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36-696: Admiral Thomas Dumaresq (1729 – 18 July 1802) was an officer in the British Royal Navy that rose to the rank of Admiral . Dumaresq was notable for his role as Captain of HMS Repulse in the Battle of the Saintes during the American Revolutionary War . Thomas was born in 1729 to Jean Dumaresq and Ann Bokenham (niece of Captain William Bokenham ), and was a member of the notable Dumaresq family of

72-538: A change of command ceremony aboard aircraft carrier USS Enterprise (CVN 65) , while docked at Khalifa Bin Salman Port, Bahrain , U.S. Marine Corps Gen . James Mattis , Commander, U.S. Central Command , introduced Vice Admiral Mark I. Fox as "Admiral Fox, the prince of the sea, emir of the sea – to translate 'admiral' from the Arabic to English;" On 04 Feb 2021, in an announcement of his coronavirus -related death,

108-555: A governor , commander , or person who rules over a number of people" and al ( الـ ), the Arabic definite article meaning "the." In Arabic, admiral is also represented as Amīr al-Baḥr ( أمير البحر ), where al-Baḥr (البحر) means the sea . The 1818 edition of Samuel Johnson 's A Dictionary of the English Language , edited and revised by the Rev. Henry John Todd , states that

144-712: A privateering ship from British Antigua . Due to the tribunal of the Court of Vice-Admiralty at Antigua declaring the privateers as legal, The owners of the Hammond had Vice-Admiral James Young and Captain Thomas Dumaresq arrested for the seizing of their ship and the impressing part of the crew. Young wrote to John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich who was First Lord of the Admiralty to get clemency for both him and Dumaresq. However, King George III would tell Lord Sandwich to resolve

180-465: A storm. A strong storm formed in the southern Caribbean Sea on October 1. Shortly after, it sank the British transport ship Monarch with all hands, including several hundred Spanish prisoners. The hurricane began to move northwest towards Jamaica, where it destroyed the port of Savanna-la-Mar on October 3. Many of the town's residents gathered at the coast to watch, but the 20 foot storm surge engulfed

216-640: Is a king in the Arabian language.' Amrayl is used by Robert of Gloucester, in the sense of a prince, or governour." The quote from John Minsheu 's Dictionarie in Spanish and English (1599), given in Johnson's Dictionary, has been confirmed as being accurate. Additionally, the definition of Amīr (أمير), as given in Edward William Lane 's Arabic-English Lexicon , concurs, in part, with Minsheu's definition, stating that

252-473: Is classified as a Grade II Listed Building . Thomas Dumaresq had one daughter; Admiral The word admiral in Middle English comes from Anglo-French amiral , "commander", from Medieval Latin admiralis , admirallus . These evolved from the Arabic amīral ( أمير الـ ) – amīr ( أمير ) [ʔmjr] ( listen ), " king , prince , chief, leader, nobleman , lord ,

288-656: The Battle of the Mona Passage under Rear-Admiral Sir Samuel Hood. During 1780, Rear-Admiral Joshua Rowley was sent to reinforce Jamaica against a possible Spanish threat. However, in October 1780 a hurricane formed off the coast of South America and would damage many British vessels, with the transport ship Monarch being sunk. Dumaresq, who was the Captain of the Ulysses was caught in this storm on October 6, 1780, resulting in only

324-599: The St. Lucia Hurricane first struck St. Lucia where it killed between 4,000 to 5,000 people. The hurricane then passed near or over Puerto Rico on June 13, where it "caused deaths and losses". It was last reported in the Dominican Republic where it affected crops, properties, and caused a lot of damage. See List of deadliest Atlantic hurricanes . New Orleans experienced a powerful hurricane on August 24, with winds gusting over 160 mph. The hurricane completely destroyed 39 of

360-651: The "d" and endured a series of different endings and spellings leading to the English spelling admyrall in the 14th century and to admiral by the 16th century. It is important to note that the etymology of a word does not suggest the antiquity of the word as it may have appeared in other languages with entirely different pronunciations. The Greek ναύαρχος, for instance, which is pronounced "naúarkhēs," existed from very ancient times in Greece. While ναύαρχος may be defined as "admiral" as used by Plutarch in his Parallel Lives ,

396-516: The 43 buildings on Grand Isle, Louisiana . The eye then passed over New Orleans and severely damaged structures in what is now known as the French Quarter . The hurricane also caused harvest-ruining crop damage, severe flooding, and tornadoes across southeast Louisiana. It is believed that the hurricane killed around 25 people. On August 25, St. Kitts in the Leeward Islands was struck by

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432-614: The Arabic Amīr (أمير), the literal meaning of the phrase Amīr al-Baḥr (أمير البحر) is "Prince of the Sea." This position, versus "commander of the sea," is demonstrated by legal practices prevailing in the Ottoman Empire , whereas it was only possible for Phanariots to qualify for attaining four princely positions, those being grand dragoman , dragoman of the fleet , and the voivodees of Moldavia and Wallachia . Those Phanariots who attained

