria , and to a lesser extent Queensland . As the outbreak worsened in the mid-1860s,
11245-472: The bank of the South Esk River near Evandale . The men were inside the hut preparing breakfast. The parties were made up of men representing district landholders: Davies (on whose land the hut was situated), the surveyor and landholder John Wedge , and the holder of a nearby estate named Cox. An aboriginal boy with the group ("belonging to Mr. Cox") observed a man furtively approaching, and exclaimed "There
11418-439: The bush to camp for the night and examine the letters he was carrying. That evening they heard a man cooee in the distance. The following morning, 11 January 1836, they heard the cooee calls again and Bruce was sent to fetch the man, "no doubt with grim warnings not to alert the stranger about who was waiting for him". When he joined them, the man was found to be Constable Magnus Bakie (or Baker) of George Town, who had been part of
11591-652: The bushranger genre, including The Bushranger (1928), Stingaree (1934) and Captain Fury (1939). Ned Kelly (1970) starred Mick Jagger in the title role. Dennis Hopper portrayed Dan Morgan in Mad Dog Morgan (1976). More recent bushranger films include Ned Kelly (2003), starring Heath Ledger , The Proposition (2005), written by Nick Cave , The Outlaw Michael Howe (2013), and The Legend of Ben Hall (2016). Parramatta Parramatta ( / ˌ p ær ə ˈ m æ t ə / ; Dharuk : Burramatta )
11764-405: The bushranger told her "he had dashed its brains out, and that the little innocent had smiled upon him in the bloody act". The three bushrangers and their captives kept moving through the bush until dark, when they stopped and made a fire. Jeffrey made some tea and offered it to Mrs. Tibbs and Samuel Russell. Jeffrey ordered the other bushrangers to keep watch. He then made a bed "with a Blanket and
11937-483: The capacity to broadcast live radio programs . According to the ABC, the opening formed part of its strategic goal to improve its presence in outer metropolitan areas. Additionally, the ABC announced on 16 June 2021 its intention to relocate approximately 300 employees to Parramatta, which is part of a five-year plan which aims to have 75% of its content makers based away from the network's Ultimo headquarters by 2025. As
12110-487: The centre of the City of Parramatta , as well as the centre and second largest business district of Sydney, Parramatta hosts many festivals and events. Riverside Theatres is a performing arts centre located on the northern bank of Parramatta River. The city hosts the following events: Parramatta Park contains Old Government House and thus Parramatta was once the capital of the colony of New South Wales until Governors returned to residing in Sydney in 1846. Another feature
12283-426: The child and Jeffrey told Mrs. Tibbs he had "sent it to Mr. Barnard's by one of his Men". However, Jeffrey had lied; either he or Russell had killed the child by swinging him by his feet and smashing his head against a tree. When this shocking murder became known, newspaper reports provided more lurid details. The Colonial Times reported that when Jeffrey returned, Elizabeth Tibbs frantically asked after her child and
12456-423: The church at Reculver , England, at the suggestion of his wife, Elizabeth . The historic St John's Cemetery is located nearby on O'Connell Street. St Patrick's Cathedral ( Roman Catholic ) is one of the oldest Catholic churches in Australia. Construction commenced in 1836, but it wasn't officially complete until 1837. In 1854 a new church was commissioned, although the tower was not completed until 1880, with
12629-592: The city. The second half of the year tends to be drier (late winter/spring) since the subtropical high is to the north of the city, thus permitting dry westerlies from the interior to dominate. Drier winters are also owed to its position on the leeward side of the Great Dividing Range , which block westerly cold fronts (that are more common in late winter) and thus would become foehn winds , whereby allowing decent amount of sunny days and relatively low precipitation in that period. Thunderstorms are common in
12802-458: The city. The main north-south route through Parramatta is Church Street. To the north it becomes Windsor Road, and to the south it becomes Woodville Road. According to the 2016 census conducted by the Australian Bureau of Statistics , the suburb of Parramatta had a population of 30,211. Of these: Parramatta is home to several primary and secondary schools. Arthur Phillip High School
12975-402: The colonial authorities approved the offer of a reward for information leading to the apprehension and conviction of the escaped convict "Thomas Jeffries" and his two (unnamed) accomplices, charged with "diverse Robberies, and with firing at and wounding John Tibbs". Rewards of two hundred dollars were offered for information bringing about the apprehension of each of the offenders. A free pardon
13148-568: The colonial authorities, the Government tried to bring an end to any such collaboration by rewarding Aborigines for returning convicts to custody. Aboriginal trackers would play a significant role in the hunt for bushrangers. Colonel Godfrey Mundy described convict bushrangers as "desperate, hopeless, fearless; rendered so, perhaps, by the tyranny of a gaoler, of an overseer, or of a master to whom he has been assigned." Edward Smith Hall , editor of early Sydney newspaper The Monitor , agreed that
13321-588: The concept of outlawry was introduced to curtail the careers of the Gardiner–Hall gang , Dan Morgan , and the Clarke gang , among others. These " Wild Colonial Boys ", mostly Australian-born sons of convicts, were roughly analogous to British highwaymen and outlaws of the American Old West , and their crimes typically included robbing small-town banks, bailing up coach services and plundering stations (pastoral estates). They also engaged in many shootouts with
