Thomas ( Hungarian : Tamás ; fl. 1291 – died 1321) was a prelate in the Kingdom of Hungary in the first half of the 14th century. He was Archbishop of Esztergom between 1305 and 1321. He was a confidant of Charles I of Hungary , whom he has supported in his unification war against the provincial lords. He crowned Charles twice, in June 1309 and August 1310.
75-454: Thomas II may refer to: Thomas II of Acerra (d. 1273), Count of Acerra from 1251 to his death Thomas II, Archbishop of Esztergom (d. 1321) Thomas II of Piedmont (c. 1199 – 1259), Count of Piedmont from 1233 to his death Thomas II Preljubović , ruler of Epirus in Ioannina from 1366 to 1384 Thomas II of York (d. 24 February 1114),
150-634: A lot of money to achieve this goal. According to his promissory note ( obligatio ) from February 1306, he had to pay 2,000 golden florins as his servitium commune and ten servitia minuta to the Roman Curia . Thomas paid 50 golden florins as part of his servitium commune in 1309. Otto was never able to strengthen his position in Hungary, because only the Kőszegis supported him. Accompanying with Thomas and his troops, Charles seized Esztergom and many fortresses in
225-468: A medieval archbishop of York Thomas II of Saluzzo (d. 1357) Thomas II of Constantinople , Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 667 to 669 Thomas II, Bishop of Nocera , bishop from Acerno who served in Apulia in the 14th century Thomas II Zaremba , a medieval bishop of Wrocław [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles about people with
300-669: A papal official in Rome, manages this portion of the Holy See's assets—consisting of British investments, other European holdings and a currency trading arm. The Guardian newspaper described Mennini and his role in the following manner: "... Paolo Mennini, who is in effect the Pope's merchant banker . Mennini heads a special unit inside the Vatican called the extraordinary division of APSA – Amministrazione del Patrimonio della Sede Apostolica – which handles
375-640: A university record. There he obtained the title of magister . Returning home in 1293, he was appointed grand provost of Esztergom, holding the dignity at least until 1303. Following Lodomer's death in January 1298, Thomas became an advocate of the claim of Charles of Anjou to the Hungarian throne. At the turn of 1301 and 1302, papal legate Niccolò Boccasini sent Thomas to the Kingdom of Bohemia to negotiate with King Wenceslaus II , father of Wenceslaus , Charles' rival. He
450-416: Is a member-state in various intergovernmental international organizations , and that it is: "respected by the international community of sovereign States and treated as a subject of international law having the capacity to engage in diplomatic relations and to enter into binding agreements with one, several, or many states under international law that are largely geared to establish and preserving peace in
525-574: Is listed in the Annuario Pontificio under "Holy See", not under "State of Vatican City". At the end of 2005, the Guard had 134 members. Recruitment is arranged by a special agreement between the Holy See and Switzerland. All recruits must be Catholic, unmarried males with Swiss citizenship who have completed basic training with the Swiss Armed Forces with certificates of good conduct, be between
600-750: Is the See's equivalent of a prime minister. Archbishop Paul Gallagher , Secretary of the Section for Relations with States of the Secretariat of State, acts as the Holy See's minister of foreign affairs . Parolin was named in his role by Pope Francis on 31 August 2013. The Secretariat of State is the only body of the Curia that is situated within Vatican City. The others are in buildings in different parts of Rome that have extraterritorial rights similar to those of embassies. Among
675-633: Is used in the Catholic Church to refer specifically to the see of the Bishop of Rome, whom that Church sees as the successor of Saint Peter. While St. Peter's Basilica in Vatican City is perhaps the church most associated with the papacy, the actual cathedral of the Holy See is the Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran in the city of Rome. In the Roman Catholic Church, only the see of the Pope bears
750-485: The Illuminated Chronicle . An assembly of Charles' partisans confirmed Charles' claim to the throne on 10 October 1307, and authorized archbishops Thomas and Vincent to excommunicate those who raise objections to the decision. Meanwhile, Pope Clement also ordered the two archbishops to summon Anthony, Bishop of Csanád before the papal curia, because of his involvement in the coronation of Otto, and to proclaim