468-511: The Arabic news website Saudi 24 News referred to Admiral Edmond Chagoury by the title "Prince of the Sea." One alternate etymology proposes that the term admiral evolved, instead, from the title of Amīr al-Umarā ʾ (أمير الأمراء). Under the reign of the Buyid dynasty (934 to 1062) of Iraq and Iran , the title of Amīr al-Umarāʾ, which means prince of princes, came to denote the heir-apparent , or crown prince . This alternate etymology states that

504-597: The Caribbean by the fleets of Spain , France and the Dutch Republic operating against British fleets with the concomitant greater risk of loss of life due to increased exposure of warships and transports to hazardous weather conditions. This critical coincidence is at least partially responsible for the unprecedented losses of life inflicted, especially in the three fierce hurricanes that struck in quick succession during October. The San Antonio Hurricane, also known as

540-846: The Channel Islands. He would obtain a commission as a lieutenant in 1755 and in 1763 he would obtain his first command, of the British Cutter, named the "Esther". Thomas Dumaresq was promoted to Rear-Admiral in 1794, and a Vice-Admiral in 1795. On 1 January 1801, he was promoted to Admiral of the Blue. During the American Revolution an order was given to seize all ships and vessels of the Thirteen-Colonies . This led to an increase of privateering and illegal privateers used by foreign powers and other British Colonies alike to still trade with

576-504: The Eastern Gulf of Mexico struck a Spanish war fleet of 64 vessels under José Solano en route from Havana , Cuba to attack Pensacola, Florida , the capital of British West Florida . The ships had 4,000 men aboard under the military command of Bernardo de Gálvez , and 2,000 died. The slow-moving hurricane, known to history as "Solano's hurricane", was first noted near Jamaica on October 15. Progressing northwestwards it likely crossed

612-442: The colonial governors to all current illegal privateers and them would be able to keep their prizes they have already taken. The only condition was that all charges against all naval officers were dropped. If Dumaresq's charges were not dropped it could have had distress effects for the navy that could result in a reluctance of naval officers to sign-on new seamen due to fear of being charged with of impressment . Thomas Dumaresq, who

648-667: The deadliest Atlantic hurricane of all time, the Great Hurricane of 1780 . Only one of the known storms was not a hurricane. Landfalling storms affected the Lesser Antilles , Puerto Rico , the Dominican Republic , Jamaica , Cuba , Bermuda , Louisiana , Georgia , Florida , and the New England states. This destructive season should be seen against a backdrop of the American Revolution , which involved hostilities in

684-524: The foremast standing on the Ulysses . Having to drop all guns on the upper deck, Dumaresq would not get to Jamaica until the 26th of October 1780. With the prize money obtained from his command of HMS Repulse under Lord Rodney during the Battle of the Saints Dumaresq would purchase the land of Pelham in Newton Valence , Hampshire and build Pelham Place. Pelham Place still stands today and

720-524: The hurricane caused a record 22,000 deaths in the eastern Caribbean Sea and rates as the all-time deadliest hurricane in the Atlantic. The high number of fatalities is due in part to "the presence of the powerful fleets of Britain and France, both maneuvering on nearby islands to strike blows at each other's rich possessions in the Antilles." The storm dissipated on or after October 18. A powerful hurricane in

756-508: The hurricane. It continued its direction, and made landfall in Cuba on October 4, followed by a pass over the Bahamas. The storm is believed to have caused 3,000 deaths. The second hurricane of October 1780 formed on October 9. It is still referred to as "The Great Hurricane" or "Great Hurricane of the Antilles" in some places, but its official name is "San Calixto Hurricane." The hurricane devastated

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792-503: The island of Barbados on October 10 with 200+ mph wind gusts, killing 4,300 and creating an economic depression. St. Vincent suffered a 20-foot (6 meter) storm surge. The storm went on to kill 6,000 people on the island of St. Lucia and 9,000 on Martinique , with its capital city, St. Pierre , becoming almost completely demolished. It later moved northwestward toward the island of St. Eustatius , killing 4,000 to 5,000 and devastating Puerto Rico , Dominique , and Bermuda . In total,

828-509: The matter quickly while not provoking the privateers due to the outcome it would have with neighbouring powers. On 3 June 1777 Dumaresq was found guilty of impressment by the Court of Common Pleas of Antigua and had to pay £950 what is approximately £160,000 in today's currency. To Dumaresq's luck, Lord Sandwich brought forth the government's plan to deal with the issue of illegal privateering altogether. Privateer Commissions would be granted by

864-444: The onlookers in addition to the docked ships and many of the town's buildings. In the nearby port village of Lucea , 400 people perished and all but two structures were destroyed; 360 people were killed in the nearby town of Montego Bay . The hurricane would subsequently sink the British frigate HMS Phoenix , killing 20 of her crew; the sloops HMS Victor and HMS Barbadoes and post ship HMS Scarborough also foundered during