13494-486: The convict system was a breeding-ground for bushrangers due to its savagery, with starvation and acts of torture being rampant. "Liberty or Death!" was the cry of convict bushrangers, and in large numbers they roamed beyond Sydney, some hoping to reach China , which was commonly believed to be connected by an overland route. Some bolters seized boats and set sail for foreign lands, but most were hunted down and brought back to Australia. Others attempted to inspire an overhaul of
13667-401: The convict system, or simply sought revenge on their captors. This latter desire found expression in the convict ballad " Jim Jones at Botany Bay ", in which Jones, the narrator, plans to join bushranger Jack Donahue and "gun the floggers down". Donahue was the most notorious of the early New South Wales bushrangers, terrorising settlements outside Sydney from 1827 until he was fatally shot by
13840-805: The corporate headquarters of the Department of Communities and Justice . Other legal offices include the Children's Court of New South Wales and the Sydney West Trial Courts, Legal Aid Commission of NSW , Office of Trustee and Guardian (formerly the Office of the Protective Commissioner), NSW Registry of Births, Deaths and Marriages, and the Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions . Nearby on Marsden Street
14013-468: The creation of a new transport interchange, and the ongoing development of the Parramatta Square local government precinct. Church Street takes its name from St John's Cathedral ( Anglican ), which was built in 1802 and is the oldest church in Parramatta. While the present building is not the first on the site, the towers were built during the time of Governor Macquarie , and were based on those of
14186-441: The decline in penal transportations to Australia in the 1840s. It had ceased by the 1850s to all colonies except Western Australia , which accepted convicts between 1850 and 1868. The best-known convict bushranger of the colony was the prolific escapee Moondyne Joe . The Australian gold rushes of the 1850s and 1860s marked the next distinct phase of bushranging, as the discovery of gold gave bushrangers access to great wealth that
14359-575: The early 20th century, most historians regard Kelly's capture and execution in 1880 as effectively representing the end of the bushranging era. Bushranging exerted a powerful influence in Australia, lasting for over a century and predominating in the eastern colonies. Its origins in a convict system bred a unique kind of desperado, most frequently with an Irish political background. Native-born bushrangers also expressed nascent Australian nationalist views and are recognised as "the first distinctively Australian characters to gain general recognition." As such,
14532-411: The exploits of their bushranging "heroes". The majority were captured alive without any fatalities. In Australia, bushrangers often attract public sympathy (cf. the concept of social bandits ). In Australian history and iconography bushrangers are held in some esteem in some quarters due to the harshness and anti-Catholicism of the colonial authorities whom they embarrassed, and the romanticism of
14705-521: The farmer. They were detained in gaol for six months and finally released due to a lack of evidence. After his release, Jeffrey returned to his home town where his sister gave him £5 on the condition he leave Bristol. He returned to the East Midlands where he and three accomplices broke into and stole from a house in Nottingham . One of the men was apprehended a few days later, giving information against
14878-444: The few farms in the district were likely bases for the search parties hunting them, forcing them to keep to the wild bush and scrub country to evade their pursuers. After about three days of travelling through the bush they had consumed the food they were carrying. After several more days, Jeffrey shot a cockatoo, their only sustenance for the following three or four days. At that point, "much exhausted for want of food", Jeffrey said to
15051-614: The first "golden age" of Australian cinema (1910–12), director John Gavin released two fictionalised accounts of real-life bushrangers: Moonlite (1910) and Thunderbolt (1910). The genre's popularity with audiences led to a spike of production unprecedented in world cinema. Dan Morgan (1911) is notable for portraying its title character as an insane villain rather than a figure of romance. Ben Hall, Frank Gardiner, Captain Starlight, and numerous other bushrangers also received cinematic treatments at this time. Alarmed by what they saw as
15224-432: The first railway line in Sydney was opened, running from Sydney to Parramatta Junction. The current station was upgraded, with work beginning in late 2003 and the new interchange opening on 19 February 2006. The original station still exists within the over-all structure as part of Platform 4. Parramatta is also serviced by a major bus interchange located on the south eastern side of the railway station. The interchange
15397-464: The four absconders stopped at the hut of a man named Smith at The Springs , 8 miles (13 km) south of Launceston. Jeffrey bailed up two men in the hut and took a musket, gunpowder, some flour, and a knapsack. Two days later, the escaped convicts arrived at a farm belonging to Captain Andrew Barclay on the South Esk River near Perth (13 miles south of Launceston). At a hut on the farm, they took
15570-480: The four bushrangers arrived on James Sutherland's 'Rothbury' run, described as a "grazing farm", on the Isis River between Cressy and Campbell Town . They evidently felt secure as they rested there for about ten days, feasting on slaughtered stock from the run. On Christmas Day, they looted an unoccupied tent hut on the property and drank a bottle of rum they found inside. As the bushrangers were walking away, suddenly
15743-468: The fugitives stole a musket, 30 pounds (14 kg) of mutton, and 6 pounds (2.7 kg) of salt from the dwelling of Joseph Railton at Spring Plains in the Evandale area (a crime for which Jeffrey, Perry, and Hopkins were later convicted). After the raid on Railton's place, James Hopkins separated from his companions. Later Jeffrey, Perry, and Russell approached "Bateman's hut" (possibly John Batman's hut on
