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44-456: Thomas Fearnley was born in Frederikshald (now Halden ) in Østfold , Norway. He was the son of merchant Thomas Fearnley (1768–1834) and Maren Sophie Paus (1782–1838). He was the brother of astronomer and professor Carl Frederik Fearnley (1818–1890). Fearnley's grandfather, merchant Thomas Fearnley (1729–1798), immigrated from Yorkshire, England to Frederikshald, Norway in 1753. His mother

88-408: A bykommune (urban municipality) or herredskommune (rural municipality). This distinction was rescinded by The Local Government Act of 1992. Between 1960 and 1965 many Norwegian municipalities were merged. For instance when the urban municipality Brevik merged with the urban municipality Porsgrunn and the rural municipality Eidanger , the new municipality was called Porsgrunn and it kept

132-646: A Baroque garden and an English landscape garden . The buildings have their oldest origins of the late 1600s, but were largely built during the last half of the 1700s. The main building contains authentic furnishings including period furniture, hunting trophies, an extensive collection of art and a large weapons collection. Rød Herregård was owned and inhabited by members of the Tank and Anker families from 1733 including Carsten Tank and Nils Otto Tank as well as Peter Martin Anker and Nils Anker . The manor house and estate complex

176-651: A city municipality ( Norwegian : herred ), and in 1928, the name was changed back to Halden. Tistedalen , which is 4 kilometres (2 mi) east of Halden, was part of the city from 1686 to 1967, until it was separated from Halden. At the same time, the area of Halden, Tistedalen, and the rural municipalities of Berg and Idd , became the Halden municipality on 1 January 1967. The political situation in Halden has become infamous in Norway for conflicts between individual politicians and between local political parties. The municipality

220-502: A municipality number in which the third digit was a zero and rural municipalities were given other numbers. In 1952 the special classifications of for towns/cities (kjøpstad, bergstad, and ladested) were entirely rescinded from the law and replaced by the simple classification of by . Starting on 1 January 1965, the government's focus was moved from the individual towns/cities to their corresponding municipalities. All Norwegian towns/cities and rural municipalities were classified as either

264-451: A steady influx of international guest scientists to the city, many of whom made Halden their permanent homes. Nexans has a large cable factory in Halden. The main products from this factory are submarine power cables , umbilical cables for subsea installations, and cable systems for heating of subsea pipelines . Rød Herregård in Halden is one of the best preserved manor houses in Norway. The property features well-preserved buildings,

308-669: A week at Halden Prison for the Netflix documentary Inside the World's Toughest Prisons (Season 3, Episode 4). Halden is twinned with: List of cities in Norway This is a list of towns and cities in Norway . The Norwegian language word by means a town or city –there is no distinction between the two words as there is in English. Historically, the designation of town/city

352-595: A “reputation as the world's most humane prison.” The architectural design of this prison is not like other prisons. The conditions inside the prison have been made as much like life outside the walls as possible. It is in fact to create an environment “as unprisonlike as possible.” This reflects the flagship of the Norwegian justice system, which focuses on rehabilitation rather than punishment. To explore what makes incarceration in Norway different from being imprisoned in other countries, British journalist Raphael Rowe spent

396-503: Is both a town and a municipality in Østfold county , Norway . The municipality borders Sarpsborg to the northwest, Rakkestad to the north and Aremark to the east, as well as the Swedish municipalities Strömstad , Tanum and Dals-Ed respectively to the southwest, south and southeast. The seat of the municipality, Halden is a border town located at the mouth of the Tista river on

440-807: Is governed by the Conservative Party, the Liberal Party , the Christian Democratic Party , the Centre Party , and the Green Party . The slogan, Halden, IT- og Miljøbyen (Halden, IT and Environment City), is a reference to Halden's relatively large number of information technology companies. In the late 1960s, the most powerful mainframe computer in Norway at the time was located at the Institute for Energy Technology 's facilities in Halden. From

484-442: Is host to East-Norway 1 division. In addition there is a separate amateur league with two divisions. Several curlers from Halden have won Norwegian championships and competed internationally. Halden's forests are a good place for orienteering ; and hiking , canoeing , boating, fishing , and gymnastics are also popular sports amongst Halden's population. Halden fengsel is one of Norway's highest-security jails. It has acquired

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528-547: Is in Halden. Petroglyphs (rock carvings) dated from the Nordic Bronze Age are found around town, some locally, but more impressive are ones found along Oldtidsveien , the historical road between Halden and Fredrikstad some 20 km (12 mi) north, and around Tanum in Sweden, some 60 km (37 mi) to the south. Jellhaugen , a major tumulus (grave mound) is found west of town, situated only 120 feet away from