825-641: The Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church , who administers the temporalities ( i.e. , properties and finances) of the See of St. Peter during this period. The government of the See, and therefore of the Catholic Church, then falls to the College of Cardinals . Canon law prohibits the College and the Camerlengo from introducing any innovations or novelties in the government of the church during this period. In 2001,
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#1732886306281900-685: The Cardinal Secretary of State ), through the Section for Relations with States. There are 12 internationally recognized states with which the Holy See does not have relations. The Holy See is the only European subject of international law that has diplomatic relations with the government of the Republic of China (Taiwan) as representing China, rather than the government of the People's Republic of China (see Holy See–Taiwan relations ). The British Foreign and Commonwealth Office speaks of Vatican City as
975-734: The Council of Europe , the European Communities , the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe , and the Organization of American States . The word "see" comes from the Latin word sedes , meaning 'seat', which refers to the episcopal throne ( cathedra ). The term " Apostolic See " can refer to any see founded by one of the Twelve Apostles, but, when used with the definite article, it
1050-626: The Holy Crown of Hungary with himself to Prague . Thereafter Esztergom was held by the Kőszegi troops. Residing in Székesfehérvár, the cathedral chapter of Esztergom elected Thomas as their new archbishop-in-exile sometimes before 17 February 1305. He also bore the title of perpetual count of Esztergom County , restoring the dignity for the archbishopric after five years. According to a document, Thomas only recently returned to Hungary from his visit to
1125-635: The Kingdom of Italy and the Holy Roman Empire were at times strained, reaching from the Diploma Ottonianum and Libellus de imperatoria potestate in urbe Roma regarding the " Patrimony of Saint Peter " in the 10th century, to the Investiture Controversy in 1076–1122, and settled again by the Concordat of Worms in 1122. The exiled Avignon Papacy during 1309–1376 also put a strain on
1200-565: The Lateran Treaty of 1929, between the Holy See and Italy, to ensure the temporal , diplomatic, and spiritual independence of the papacy. As such, papal nuncios , who are papal diplomats to states and international organizations, are recognized as representing the Holy See and not the Vatican City State, as prescribed in the Canon law of the Catholic Church . The Holy See is thus viewed as
1275-592: The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), Organization of American States , International Organization for Migration and in the United Nations and its agencies FAO , ILO , UNCTAD , UNEP , UNESCO , UN-HABITAT , UNHCR , UNIDO , UNWTO , WFP , WHO , WIPO . and as a full member in IAEA , OPCW , Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE). Although the Holy See is closely associated with Vatican City,
1350-557: The Palestine Liberation Organization ; 69 of the diplomatic missions accredited to the Holy See are situated in Rome. The Holy See maintains 180 permanent diplomatic missions abroad, of which 74 are non-residential, so that many of its 106 concrete missions are accredited to two or more countries or international organizations. The diplomatic activities of the Holy See are directed by the Secretariat of State (headed by
1425-618: The Pontifical Palace at Castel Gandolfo . The same authority is extended under international law over the Apostolic Nunciature of the Holy See in a foreign country. Though, like various European powers, earlier popes recruited Swiss mercenaries as part of an army, the Pontifical Swiss Guard was founded by Pope Julius II on 22 January 1506 as the personal bodyguards of the Pope and continues to fulfill that function. It
1500-468: The Savoyard era (which made the Pope a " prisoner in the Vatican " from 1870 to 1929), its international legal subject was "constituted by the ongoing reciprocity of diplomatic relationships" that not only were maintained but multiplied. The Lateran Treaty on 11 February 1929 between the Holy See and Italy recognised Vatican City as an independent city-state , along with extraterritorial properties around
1575-742: The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). The Holy See is also a permanent observer in various international organizations, including the United Nations General Assembly , the Council of Europe , UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization), the World Trade Organization (WTO), and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). The Holy See participates as an observer to African Union , Arab League , Council of Europe ,