15916-486: The glorification of outlawry, state governments imposed a ban on bushranger films in 1912, effectively removing "the entire folklore relating to bushrangers ... from the most popular form of cultural expression." It is seen as a major reason for the collapse of a booming Australian film industry. One of the few Australian films to escape the ban before it was lifted in the 1940s is the 1920 adaptation of Robbery Under Arms . Also during this lull appeared American takes on
16089-423: The groups separated, both Tibbs' and Beechy's hands were tied due to indications of growing resistance from both men. Jeffrey took charge of the more compliant group, made up of Franklin the bullock driver, one of Barnard's men, and Tibbs' man and went ahead of the other group. The larger group of captives had gone only about another quarter of a mile (400 m) when Russell lost his patience; he "ordered Tibbs and
16262-456: The gun, thirty pounds of mutton, and six pounds of salt from the dwelling of Joseph Railton. On the same day, Jeffrey and Perry were tried for the murder of John Tibbs, the five month-old son of John and Elizabeth Tibbs. When Mrs. Tibbs came into the Court "and her eye glanced on the insatiate murderers of her babe, she was so affected as to be unable to stand". She gave evidence describing how the child
16435-497: The height of the residential tower resulted in 8 Parramatta Square being turned into a 55-story commercial building, rather than the originally proposed 65-storey residential tower. Parramatta Square became home to 3,000 National Australia Bank employees, relocated from the Sydney CBD. Other notable commercial tenants who have established a presence at Parramatta Square include Westpac , Endeavour Energy , KPMG and Deloitte . Centenary Square , formerly known as Centenary Plaza,
16608-434: The help of "two little dogs", they followed the bushranger's tracks and at last came upon him, standing with his musket levelled at them. Spong also raised his gun and ordered Perry "to throw down his arms... or he might expect no quarter". With this the bushranger dropped his weapon; he was secured and taken to the homestead. Later that day, Perry was taken to Launceston where Jeffrey and Hopkins were being held. While Jeffrey
16781-404: The hill of The Crescent. In 1799 this was replaced by a larger residence which, substantially improved by Governor Lachlan Macquarie from 1815 to 1818, has survived to the present day, making it the oldest surviving Government House anywhere in Australia. It was used as a retreat by Governors until the 1850s, with one Governor ( Governor Brisbane ) making it his principal home for a short period in
16954-434: The house for plunder. The goods were put into a bag and knapsack and carried back into the bush by the other of Barnard's men and Tibbs' man, pushed along by the two bushrangers. When the two groups met up, they proceeded towards Mount Direction , keeping a distance from the public road. After a while, they came upon a man named William Franklin driving Barnard's cart and bullocks. Jeffrey bailed him up and ordered him to join
17127-468: The hut of a settler named George Barnard that was situated on the Tamar River (in the vicinity of the modern Launceston suburb of Rocherlea ). The bushrangers took the two splitters captive but decided not to rob Barnard's hut. Instead, they went towards the house of John Tibbs, who had a grant of land at The Swamp , towards Mowbray Hill (about 5 miles (8 km) from Launceston). As they approached late in
17300-538: The hut the previous night and that a number of parties were out searching for them. The bushrangers took the man to show them where to ford the river. After crossing the Isis, they raided "Young's residence", occupied by an old man named McShann. They gathered supplies and forced their two captors to accompany them as they escaped into the bush, releasing them unharmed the next day. On the morning of 31 December 1825, Jeffrey, Perry, and Russell approached two men splitting wood near
17473-579: The intractable absconder, to Van Diemen's Land . Jeffrey was transported to Van Diemen's Land aboard the brig Hawies , arriving on 1 January 1822 at Port Dalrymple at the mouth of the Tamar River . By August 1822, Jeffrey had been assigned as an overseer of a work-gang at the George Town gaol. On the evening of 13 June 1824, Chief Constable George Lawson visited the George Town watch-house and found one of
17646-521: The island for eighteen months after escaping from the penal station at Macquarie Harbour in a whaleboat. It is possible that Jeffrey and his companions made contact with Brady's gang of bushrangers soon afterwards but their offer to join with Brady's gang was refused. Later on, in early January 1826, Brady's group robbed a settler named Haywood in the vicinity of Hobart. During the robbery, the bushrangers informed Haywood that Jeffrey "had tendered them his services, and had been rejected". At about this time,
17819-551: The killing of a five-month-old infant. Another victim was a member of the gang, killed while he slept and his flesh consumed by his companions. Jeffrey was captured in January 1826; he was tried in Hobart and convicted of various of his crimes. Jeffrey was executed by hanging at Hobart in May 1826. Thomas Jeffrey was born in about 1791 in Bristol, England , the son of a butcher. He received seven years of schooling, after which he served aboard
17992-405: The lawlessness they represented. Some bushrangers, most notably Ned Kelly in his Jerilderie letter , and in his final raid on Glenrowan , explicitly represented themselves as political rebels. Attitudes to Kelly, by far the most well-known bushranger, exemplify the ambivalent views of Australians regarding bushranging. The impact of bushrangers upon the areas in which they roamed is evidenced in
18165-465: The leg. Two of Brady's gang members, James Goodwin and Patrick Bryant, were also captured. Brady and his companions were taken to Launceston Gaol where Jeffrey, Perry, and Hopkins were being held. Jeffrey and Perry, along with Brady and his captured gang-members, were transported from Launceston to Hobart aboard the Government brig Prince Leopold , arriving at their destination on 27 March 1826. Hopkins