572-510: Is led by Christian L. Rødsrud of the Museum of Cultural History. It is estimated to be over 20 metres long, although only parts of the keel have survived. This would mean that the boat is of a similar size to the Gokstad ship . The identity of the boat's occupant has not yet been confirmed, but experts have speculated that it may have belonged to a king or queen. Outdoor concerts are frequently held at

616-517: Is located in Halden. The Halden Boiling Water Reactor is a research reactor located 100 metres (328 ft) within Månefjell, adjacent to the Saugbrugs paper mill. The OECD Halden Reactor Project is one of the world's longest running international research collaborations and is the largest international research project in Norway. While the reactor closed in 2018, safety-oriented research collaboration for

660-503: Is responsible for the manor house, buildings and gardens. Ankerske Foundation Collections ( Stiftelsen De Ankerske Samlinger ) is responsible for the contents and the rich archives related to the property. Halden sights include the Halden Canal system, the two Svinesund bridges, and Høiåsmasten , a partially guyed TV tower. The fortress of Fredriksten has historical museums, and the Østfold University College ( Høgskolen i Østfold )

704-558: The Iddefjord , the southernmost border crossing between Norway and Sweden . The town of Halden is located about 120 km (75 mi) south of Oslo , 190 km (120 mi) north of Gothenburg , and 12 km (7.5 mi) west of the border crossing at Svinesund . Evidence of early human settlements in this region of Norway have been found, particularly in the Svinesund area of the municipality where evidence of early settlements from

748-738: The Nationalmuseum in Stockholm . Fearnley contracted typhoid and died in January 1842 when he was only 39 years old. He was initially buried on Südlicher Friedhof in Munich. In 1922, his son arranged to have his father's mortal remains moved to Vår Frelsers gravlund in Oslo. [REDACTED] Media related to Thomas Fearnley at Wikimedia Commons Halden Halden ( pronounced [ˈhɑ̀ɫdn̩] ), between 1665 and 1928 known as Fredrikshald ,

792-412: The Nordic Bronze Age have been found. Named after a small farm Hallen (English: "rise" or "slope" ) first mentioned in 1629, "Halden", became the city of Fredrikshald in 1665, named after Frederick III of Denmark . The Gud med oss ( God be with us ) coat-of-arms created in 1665 shows a knight standing on a mountain, yellow on a blue background, and was inspired by the bravery of the citizens of

836-610: The Norwegian National Academy of Craft and Art Industry ( Den kongelige Tegneskole ) (1819–1821), Art Academy ( Kunstakadamie ) in Copenhagen (1821–1823) and the Art Academy ( Konstakadamien ) in Stockholm (1823–27) under Carl Johan Fahlcrantz . Fearnley left Copenhagen bound for Stockholm in the autumn of 1823 to complete a painting commissioned by Crown Prince Oscar of Norway and Sweden . He received several orders from

880-544: The city status was awarded by the king and Government through the Ministry of Local Government and Regional Development . Since then, the status of town/city is decided by each municipal council and then it is formally accepted by the state. Since 1997, a municipality must have a minimum of 5,000 inhabitants in order to declare city status for one of its settlements. In 1999, the municipal council of Bardu Municipality declared city status for Setermoen , only to be rejected because

924-518: The 1960s-1980s, Halden was infamous for high levels of industrial pollution , largely originating from the Norske Skog Saugbrugs paper mill (part of Norske Skog since 1989). As a result of projects initiated by both Norske Skog-Saugbrugs and the city authorities, the polluted fjords and rivers of Halden have been cleaned up and the city was dubbed Norway's Environment City in 1996. One of Norway's two nuclear reactors under decommissioning

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968-779: The German painter Joseph Petzl and the German-Danish painter Friedrich Bernhard Westphal . He lived in Munich (1830–32). Fearnley traveled extensively in the 1830s, visiting Munich, Paris, London, Hull and the English Lake district . During September 1832, he went from Venice to Rome and visited Sicily the following summer. He mostly painted in small towns south of Naples : Castellammare , Amalfi , Sorrento , Capri and in Switzerland: Meiringen , Grindelwald . He went to Paris in

1012-728: The Premier Division, and while the local ice hockey team Comet did play in the GET-league (Norway's highest ice hockey division) for some years, but they ran into some financial problems in 2008/2009, and is now in division 1. Halden also has many football clubs, the biggest of them, Kvik Halden FK , plays in the Norwegian Second Division. The two handball clubs, Tistedalens TIF in the first division and HK Halden , have teams for children, youth and adults. One of Norway's few curling centres lies in Halden. Halden Curling Center