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#17328863062811650-482: The cantor from the church in 1307. Thomas borrowed money in 1307 to repair the cathedral , but renovation works lasted for decades, surpassing his archiepiscopal tenure. Thomas convoked a provincial synod to Udvard , Komárom County (present-day Dvory nad Žitavou, Slovakia) in May 1307. There, he renewed the excommunication of those barons, clergymen and towns, who did not acknowledge Charles as their king. Thomas called all
1725-699: The papal primacy was further recognised as promulgated in Canon law . The Holy See was granted territory in Duchy of Rome by the Donation of Sutri in 728 of King Liutprand of the Lombards , and sovereignty by the Donation of Pepin in 756 by King Pepin of the Franks . The Papal States thus held extensive territory and armed forces in 756–1870. Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne as Roman Emperor by translatio imperii in 800. The Pope's temporal power peaked around
1800-502: The "capital" of the Holy See, although it compares the legal personality of the Holy See to that of the Crown in Christian monarchies and declares that the Holy See and the state of Vatican City are two international identities. It also distinguishes between the employees of the Holy See (2,750 working in the Roman Curia with another 333 working in the Holy See's diplomatic missions abroad) and
1875-445: The 'patrimony of the Holy See'." The orders, decorations, and medals of the Holy See are conferred by the Pope as temporal sovereign and fons honorum of the Holy See, similar to the orders awarded by other heads of state . The Holy See has been recognized, both in state practice and in the writing of modern legal scholars, as a subject of public international law , with rights and duties analogous to those of States . Although
1950-490: The 1,909 employees of the Vatican City State. The British Ambassador to the Holy See uses more precise language, saying that the Holy See "is not the same as the Vatican City State. ... (It) is the universal government of the Catholic Church and operates from the Vatican City State." This agrees exactly with the expression used by the website of the United States Department of State, in giving information on both
2025-731: The 1310 coronation of Charles, including the figure of Thomas with the Holy Crown, alongside Charles I, Thomas Semsei (or Philip Drugeth and Henry, Provost of Szepes . Following his death, Nanker , the Bishop of Kraków complained to the Holy See in 1324 that Thomas and his successor Boleslaus , exercised unjustifiably ecclesiastical authority over the Catholic communities of Podolin , Gnézda and Lubló (present-day Podolínec, Hniezdne and Stará Ľubovňa in Slovakia, respectively), even though they belonged to
2100-685: The Abas about the transfer of three castles in Szepesség (Spiš) region. However, the Abas soon entered into an alliance with Matthew Csák against the king. Alongside other lords and prelates, Thomas participated with his banderium in the royal campaign, which consisted of successful sieges and the decisive Battle of Rozgony in the summer of 1312. Thomas was also present, when Charles' army captured Nagyszombat (today Trnava, Slovakia) from Matthew Csák in early 1313. There lying on his deathbed, an elderly baron and soldier Egidius Monoszló made his final testament at
2175-425: The Catholic Church through the Roman Curia . The Curia consists of a complex of offices that administer church affairs at the highest level, including the Secretariat of State , nine Congregations , three Tribunals , eleven Pontifical Councils, and seven Pontifical Commissions. The Secretariat of State, under the Cardinal Secretary of State , directs and coordinates the Curia. The incumbent, Cardinal Pietro Parolin,
2250-401: The Catholic Church. The Roman Curia includes various dicasteries , comparable to ministries and executive departments, with the Cardinal Secretary of State as its chief administrator. Papal elections are carried out by part of the College of Cardinals . Although the Holy See is often metonymically referred to as the " Vatican ", the Vatican City State was distinctively established with
2325-718: The Economic Affairs of the Holy See coordinates the finances of the Holy See departments and supervises the administration of all offices, whatever be their degree of autonomy, that manage these finances. The most important of these is the Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See . The Prefecture of the Papal Household is responsible for the organization of the papal household, audiences, and ceremonies (apart from
Thomas II - Misplaced Pages Continue
2400-487: The Holy Crown in Székesfehérvár on 6 December 1305, which was performed by two bishops, although customary law authorized the Archbishop of Esztergom to perform the ceremony. Thereafter Thomas proclaimed the excommunication of Otto's followers, while Pope Clement V declared the invalidity of the coronation. Pope Clement confirmed Thomas' election and sent his pallium on 31 January 1306. Prior to this, Thomas borrowed