18338-402: The mailman away. Jeffrey and his two companions were compelled to keep moving, with armed parties searching for them in the outlying areas north of Launceston. In the settled districts, they had lived on slaughtered livestock and provisions stolen from settlers and stock-keepers. However, the landscape they were now travelling through between Launceston and George Town was relatively unsettled, and
18511-588: The major western road for the state is the Great Western Highway . The M4 Western Motorway , running parallel to the Great Western Highway has taken much of the traffic away from these roads, with entrance and exit ramps close to Parramatta. James Ruse Drive serves as a partial ring-road circling around the eastern part of Parramatta to join with the Cumberland Highway to the north west of
18684-400: The man was armed, he could not effect his purpose until the poor wretch fell asleep from fatigue — when he was murdered, and his flesh served the survivors for food for a few days". On 19 January, the two fugitives arrived at an unoccupied shepherd's hut on Miller's run (probably south-east of Launceston). After feeding on the provisions found there, they went in search of the shepherd. When he
18857-468: The months from early spring to early autumn, occasionally quite severe thunderstorms can occur. Snow is virtually unknown, having been recorded only in 1836 and 1896 Parrammatta gets 106.6 days of clear skies annually. Depending on the wind direction , summer weather may be humid or dry , though the humidity is mostly in the comfortable range, with the late summer/autumn period having a higher average humidity than late winter/early spring. Church Street
19030-448: The morning, they encountered a young man named Samuel Russell engaged in felling trees. They bound his hands and took him towards the house, where he was ordered to call out his master. When Tibbs appeared, he was ordered to stand. Tibbs, his wife Elizabeth, their five-month-old son John, and one of Barnard's men (named Walker) were taken back into the bush by one of the bushrangers, while Jeffrey and his other companion selected articles from
19203-463: The most likely place for a successful large farm. Parramatta was the furthest navigable point inland on the Parramatta River (i.e. furthest from the thin, sandy coastal soil) and also the point at which the river became freshwater and therefore useful for farming. On Sunday 2 November 1788, Governor Phillip took a detachment of marines along with a surveyor and, in boats, made his way upriver to
19376-429: The move, robbing from huts as the opportunities allowed. At one of the huts he was able to procure a musket. Early on the morning of 31 January, Perry arrived at Leith's farm near Launceston. As he approached, he was sighted by several of Leith's servants form a distance. Upon drawing closer, Perry realised he had been seen and ran off. Two of Leith's assigned servants, John Spong and Francis Barret, set off in pursuit. With
19549-432: The murderer "prayed fervently, and seemed really penitent". The other prisoners were also led out and all five ascended the scaffold. Rev. Bedford addressed the crowd that "had collected in great numbers outside the gaol", saying: "The unhappy man, Jeffries, now before you, on the verge of eternity, desires me to state, that he attributes all the crimes which he has committed, and which have brought him to his present state, to
19722-444: The muskets and broke up the rest, as well as tea, sugar, flour, and meat and walked for about a mile into the bush to camp for the night. Taking advantage of it being a moonlit night and conscious that search parties would be about the next day, Perry took their only pot and went in search of water. In doing so, however, he became lost and was unable to find his way back to the campsite. Just as Jeffrey and Perry became separated, one of
19895-407: The names of many geographical features in Australia, including Brady's Lookout , Moondyne Cave , the township of Codrington , Mount Tennent , Thunderbolts Way and Ward's Mistake . The districts of North East Victoria are unofficially known as Kelly Country. Some bushrangers made a mark on Australian literature . While running from soldiers in 1818, Michael Howe dropped a knapsack containing
20068-500: The night it occurred, the escape was expected by the police. The Police Magistrate Mulgrave and a number of constables had "placed themselves in ambuscade to detect them in the act of breaking out". There may have been a degree of fatalism in Jeffrey's decision to abscond; on that night (as he later stated), he "was resolved for nothing but immediate death". Jeffrey had locked the other prisoners in their cells and, as he and his companions left
20241-416: The night of Sunday 11 December 1825, Jeffrey absconded from lawful custody into the bush in company with three other convicts: John Perry, James Hopkins, and Edward Russell. Jeffrey's companions were said to have been amongst those in custody, and "it was agreed amongst them, that they should all take to the woods". The specific reason for Jeffrey giving up the position of watch-house keeper is not known, but on
20414-469: The observatory, discovering thousands of new stars and deep sky objects, include James Dunlop and Carl Rümker . In 1822, the architect S. L. Harris designed the Bath House for Governor Brisbane and built it in 1823. Water was pumped to the building through lead pipes from the river. In 1886, it was converted into a pavilion. Parramatta is the home of several professional sports teams. These teams include
20587-401: The original group of absconders, James Hopkins, was captured. On 21 January, a soldier named McQuin came upon Hopkins, asleep and unarmed; he was captured and taken into custody. Hopkins had been apart from his fellow escapees for a month, after separating from them after the robbery of Joseph Railton's dwelling at Spring Plains (only days after they had absconded). The following day, when Hopkins