1056-606: The Swedish royal family and from other members of the royal court including Swedish Count Gustaf Trolle-Bonde . He conducted study tours in Norway (1824-1826), at which time he met Johan Christian Dahl in Sogn . After another stay in Copenhagen from 1827 to 1828 and a new Norwegian trip in the autumn of 1828, he went to Germany and was a student of Dahl in Dresden (1829–1830) as well as befriending

1100-528: The University of Oslo has dated it to earliest AD 733. Originally interred beneath a burial mound , in the present day the ship lies 40 centimetres below the topsoil due to years of ploughing . Due to extensive fungus damage to the hull caused by field drainage, drought and exposure to the air, archaeologists called for an immediate dig to save the ship. Excavation of the ship at Gjellestad began in June 2020, and

1144-592: The age of ten, became an influential architect, whose works include seventy-eight churches (including Immanuel Church in Halden), the Bank of Norway , the Oslo Stock Exchange , and the original university buildings in Oslo. Current archaeological excavations includes Jellestadskipet (Gjellestadskipet) located a stone's throw from Jellhaugen ; it was first photographed in 2018. The Halden VBK volleyball club plays in

1188-464: The birth of their only child, Thomas Nicolay Fearnley (1841–1927), who became a Norwegian shipping magnate. His grandsons were shipping magnate Thomas Fearnley (1880–1961) and land owner N. O. Young Fearnley . His descendants founded the Astrup Fearnley Museum of Modern Art in 1993. Thomas Fearnley attended National Cadet Corps ( Landkadettkorpset ) from 1814 to 1819. He was a student of

1232-408: The cities of today which got this status before 1996, Tvedestrand with 1,983 inhabitants is the smallest. On another note, the laws of 1996 allowed some settlements which lost their city status in the 1960s to regain it. Oslo , founded in the 11th century, is the largest city and also the capital of Norway. Oslo is the only city in Norway that is consolidated with its municipality and county, thus

1276-535: The city in the Dano-Swedish War (1658–1660) . Swedish forces unsuccessfully attempted to invade the town six times between 1658 and 1814. As a reference to the town's citizens burning their own houses to prevent them being taken on 4 July 1716 by the forces of King Charles XII of Sweden, Halden is one of only two cities in Norway's national anthem . In 1718, the Great Northern War ended when Charles XII

1320-454: The early autumn. Popular destinations for hikers and other nature lovers include Prestebakke and Kornsjø . Halden's meteorological station is at Buer. The Gjellestad ( Norwegian pronunciation: [ˈjɛ̂lːəˌstɑːd] ) ship, also spelt Jellestad, is the remains of a Viking Age longship found at the farm of Gjellestad in Halden municipality in Norway in 2018 by the archeologists Lars Gustavsen and Erich Nau. A 2019 examination by

1364-485: The favorite motifs, wilderness and waterfalls, and with a strong emphasis on the image's architectural structure. The National Gallery in Oslo owns a total of 54 of his smaller pictures and sketches and also a series of drawings. Notable works in this collection include Labrofossen (1837), Grindelwaldgletsjeren (1838) and Slinde Birken (1839). Other notable collections are located in the Bergen Kunstmuseum and

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1408-727: The festival was moved to Oslo in 2019) and a vegetarian food festival in August. Artists born in Halden that are represented in the Norwegian National Gallery in Oslo include Thomas Fearnley (1802–1842) and Jacob Mathias Calmeyer (1802–1883). Fearnley is locally exhibited at the manor house Rød Herregård. Other significant artists that lived in Halden, but were not born there, include Johannes Fintoe (1786–1870) and Heinrich August Grosch (1763–1843). Grosch's son, Christian Heinrich Grosch (1801–1865), who moved with his parents to Halden at

1452-538: The fortress while the local churches, pubs, and student union are regular venues for indoor concerts. Musicians recorded by the Hitsville and Athletic Sound studios in the Halden region include Motorpsycho , Madrugada , Morten Harket , and Kurt Nilsen . The city's intimate theatre hosts frequent plays by national and local theatre groups, and occasionally serves as a concert hall. Halden festivals include Tons of Rock (hard rock and metal) in June each year (from 2014 before