900-562: The princely position of dragoman of the fleet served under the Ottoman admiral having administration of the Aegean islands and the Anatolian coast. Modern acknowledgement of the phrase Amīr -al-Baḥr (أمير البحر) meaning "Prince of the Sea" includes a speech made in an official U.S. military ceremony conducted in an Arabic port, and a news article published by an Arabic news outlet: On 24 May 2012, in

936-522: The rebellious colonies. Vice-Admiral James Young who was commander-in-chief in the Leeward Islands Station made the decision to treat illegal privateering as piracy and seize any vessels without the proper commission. In 1777, Captain Thomas Dumaresq who commanded HMS Portland , the flag-ship of Vice-Admiral James Young was involved in an incident where the Portland seized the Hammond,

972-449: The summer and fall in 1780. The 1780 season was extraordinarily destructive, and was the deadliest Atlantic hurricane season in recorded history, with over 28,000 deaths. Four different hurricanes, one in June and three in October, caused at least 1,000 deaths each; this event has never been repeated, and only in the 1893 and 2005 seasons were there two such hurricanes. The season also had

1008-604: The term "has been traced to the Arab. emir or amir, lord or commander, and the Gr . ἄλιος , the sea, q. d. prince of the sea . The word is written both with and without the d, in other languages, as well as our own. Barb. Lat. admirallus and amiralius. V. Ducange. Barb. Græc. ἄμηρχλιος. V. Meursii Gloss. Græco-Barbarum, edit. 1610. p. 29. Fr. admiral and amiral. Dan. the same. Germ. ammiral. Dutch, admirael or ammirael. Ital. ammiraglio. Sp. almirante. Minsheu, in his Spanish Dictionary, says 'almiralle

1044-410: The term means "One having, holding, or possessing, command; a commander; a governor; a lord; a prince, or king." While other Greek words of the period existed to indicate "belonging to the sea," or "of the sea," the now obsolete Gr. ἄλιος mentioned in Johnson's Dictionary is expressly defined as "of the sea, Lat. marinus, epith. of sea-gods , nymphs , etc." Though there are multiple meanings for

1080-730: The term was in use for the Greco-Arab naval leaders (e.g. Christodulus ) in the Norman-Arab-Byzantine culture of Norman Sicily , which had formerly been ruled by Arabs, at least by the early 11th century. During this time, the Norman Roger II of Sicily (1095–1154) employed a Greek Christian, known as George of Antioch , who previously had served as a naval commander for several North African Muslim rulers. Roger styled George in Abbasid fashion as Amir of Amirs , or Amīr al-Umarāʾ, with

1116-543: The title becoming Latinized in the 13th century as ammiratus ammiratorum . The Sicilians and later the Genoese took the first two parts of the term from their Aragon opponents and used them as one word, amiral . . The French gave their sea commanders similar titles while in Portuguese and Spanish the word changed to almirante . As the word was used by people speaking Latin or Latin-based languages it gained

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1152-412: The very pronunciation of ναύαρχος demonstrates that it is not a part of the etymology for the English word "admiral." The word "admiral" has come to be almost exclusively associated with the highest naval rank in most of the world's navies , equivalent to the army rank of general . However, this was not always the case; for example, in some European countries prior to the end of World War II , admiral

1188-529: The western end of Cuba, before shifting northeastwards to Apalachee Bay . It struck Solano's fleet on October 20. The hurricane's dissipation is disputed as some claim it dissipated somewhere over the southeastern United States around October 22, while others claim that it crossed the U.S. and finally dissipated over the North Atlantic on October 26. In late October, a tropical cyclone struck Barbados and then St. Lucia on October 23. Around November 17,

1224-618: Was a Captain at the time of the Battle of the Saintes , which was a battle in the West Indies between the British Navy and French Navy . Dumaresq Commanded HMS Repulse in the center under Admiral Sir George Rodney . His crew, what is described by Edward Fraser as "smart set of Guernsey lads" would suffer 3 deaths and 11 wounded. In the aftermath of the Battle of the Saintes Dumaresq, now in command of HMS Alfred would take part of

1260-416: Was the third highest naval rank after general admiral and grand admiral . The rank of admiral has also been subdivided into various grades, several of which are historically extinct while others remain in use in most present-day navies. The Royal Navy used the colours red, white, and blue, in descending order to indicate seniority of its admirals until 1864; for example, Horatio Nelson 's highest rank

1296-461: Was vice-admiral of the white. The generic term for these naval equivalents of army generals is flag officer . Some navies have also used army-type titles for them, such as the Cromwellian "general at sea". While the rank is used in most of NATO countries, it is ranked differently depending on the country. 1780 Atlantic hurricane season The 1780 Atlantic hurricane season ran through

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