20760-504: The other captives. During this encounter, a stockkeeper named Isaac Beechy appeared from a neighbouring property owned by a Mr. Basham. Either Perry or Russell confronted Beechy and ordered him to stand; he resisted at first but was eventually made to join the growing band of captives. After the group had travelled a further 2 miles (3 km), it was decided to separate the captives. Perry and Russell took charge of Tibbs his wife, and his child, as well as Beechy and one of Barnard's men. Before
20933-462: The others (by Perry's later account): "if you like the first man that falls asleep shall be shot, and become food for the other two". Two days later, as they were ascending "a rocky and scrubby high hill", they stopped to rest. Edward Russell fell asleep and Perry, sitting close to him, took a loaded pistol from his knapsack and shot Russell in the forehead and "he expired without a groan". Perry took his knife and cut flesh from Russell's thighs. They made
21106-536: The others that led to their arrest at nearby Leicester . At the time of his arrest in 1817, Jeffrey's occupation was recorded as painter and glazier . Jeffrey was convicted in the Nottingham Assizes on 29 July 1817, receiving a sentence of transportation for life. After a period in gaol, Jeffrey was transferred to the prison hulk Retribution , moored at Woolwich on the River Thames . In September 1819, he
21279-550: The penal colony of Van Diemen's Land (now the state of Tasmania ), established in 1803. The island's most powerful bushranger, the self-styled "Lieutenant Governor of the Woods", Michael Howe , led a gang of up to one hundred members "in what amounted to a civil war" with the colonial government. His control over large swathes of the island prompted elite squatters from Hobart and Launceston to collude with him, and for six months in 1815, Lieutenant-Governor Thomas Davey , fearing
21452-538: The police, resulting in deaths on both sides. The number of bushrangers declined in the 1870s due to better policing and improvements in rail transport and communication technology, such as telegraphy . The last major phase of bushranging occurred towards the end of the decade, epitomised by the Kelly gang in Victoria, led by Ned Kelly , Australia's best-known bushranger and outlaw. Although bushrangers appeared sporadically into
21625-590: The predominantly emigrating Greek population of Greater Western Sydney. Originally, the liturgies were held in the hall of St John's Ambulance Brigade in Harris Park until the completion of the church in December 1966 located in Hassall Street Parramatta. The parish sold this property in 2014 and is now located at the corner of George and Purchase Streets. The Parish Community of St Ioannis continues to serve over 5,000 Greek parishioners. A Buddhist temple
21798-629: The prisoners absent. He went to the nearby Ship Inn where he found the prisoner, Joseph Smith, and returned him to the watch-house. When he returned, Lawson was informed by the watch-house keeper that Jeffrey, "a Prisoner and overseer of the Gaol Gang", had been trying to break through the wall with a pick-axe. Lawson went inside and ordered Jeffrey to a cell. Jeffrey was abusive, appeared to be intoxicated, and refused to obey. Lawson then left to seek assistance. He returned with three constables and ordered them to put Jeffrey in irons. The convict overseer then drew
21971-400: The prisoners had scraped out the mortar between some of the bricks using a broken spoon and two knives with the intention of making a hole in the wall. Two nights later, the prisoners made another attempt to escape, after which the gaol authorities had them chained to an iron ring bolted to the floor. On Saturday 22 April 1826, Jeffrey, Perry, and Hopkins were tried and found guilty of stealing
22144-533: The properties of landowners to whom they had been assigned as servants. These bushrangers, also known as "bolters", preferred the hazards of wild, unexplored bushland surrounding Sydney to the deprivation and brutality of convict life. The first notable bushranger, African convict John Caesar , robbed settlers for food, and had a brief, tempestuous alliance with Aboriginal resistance fighters during Pemulwuy's War . While other bushrangers would go on to fight alongside Indigenous Australians in frontier conflicts with
22317-624: The relocation of agencies such as the New South Wales Police Force Headquarters and the Sydney Water Corporation from Sydney CBD . At the same time, major construction work occurred around the railway station with the expansion of Westfield Shoppingtown and the creation of a new transport interchange. The western part of the Parramatta CBD is known as the Parramatta Justice Precinct and houses
22490-431: The rest", with the implication she had probably been sexually assaulted. Mrs. Tibbs reported that the bushranger Jeffrey was referring to himself as "Captain", and was dressed in a long black overcoat, a red waistcoat, and a kangaroo-skin cap. The body of Mrs. Tibbs young son was located on Saturday, 7 January. The baby's remains had been partly eaten by animals, with one arm and both legs having been devoured. On 5 January,
22663-478: The rise of the colonial-born sons of poor ex-convicts who were drawn to a more glamorous life than mining or farming. Much of the activity in the colony was in the Lachlan Valley , around Forbes , Yass and Cowra . The Gardiner–Hall gang , led by Frank Gardiner and Ben Hall and counting John Dunn , John Gilbert and Fred Lowry among its members, was responsible for some of the most daring robberies of
22836-491: The search parties, Jeffrey called him a "treacherous rascal". They walked on for about four miles (6 km) when Jeffrey suddenly announced he was going to shoot the policeman. Bruce begged for Bakie's life, but Jeffrey could not be deterred. As he later recorded in his confession: "I went up and put my pistol to [ Bakie's ] head and immediately shot him". After Bakie's murder, the three fugitives walked on for another couple of miles (about 3 km) and stopped to eat, then sent