1496-574: The municipality fell short of the population limit. One exception is Honningsvåg in Nordkapp Municipality , where the municipality actually has less than 5,000 inhabitants but declared city status before the limit was implemented by law in 1997. Because of the new laws in 1996-1997, Norway witnessed a rapid rise in the number of cities after that time. A number of relatively small settlements are now called by , such as Brekstad with 1,828 inhabitants and Kolvereid with 1,448 inhabitants. Among

1540-472: The municipality number for Porsgrunn. As a result, Brevik was no longer considered an urban municipality/town. On another note, when the urban municipality Hønefoss was merged with the rural municipalities Hole , Norderhov , Tyristrand , and Ådal to form the new municipality of Ringerike , Ringerike retained the old municipality number of Hønefoss meaning that it retained its town/city status. The same thing happened to Egersund and Florø . Before 1996,

1584-629: The nuclear power industry has continued, focusing primarily on human-technology-organisation research. IFE's Man-Technology-Organisation Lab facility in Os Alle was opened by the Prince Regent in 2004 and houses the most recent incarnations of the Halden Man-Machine Laboratory (HAMMLAB) and Halden Virtual Reality Centre's (HVRC) VR laboratory. IFE also has advanced robotics and cybersecurity labs in Halden. The Halden Project at IFE has ensured

1628-401: The site of the later discovered Gjellestad Ship . Halden is surrounded by forests and water, so hiking and fishing locations can easily be found. Deer and elk are a common sight, and wolves have also been observed in the district along the border with Sweden . Raspberries , blackberries , blueberries , wild cranberries , and many varieties of mushroom can be found in the woods in

1672-472: The summer of 1835 and visited London the next year. During the summer of 1839 he was on a study tour to the Sognefjord and Hardangerfjord , together with the German painter Andreas Achenbach . Fearnley's paintings alternate between oil sketches and larger, composed landscapes meant for exhibition. His large studio compositions have a cool monumental attitude with a taste for the powerful and wildly romantic in

1716-791: The words kjøpstad ( market town ), ladested (small seaport), or bergstad were used for a town or city. Each of these were granted certain special rights based on their classification and they did hold administrative authority within their borders. A ladested was subordinate to a kjøpstad and over time some of the ladesteds were "upgraded" to the status of kjøpstad in order to gain more trading rights. In 1665, Norway had 20 towns. There were 9 full market towns ( kjøpstad ): Bergen, Oslo, Trondheim, Tønsberg, Stavanger, Skien, Fredrikstad, Halden, and Kristiansand. There were two mountain towns { bergstad ): Kongsberg and Røros. There were 9 market seaports ( ladested ): Larvik, Moss, Porsgrunn, Molde, Kragerø, Risør, Holmestrand, Mandal, and Drammen (which

1760-423: Was actually 2 towns: Bragernes and Strømsø). All of the ladested places on this list were later upgraded to kjøpstads . During the 1800s, urbanization took hold in Norway and many new towns/cities were added. The special trading rights for towns/cities were abolished in 1857. In 1946, Norwegian municipalities were each assigned a municipality number , a four-digit codes based on ISO 3166-2:NO . Towns/cities got

1804-411: Was granted by the king, but since 1996 that authority was given to the local municipal councils for each municipality in Norway. In Norway today, there are 108 towns/cities, but they have no legal authority or powers and they are not an administrative body, it is simply a designation. All local government rests with the municipality which may or may not have a town/city located within it. Historically,

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1848-437: Was owned by the Tank family through three generations, from 1733 to 1829. Both Danish Crown Prince regent Christian Frederik and Swedish Crown Prince and Regent Charles John were guests at the mansion. The estate was visited by English economist Thomas Robert Malthus during his European tour in 1799. In 1961, two foundations were established to maintain the historic property. Rød Manor Foundation ( Stiftelsen Rød Herregård )

1892-676: Was shot and killed at the Fredriksten fortress. The fortress had been erected in the 17th century as a replacement for the Bohus Fortress lost at the Treaty of Roskilde in 1658 when Bohuslän was ceded to Sweden. Halden has never been captured by force by any invading army, although it was occupied by Nazi forces in WWII . In an 1835 census , Fredrikshald was the seventh largest town or city in Norway, with 4,921 inhabitants. In 1838, Fredrikshald became

1936-505: Was the daughter of a wealthy merchant who belonged to the Paus family, a prominent family from Telemark . In 1840, he married Cecilia Catharine Andresen (1817–1888). She was the daughter of his benefactor, banker Nicolai Andresen (1781–1861), who founded what became the Andresen Bank, one of Norway's largest commercial banks of its time. In the autumn of 1841, the couple went to Amsterdam for

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