2475-670: The Holy See and the Vatican City State: it too says that the Holy See "operates from the Vatican City State". The Holy See is a member of various international organizations and groups including the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), International Telecommunication Union , the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) and
2550-539: The Holy See had a revenue of 422.098 billion Italian lire (about US$ 202 million at the time), and a net income of 17.720 billion Italian lire (about US$ 8 million). According to an article by David Leigh in the Guardian newspaper, a 2012 report from the Council of Europe identified the value of a section of the Vatican's property assets as an amount in excess of €680m (£570m); as of January 2013, Paolo Mennini,
2625-422: The Holy See, as distinct from the Vatican City State, does not fulfill the long-established criteria in international law of statehood —having a permanent population, a defined territory, a stable government, and the capacity to enter into relations with other states —its possession of full legal personality in international law is shown by the fact that it maintains diplomatic relations with 180 states, that it
2700-419: The Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons , a binding agreement for negotiations for the total elimination of nuclear weapons. A difference between the two coats of arms is that the arms of the Holy See have the gold key in bend and the silver key in bend sinister (as in the sede vacante coat of arms and in the external ornaments of the papal coats of arms of individual popes), while the reversed arrangement of
2775-661: The Roman Curia. Thomas also took part in the 1317 war against Matthew Csák. After the capture of Komárom (now Komárno in Slovakia) on 3 November 1317, Charles concluded a short-lived peace with the oligarch. One of the proofs of this is that Thomas issued a charter in Tapolcsány (present-day Topoľčany, Slovakia), the ancient land of the Csáks in August 1318. However, Thomas strongly opposed
2850-401: The Vatican City was created by the Lateran Treaty in 1929 to "ensure the absolute and visible independence of the Holy See" and "to guarantee to it indisputable sovereignty in international affairs." Archbishop Jean-Louis Tauran , the Holy See's former Secretary for Relations with States, said that Vatican City is a "minuscule support-state that guarantees the spiritual freedom of the Pope with
2925-550: The ages of 19 and 30, and be at least 175 centimetres (5 feet 9 inches) in height. Members are armed with small arms and the traditional halberd (also called the Swiss voulge ), and trained in bodyguarding tactics. The police force within Vatican City, known as the Corps of Gendarmerie of Vatican City , belongs to the city state, not to the Holy See. The Holy See signed the UN treaty on
3000-556: The borders of his domains and occupied several castles in the northern part of the kingdom. He surprisingly laid siege Buda in June 1311, then Charles sent an army to invade Matthew Csák's domains in September, but it achieved nothing. Thereafter the oligarch constantly pillaged the possessions of the Archdiocese of Esztergom. One of its castles, Berzence (present-day Tekovská Breznica, Slovakia)
3075-489: The central government of the Catholic Church and Vatican City. The Catholic Church, in turn, is the largest non-government provider of education and health care in the world. The Holy See maintains bilateral diplomatic relations with 183 sovereign states, signs concordats and treaties, and performs multilateral diplomacy with multiple intergovernmental organizations , including the United Nations and its agencies,
Thomas II - Misplaced Pages Continue
3150-645: The coronation, they also urged the Transylvanian oligarch Ladislaus Kán , who captured Otto, to hand over the Holy Crown to Charles, but he refused to do so. As a result, Thomas crowned Charles king with a newly prepared and consecrated crown in the Church of Our Lady in Buda on 15 or 16 June 1309. However, most Hungarians regarded the ceremony invalid. After that Gentile excommunicated Ladislaus Kán. Thereafter Thomas, alongside Amadeus Aba and Dominic Rátót , negotiated with
3225-423: The death of Gregory Bicskei , Thomas was elected provost of Székesfehérvár in the first half of 1304. He first appears in this capacity in a royal charter on 12 June 1304. In the summer of 1304, the Bohemian army invaded Upper Hungary and encamped at Párkány (present-day Štúrovo in Slovakia). There Wenceslaus II of Bohemia called upon Archbishop Michael Bő to crown his namesake son as king, but he refused