23009-512: The sentence was passed. The death warrant was issued on 2 May, ordering the execution of Jeffrey, Perry, Brady, Bryant, and a murderer named John Thompson on Thursday 4 May 1826. At 8 o'clock on the morning of the execution, the Sheriff brought the condemned men into the gaol lodge to undergo preparations. Jeffrey was the first to be led out, accompanied by Rev. Bedford. It was reported that Jeffrey "appeared firm and composed". As his arms were pinioned,
23182-527: The ship Woodford to "hard labour in the Penal Settlement of Norfolk Island ". Bushranger Bushrangers were armed robbers and outlaws who resided in the Australian bush between the 1780s and the early 20th century. The original use of the term dates back to the early years of the British colonisation of Australia, and applied to transported convicts who had escaped into the bush to hide from
23355-637: The site of the historic Female Orphan School and Parramatta North (the secondary site) which includes the adjacent Western Sydney University Village Parramatta (formerly UWS Village Parramatta) an on campus student village accommodation. Whereby, the flagship Parramatta City Campus Precinct consists of two buildings: the Engineering Innovation Hub located at 6 Hassall Street and the Peter Shergold Building located at 1 Parramatta Square (169 Macquarie Street). Alphacrucis University College
23528-473: The six-man gallows at Hobart Gaol. James Hopkins, who had also been sentenced to death on 29 April, received a reprieve and his sentence was commuted to transportation for life. An important factor in granting the reprieve was probably the fact that Hopkins had separated from his fellow absconders before the murders and other heinous crimes had begun to be committed by his three companions. In December 1826, Hopkins and twelve other prisoners were transported aboard
23701-458: The spire following in 1883. It was built on the site to meet the needs of a growing congregation. It was destroyed by fire in 1996, with only the stone walls remaining. On 29 November 2003, the new St Patrick's Cathedral was dedicated. The historic St Patrick's Cemetery is located in North Parramatta. The Uniting Church is represented by Leigh Memorial Church. Parramatta Salvation Army
23874-425: The summer season, and sometimes remaining in the low 20s, especially after a cold front or a sea breeze , such as the southerly buster . Northwesterlies can occasionally bring hot winds from the desert that can raise temperatures higher than 40 °C (104 °F) mostly from November to February, and sometimes above 44 °C (111 °F) in January severe heatwaves. The record highest temperature (since 1967)
24047-526: The summer, Parramatta, among other places in western Sydney, can often be the hottest place in the world because of the Blue Mountains trapping hot air in the region, in addition to the UHI effect. Rainfall is slightly higher during the first three months of the year because the anticlockwise-rotating subtropical high is to the south of the country, thereby allowing moist easterlies from the Tasman Sea to penetrate
24220-403: The term appears in a February 1805 issue of The Sydney Gazette , which reports that a cart had been stopped between Sydney and Hawkesbury by three men "whose appearance sanctioned the suspicion of their being bush-rangers". John Bigge described bushranging in 1821 as "absconding in the woods and living upon plunder and the robbery of orchards." Charles Darwin likewise recorded in 1835 that
24393-426: The throat, under the armpits, and on the belly and ribs of the right side". Most, it was claimed, were being punished for "trifling crimes, such as being too late for muster, or absent from work". The writer added: "I am afraid this mode will drive many into the bush; for I have heard some declare that sooner than receive one hundred lashes they would do something to get hanged!". Jeffrey's conduct record states that he
24566-438: The top of a nearby hill and pointed out the direction they were to go. The remaining group continued to travel north for three hours, after which Jeffrey permitted Franklin to leave. With only one captive remaining (Samuel Russell), the group pressed on. A man named Pyle, in pursuit of the gang with three others, met with Mrs. Tibbs as she emerged from the bush on 1 January after her ordeal. Pyle had known Elizabeth Tibbs since she
24739-524: The turnkeys at the gaol, that if Jeffrey was not taken from the cell "he would be found in the morning without his head". As a result of this warning, Jeffrey was removed to another cell. Afterwards, Brady voluntarily gave up two knives which he had "concealed about his person". It was reported that Jeffrey "has at last taken to the Bible". He had sent for the Anglican minister William Bedford "and has been crying like
24912-400: The two men been so jolly they would not have been shot at". When Perry and Russell and their remaining captives (including Mrs. Tibbs and her child) caught up with Jeffrey and the other captives, the group kept moving in a northerly direction, the bushrangers anxious to avoid the parties that would be searching for them. After a while Jeffrey took the child from his mother, probably because she
25085-482: The watch house". A correspondent to the Colonial Times later observed: "The treatment of many women who had been placed under his charge in the watch-house, is monstrous beyond description". In the same article it was asserted that Jeffrey had boasted "of the favour he received" from Peter Mulgrave, the Launceston Police Magistrate, claiming the magistrate "would never believe any thing against him". On
25258-526: The watch-house at about midnight to begin their escape, they "saw three men standing waiting". They drew back, intending to check the rear of the building, but suddenly a pistol shot rang out and the four convicts decided to run, jumping the lumberyard fence and escaping to "the long black hills". Jeffrey had departed with a pistol, though in their hasty departure, he had left behind a knapsack he had packed. Each of Jeffrey's three companions had also been sentenced to transportation for life: In need of supplies,