3300-452: The dicasteries and in giving them input. The Holy See does not dissolve upon a pope's death or resignation. It instead operates under a different set of laws sede vacante . During this interregnum , the heads of the dicasteries of the Curia (such as the prefects of congregations) cease immediately to hold office, the only exceptions being the Major Penitentiary , who continues his important role regarding absolutions and dispensations, and
3375-426: The diocese of Kraków, as he claimed. Holy See The Holy See ( Latin : Sancta Sedes , lit. 'Holy Chair ', Ecclesiastical Latin : [ˈsaŋkta ˈsedes] ; Italian : Santa Sede [ˈsanta ˈsɛːde] ), also called the See of Rome , Petrine See or Apostolic See , is the central governing body of the Catholic Church and the Vatican City State . It encompasses
3450-422: The doctrines of Petrine and papal primacy, it is the focal point of full communion for Catholic Christians around the world. The Holy See is headquartered in, operates from, and exercises "exclusive dominion" over the independent Vatican City State enclave in Rome, of which the Pope is sovereign . The Holy See is administered by the Roman Curia (Latin for "Roman Court"), which is the central government of
3525-494: The end of the year, the prelates made a complaint against Charles because he had taken possession of Church property. Thomas acted as conservator of the Dominican nuns of Rabbits' Island in 1319 and 1320, defending their interests in various lawsuits. Despite the disagreements, Thomas remained a strong pillar of Charles' reign until his death in the first half of 1321. A wall-painting from 1317 in St Martin's Cathedral in Spišská Kapitula ( Hungarian : Szepeshely ) depicts
3600-498: The independent territory over which the Holy See is sovereign , the two entities are separate and distinct. After the Italian seizure of the Papal States in 1870, the Holy See had no territorial sovereignty. In spite of some uncertainty among jurists as to whether it could continue to act as an independent personality in international matters, the Holy See continued in fact to exercise the right to send and receive diplomatic representatives, maintaining relations with states that included
3675-429: The local Franciscan friary, and Thomas presented the document on 11 March. At the turn of 1311 and 1312, Thomas refused to confirm the election of Nicholas , the provost of Dömös as the new Bishop of Vác , alleging procedural irregularities. The king, as the patron of the Diocese of Vác, also protested against the person of Nicholas. Pope Clement instructed Thomas to suspend the provost from office and summon him before
3750-493: The major powers Russia, Prussia , and Austria-Hungary . Where, in accordance with the decision of the 1815 Congress of Vienna , the Nuncio was not only a member of the Diplomatic Corps but its dean, this arrangement continued to be accepted by the other ambassadors. In the course of the 59 years during which the Holy See held no territorial sovereignty, the number of states that had diplomatic relations with it, which had been reduced to 16, actually increased to 29. The State of
3825-510: The minimum territory". The Holy See, not Vatican City, maintains diplomatic relations with states. Foreign embassies are accredited to the Holy See, not to Vatican City, and it is the Holy See that establishes treaties and concordats with other sovereign entities. When necessary, the Holy See will enter a treaty on behalf of Vatican City. Under the terms of the Lateran Treaty, the Holy See has extraterritorial authority over various sites in Rome and two Italian sites outside of Rome , including
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#17328863062813900-534: The most active of the major Curial institutions are the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith , which oversees the Catholic Church's doctrine; the Congregation for Bishops , which coordinates the appointment of bishops worldwide; the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples , which oversees all missionary activities; and the Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace , which deals with international peace and social issues. Three tribunals exercise judicial power. The Roman Rota handles normal judicial appeals,
3975-708: The most numerous being those that concern alleged nullity of marriage. The Apostolic Signatura is the supreme appellate and administrative court concerning decisions even of the Roman Rota and administrative decisions of ecclesiastical superiors (bishops and superiors of religious institutes ), such as closing a parish or removing someone from office. It also oversees the work of other ecclesiastical tribunals at all levels. The Apostolic Penitentiary deals not with external judgments or decrees, but with matters of conscience, granting absolutions from censures , dispensations, commutations, validations, condonations, and other favors; it also grants indulgences . The Prefecture for
4050-400: The most powerful oligarch Matthew Csák in the Pauline Monastery of Kékes on 10 November 1308. The archbishop presided that general diet in the presence of Gentile in the Dominican monastery of Pest on 27 November 1308, which elected Charles king. Gentile and Thomas convoked the synod of the Hungarian prelates, who declared the monarch inviolable in December 1308. In preparation for
4125-451: The northern parts of Hungary (now in Slovakia) in the autumn of 1306. Thomas marched into his emptied seat with his army, which has been plundered and destroyed in recent years. Thomas appointed Peter as Bishop of Pécs at the end of 1306 after the canons did not reach a consensus. However the local oligarch Henry Kőszegi's protege cantor Nicholas contested the appointment and usurped the position and its revenues. Thomas excommunicated
4200-430: The office of the pope as the bishop of the Apostolic episcopal see of Rome and serves as the spiritual and administrative authority of the worldwide Catholic Church and the city-state. Under international law , the Holy See holds the status of a sovereign juridical entity . According to Catholic tradition and historical records, it was founded in the first century by Saints Peter and Paul , and by virtue of
4275-402: The papacy, which however finally returned to Rome. Pope Innocent X was critical of the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 as it weakened the authority of the Holy See throughout much of Europe. Following the French Revolution , the Papal States were briefly occupied as the " Roman Republic " from 1798 to 1799 as a sister republic of the First French Empire under Napoleon , before their territory
4350-485: The papal court, which reinforces the assumption that his election was a mere formality and was appointed to office by Pope Clement V himself. vThomas excommunicated the Kőszegi brothers – Ivan and Henry – for their crimes against the burghers of Esztergom in July 1305. Wenceslaus who had succeeded his father in Bohemia renounced his claim to Hungary in favor of Otto III, Duke of Bavaria on 9 October 1305. Thomas unsuccessfully attempt to prevent his coronation with
4425-428: The papal judgment that Charles is the rightful Hungarian king. Pope Clement V sent his papal legate, Gentile Portino da Montefiore , to Hungary. Charles I and Thomas welcomed him in Zagreb , when he arrived in the summer of 1308. Thomas contributed to the costs of the legate's activities with 431 Buda marks until the autumn of 1311 (the expected amount was 603 marks). Thomas was present, when Gentile negotiated with
4500-402: The peace with Matthew Csák. After Charles neglected to reclaim Church property that Matthew Csák had seized by force, the prelates of the realm – archbishops Thomas, Ladislaus Jánki and their eleven suffragans – made an alliance in early 1318 against all who would jeopardize their interests. Upon their demand, Charles held a Diet in summer, but refused to confirm the Golden Bull of 1222 . Before
4575-433: The region. Since then, Vatican City is distinct from yet under "full ownership, exclusive dominion , and sovereign authority and jurisdiction " of the Holy See ( Latin : Sancta Sedes ). God Schools Relations with: The Holy See is one of the last remaining seven absolute monarchies in the world, along with Saudi Arabia , Eswatini , United Arab Emirates , Qatar , Brunei and Oman . The Pope governs
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#17328863062814650-435: The right to be addressed symbolically as "holy". However, there was one exception to this rule, represented by the Bishopric of Mainz . During the Holy Roman Empire , the former Archbishopric of Mainz (which was also of electoral and primatial rank) had the privilege to bear the title of "the Holy See of Mainz" (Latin: Sancta Sedes Moguntina ). According to Catholic tradition, the apostolic see of Diocese of Rome
4725-481: The same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_II&oldid=844345842 " Category : Human name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Thomas II, Archbishop of Esztergom Thomas
4800-413: The strictly liturgical part). One of Pope Francis's goals is to reorganize the Curia to prioritize its role in the church's mission to evangelize. This reform insists that the Curia is not meant to be a centralized bureaucracy, but rather a service for the Pope and diocesan bishops that is in communication with local bishops' conferences. Likewise more lay people are to be involved in the workings of
4875-411: The subjects of the realm to obey the king's commandments, otherwise he was ready to place the whole kingdom under interdict and launch a crusade against the treacherous barons. After Charles' partisans occupied Buda in June 1307, Thomas captured and imprisoned those local pro-Wenceslaus clergymen, who even excommunicated Pope Benedict XI prior to that. The priests died in his prison, according to