25431-471: The watch-house keeper. Jeffrey then confined Mrs. Jessop to the same cell as Mrs. Sharman, for the reason of her "using ill language towards him". Later in the night Jeffrey entered the cell in an undressed state and attempted sexual contact with Mrs. Jessop, though by both women's accounts he was rebuffed. He allowed Jessop to leave the following morning. On 20 October 1825, Jeffrey was fined 20 shillings from his salary for having taken "a female prisoner out of
25604-423: The wounded man in the head, killing him. The murdered man was never identified in newspaper reports, described only as "Mr. Sutherland's man". The murder and its implications imbued the bushrangers' actions with a renewed sense of urgency. In a hut about 800 yards (730 m) from Sutherland's house, they found a man asleep. After they woke him, he told them that seven of Sutherland's men had lay in wait for them in
25777-512: Was 47.3 °C (117.1 °F) on 7 January 2018. Parramatta is warmer than Sydney CBD in the summer due to the urban heat island effect and its inland location. In extreme cases though, it can be 5–10 °C (9–18 °F) warmer than Sydney, especially when sea breezes do not penetrate inland on hot summer and spring days. For example, on 28 November 2009, the city reached 29.3 °C (84.7 °F), while Parramatta reached 39.0 °C (102.2 °F), almost 10 °C (18 °F) higher. In
25950-446: Was a child and found it "almost impossible to describe the wretched and miserable state of the poor woman". Her light gauze dress had been "torn into shreds by the scrub, and her legs were entirely exposed, with blood oozing from them". The report of the series of events in the Colonial Times newspaper described Mrs. Tibbs as being "in a state of distraction" after "the dæmons" had "murdered her infant". The report added, "We cannot relate
26123-423: Was able to reach Launceston where he raised the alarm, prompting an immediate response from the residents. When the first of the rescuers reached the scene, they found Isaac Beechy, severely wounded, but no sign of Elizabeth Tibbs and her infant. Despite medical attention, the stockkeeper eventually died from his wound on 9 January 1826. Jeffrey's only recorded response to the shooting of Beechy and Tibbs was: "had not
26296-541: Was assigned to work on the crew of a boat based at Cockle Bay on Port Jackson. One night, he was apprehended by the police for stealing oranges from an orchard on Parramatta River , for which he was sentenced to 100 lashes and two years in the Newcastle coalmines. Jeffrey and six others subsequently absconded from a convict work-gang at Limeburners Creek near the Karuah River north of Newcastle and made their way south to
26469-470: Was being escorted through the streets of Launceston, Mrs. Feutril, mother of Elizabeth Tibbs and grandmother of the murdered infant, mistook one of the constables guarding the prisoner for Jeffrey, "and rushing from her house in a paroxysm of rage, stabbed him with a fork". Fortunately for both parties, the wound was slight. On the morning of Sunday 22 January 1826, three separate parties in search of Jeffrey and his companions had met up at "Mr. Davies's hut" on
26642-417: Was built in the 1940s. With the construction of the nearby Westmead Hospital complex public hospital services in Parramatta were reduced but after refurbishment Jeffery House again provides clinical health services. Nearby, Brislington House has had a long history with health services. It is the oldest colonial building in Parramatta, dating to 1821. It became a doctors residence before being incorporated into
26815-400: Was created in 1975 when the then Parramatta City Council closed a section of the main street to traffic to create a pedestrian plaza. It features an 1888 Centennial Memorial Fountain and adjoins the 1883 Parramatta Town Hall and St John's Cathedral . A hospital known as The Colonial Hospital was established in Parramatta in 1818. This then became Parramatta District Hospital. Jeffery House
26988-398: Was established in 1960 in its own right, in buildings which had been used continuously as a school since 1875 is the oldest continuously operating public school in Parramatta. Parramatta High School was the first coeducational school in the Sydney metropolitan area established in 1913. Our Lady of Mercy College is one of the oldest Catholic schools in Australia. Macarthur Girls High School
27161-569: Was fatally shot by a policeman, and with his death, the New South Wales bushranging epidemic that began in the early 1860s came to an end. The scholarly, but eccentric Captain Moonlite (alias of Andrew George Scott) worked as an Anglican lay reader before turning to bushranging. Imprisoned in Ballarat for an armed bank robbery on the Victorian goldfields, he escaped, but was soon recaptured and received
27334-405: Was formerly the Governor's Domain, being land set aside for the Governor to supply his farming needs, until it was gazetted as a public park in 1858. As the Governor's Domain, the grounds were considerably larger than the current 85 hectare Parramatta Park, extending from Parramatta Road in the south as evident by a small gatehouse adjacent to Parramatta High School. For a time Parramatta Park housed
27507-427: Was found, they slaughtered two sheep and returned to the hut where they cut up the animals. They still had a quantity of Russell's flesh in a knapsack which, as Jeffrey later claimed, they "cut into steaks, and fried up with the mutton". Jeffrey and Perry remained overnight at the shepherd's hut. The following morning they reached another hut. They had approached to within twenty yards (18 m) before they realised it
27680-599: Was founded as a British settlement in 1788, the same year as Sydney, is the oldest inland European settlement in Australia and serves as the economic centre of Greater Western Sydney. Since 2000, state government agencies such as the New South Wales Police Force and Sydney Water have relocated to Parramatta from Central Sydney. The 151st meridian east runs directly through the suburb. Radiocarbon dating suggests human activity occurred in Parramatta from around 30,000 years ago. The Darug people who lived in