4950-565: The threat. Following that the Bohemian troops stormed Esztergom and looted its treasury, in addition to the destruction of diplomas and holy relics. Michael fled his archbishopric seat for Pressburg (today Bratislava, Slovakia), where he died soon around September. The negotiations with the local lords convinced Wenceslaus II that his son's position in Hungary had dramatically weakened. Accordingly, he decided to take his son back to Bohemia, who did not renounce Hungary and made Ivan Kőszegi governor before leaving for Bohemia in August. He even took
5025-406: The time of the papal coronations of the emperors of the Holy Roman Empire from 858, and the Dictatus papae in 1075, which conversely also described Papal deposing power . Several modern states still trace their own sovereignty to recognition in medieval papal bulls. The sovereignty of the Holy See was retained despite multiple sacks of Rome during the Early Middle Ages. Yet, relations with
5100-471: The voivode in Szeged on 8 April 1310, on the conditions of return of the crown. Ladislaus Kán finally agreed to give the Holy Crown to Charles. On 27 August 1310, Archbishop Thomas put the Holy Crown on Charles' head in Székesfehérvár; thus, Charles' third coronation was performed in full accordance with customary law. Despite his valid coronation, Charles' rule remained nominal in most parts of his kingdom. For instance, Matthew Csák continued to expand
5175-421: The world." Since medieval times the episcopal see of Rome has been recognized as a sovereign entity. The Holy See (not the State of Vatican City) maintains formal diplomatic relations with and for the most recent establishment of diplomatic relations with 183 sovereign states, and also with the European Union , and the Sovereign Military Order of Malta , as well as having relations of a special character with
5250-543: Was also active in the case of the Aba dominion: after the burghers of Kassa (now Košice in Slovakia) assassinated Amadeus Aba in September 1311, Charles sent his two envoys, Thomas and Stephen Kéki to the province, where they arbitrated an agreement between Amadeus' widow and sons and the town, which also prescribed that the Abas withdraw from two counties and allow the noblemen inhabiting their domains to freely join Charles. Thereafter Thomas resided in Lőcse (today Levoča, Slovakia) until January 1312, where he negotiated with
5325-518: Was born into an illustrious family. His maternal uncle was Lodomer , the Archbishop of Esztergom from 1279 to 1298, who was a loyal supporter of Andrew III of Hungary . Due to his uncle's influence and intervention, by 1291, Thomas elevated into the provostry of Szenttamás (lit. "Saint Thomas" after Thomas Becket ), which laid nearby Esztergom . Thereafter Lodomer sent his nephew to the University of Padua to learn canon law and theology . Thomas already resided in Padua on 3 June 1291, according to
5400-640: Was established in the 1st century by Saint Peter and Saint Paul . The legal status of the Catholic Church and its property was recognised by the Edict of Milan in 313 by Roman emperor Constantine the Great , and it became the state church of the Roman Empire by the Edict of Thessalonica in 380 by Emperor Theodosius I . After the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476, the temporal legal jurisdisction of
5475-618: Was reestablished. Notwithstanding, the Holy See was represented in and identified as a "permanent subject of general customary international law vis-à-vis all states" in the Congress of Vienna (1814–1815). The Papal States were recognised under the rule of the Papacy and largely restored to their former extent. Despite the Capture of Rome in 1870 by the Kingdom of Italy and the Roman Question during
5550-474: Was seized and destroyed by digging a tunnel under the castle walls in late 1311. Matthew Csák caused a damage of 15,000 marks to the archdiocese during these attacks. The oligarch threatened to besiege Esztergom in the spring of 1312; as Charles I dealt with the neutralization of the Aba dominion, Thomas was forced to ask for peace from Matthew and abandoned most of the claims for damages in early March. Meanwhile, Thomas
5625-513: Was sent to Rome in early 1303, alongside other prelates with the leadership of Stephen , the Archbishop of Kalocsa, to represent the interests of Charles against the rival claimant Wenceslaus. As a result, Pope Boniface VIII , who regarded Hungary as a fief of the Holy See , declared Charles the lawful king of Hungary on 31 May 1303, and also threatened Wenceslaus with excommunication if he continued to style himself king of Hungary. Following
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