27853-504: Was incarcerated in the Launceston Gaol awaiting transfer to Hobart for trial, it was reported that he was "writing the History of his own Life, in which he describes crimes of as deep a dye, perpetrated by him in England and Scotland, as even those committed by him in this Island". Matthew Brady was captured on 11 March 1826 near Watery Plains, about 15 miles from Launceston, after being wounded in
28026-518: Was never transferred to Macquarie Harbour; instead, he was put to work in a "Public Works" gang at George Town. On 1 February 1825, he absconded from the work-gang. Jeffrey's details were published in the Hobart Town Gazette , alongside a long list of other runaway convicts. The description given of Jeffrey was of a 35-year-old, standing 5 feet 9 + 1 ⁄ 4 inches (176 cm) tall, having brown hair and brown eyes, with tattoos of
28199-454: Was not walking as fast as the bushranger wished her to. Tibbs' man, Samuel Russell, deposed: "my mistress had begged Jeffries not to take her child from her". He described how Jeffrey and Russell separated from the group, taking the child with them. Elizabeth Tibbs was crying and "said the villain is gone to murder my child". By this stage, they were at the back of Barnard's farm. After about fifteen minutes, Jeffrey and Russell arrived back without
28372-465: Was occupied by a stockman and a search party of two soldiers and three volunteers. According to Jeffrey's later confession, he "challenged them to come out and the first man that handled his firelock I would blow his brains out". A corporal armed with a musket made an appearance and Jeffrey fired into the hut and wounded a soldier named Robert Stubbs. At this, all six occupants ran from the hut, leaving their knapsacks and firearms. The bushrangers took two of
28545-593: Was offered for relevant information given by a convict "under the Sentence of the Law". After freeing the last of their captives from the raid on Tibbs' farm, the three fugitives followed the Tamar River, heading in a north-westerly direction towards George Town near the mouth of the Tamar. One morning, arriving at the Pilot's-house near George Town, the bushrangers captured Parish (the pilot),
28718-496: Was portable and easily converted to cash. Their task was assisted by the isolated location of the goldfields and the decimation of the police force with many troopers abandoning their duties to join the gold rush. In Victoria, several major gold robberies occurred in 1852–53. Three bushrangers, including George Melville, were hanged in front of a large crowd for their role in the 1853 McIvor Escort Robbery near Castlemaine . Bushranging numbers also flourished in New South Wales with
28891-464: Was probably also aboard. At Hobart, a large crowd had gathered to watch as the manacled prisoners were disembarked and marched to the gaol on the corner of Macquarie and Murray streets, where they were all placed in a cell together. In the early hours of 5 April, the gaoler, John Bisbee, whose bedroom adjoined the cell where Jeffrey and the others were confined, heard "a sort of scratching, which excited his suspicion". Upon investigation, Bisbee found that
29064-420: Was reprimanded on 24 May 1825 for "neglect of duty". On 3 August, he was fined ten shillings for being drunk and disorderly. By this stage, Jeffrey was referred to as the watch-house keeper as well as flagellator. In the confession made prior to his execution, Jeffrey laments the responsibilities given to him after his relocation to Launceston "where drink was the total ruin of me[;] I was made watch house keeper[,]
29237-471: Was sent from New South Wales to Van Diemen's Land in 1842 after attempting to escape Cockatoo Island . In 1843, he escaped Port Arthur , and took up bushranging in Tasmania's mountains, but was recaptured and sent to Norfolk Island , where, as leader of the 1846 Cooking Pot Uprising , he murdered three constables, and was hanged along with sixteen of his men. The era of convict bushrangers gradually faded with
29410-445: Was taken from her arms and killed by Jeffrey and Russell. Afterwards, when she asked Jeffrey to point out the place where she might find her child's body, he said, "it was no odds it had not suffered a moment's pain in leaving the world". Jeffrey was found guilty of murder and Perry was convicted of "being present aiding & abetting". On the night of 25 April, Brady, who was still sharing a cell with Jeffrey, told James Dodding, one of
29583-439: Was the Kelly gang in Victoria, led by Ned Kelly , Australia's most famous bushranger. After murdering three policemen in a shootout in 1878, the gang was outlawed, and after raiding towns and robbing banks into 1879, earned the distinction of having the largest reward ever placed on the heads of bushrangers. In 1880, after failing to derail and ambush a police train, the gang, clad in bulletproof armour they had devised, engaged in
29756-575: Was the first bushranger to have inspired bush ballads , including "Bold Jack Donahue" and " The Wild Colonial Boy ". Ben Hall and his gang were the subject of several bush ballads, including " Streets of Forbes ". Michael Howe inspired the earliest play set in Tasmania, Michael Howe, The Terror of Van Diemen's Land , which premiered at The Old Vic in London in 1821. Other early plays about bushrangers include David Burn 's The Bushrangers (1829), William Leman Rede 's Faith and Falsehood; or, The Fate of
29929-569: Was transported to the colony of New South Wales aboard the Prince Regent with 161 other convicts. In consideration of his previous experience at sea, during the voyage Jeffrey had his irons removed so he could work as a seaman. The Prince Regent arrived at Port Jackson in Sydney on 27 January 1820. Jeffrey was initially assigned to a settler named Brown on the Hawkesbury River . Later, he
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