Thoha Khalsa ( Punjabi , Urdu : تھوہا خالصا ) is a village in Kahuta Tehsil , Rawalpindi District in Punjab Province of Pakistan .
33-528: It is located at 33°31'0N 73°25'60E at an altitude of 700 metres (2299 feet) and lies north of the city of Kahuta . Thoha Khalsa is a village in Kahuta Tehsil , Rawalpindi District , Punjab . The village is located in the South East of Rawalpindi city at the distance of 45 kilometers. The population is about 20,000 consisting different tribes named Janjua , Gakhars , Mirza , Bhati and few others. It
66-632: A fixed axis. Dependence on the Zippe-type was lessened when more effective and innovative methods were developed that culminated from the studies conducted under Drs. A.Q. Khan, G.D. Allam and T. S. Shah. In Pakistan MoD laboratory system, the KRL is a senior laboratory executes missions relating to national security. The technology of krytron was also built at the KRL which was then transferred to Heavy Industries Taxila , an army laboratory based in Taxila. Besides
99-405: A large numbers of centrifuges were deployed but they were scaled down to few centrifuges after revised critical mass calculations on equation of state of uranium by Abdul Qadeer Khan and his co-investigators in 1980s. Its official name changed to Khan Research Laboratory (KRL) in 1981 by Presidential decree, which also allowed its status as a national defense laboratory. Globally, the KRL has
132-403: A nuclear engineer, in 1974. In 1976, the difficulties encountered in preliminary studies under Mahmood on understanding the equation of state of uranium indicated the need for a dedicated laboratory solely to that purpose. Work on establishing the laboratory was initiated by the army's Engineer-in-Chief who selected Brigadier Zahid Ali Akbar to conduct the topographic survey. Because
165-648: A preaching tour to Thoha Khalsa. Kahuta Kahuta ( Punjabi , Urdu : کہوٹہ ) is a census-designated place , city and tehsil in the Rawalpindi District of Punjab, Pakistan . The population of the Kahuta Tehsil is approximately 220,576 at the 2017 census . Kahuta is the home to the Kahuta Research Laboratories (KRL) which was founded to undertake the Kahuta Project as part of
198-476: A prestige in conducting research into properties and behavior of uranium to learn how uranium is scaled to industrial-to-weapon-grade level and how its equation of state changes under the extreme pressure and temperature. For such investigation, principle investigators employed the Zippe method (local designation: Khan Centrifuge) that runs about 100,000 rpm on continuous at an average of 10 years. The Uranium (U )
231-501: A response to the India's detonation of its first nuclear bomb in 1974. Chosen for its remote yet relatively accessible location from Rawalpindi. In the 1970s, the site was the cornerstone of the first stage of Pakistan's atomic bomb program, and serves as the center for conducting the nuclear scientific research. It is globally known for its research in gas centrifuges to produce the enriched uranium ; and in past, it has competed with
264-552: Is a federally funded research and development laboratory located in Kahuta at a short distance from Rawalpindi in Punjab , Pakistan . Established in 1976, the laboratory is best known for its central role in Pakistan's nuclear weapons program and its understanding the nuclear science. Established in 1976, it was originally organized as a top-secret plant dedicated to enrichment as
297-471: Is a naturally occurring element that can be found in low levels within all rock, soil, and water. The Natural uranium (U ) consists of three isotopes, Uranium-238 (U ), which is 99.28% natural abundance, the Uranium-235 (U ), which is subject of interest for energy measurement available only at 0.71%, and uranium-234, with proportion of 0.0054%. The Uranium-235 is fissile but at 0.71% it cannot sustain
330-538: Is an historical village and was established by the Sikhs in early 19th Century. In 1947, during the course of the Partition of India , hordes from neighbouring villages attacked this village, looted, raped and forced local Sikh women to convert to Islam . This barbaric attack set in motion the mass killing spree in whole Punjab. Many Sikh women chose to drown themselves in a well in an act of mass suicide. Avtar Singh Vahiria
363-644: Is supported by the KRL at the University of Karachi , with the support from Pakistan Science Foundation. The KRL organized a conference on Computational biology in Islamabad to present overview of the scope of computational sciences. From 1976 till 1978, the lab depended heavily on the Urenco Group 's method on developing the gas centrifuge, which it says to be suffering due to incomplete mechanical parts and differential equation problems involving rotational dynamics on
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#1733086155709396-752: The Corps of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering (EME) were central in working and supporting the operations of the lab with Major-General Ali Nawab acting its principle engineer in 1979. More broadly, the ERL was intended to spur innovation and provide competition to the weapon design with the second lab in Nilore running under the PAEC's contract. Under Abdul Qadeer Khan, the work on equation of state of uranium began with drs. G. D. Alam , Tasneem Shah , and Anwar Ali who served as co-principle investigators at Kahuta. Initially,
429-606: The Corps of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering served on the MoD's contract with Maj-Gen. Ali Nawab overseeing the lab's operations. Since then, the lab's corporate leadership has been entrusted with civilian leadership through contracts awarded by the MoD. At the behest of the laboratory director in 1981, the tender was opened to the University of Karachi and the Government College University to oversee its operations. The KRL's research and university affiliation with
462-584: The PINSTECH on wide variety of weapon designs but it is now have focused in civilian missions, including the national security , fusion science and supercomputing . As an aftermath of the India's first nuclear test, the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) launched the studies on isotope separation through gas method by setting the plant as Project-706 under Bashiruddin Mahmood ,
495-502: The University of Karachi in Sindh . The KRL supports its physics program through funding and providing scholarship to physics and engineering students at the Government College University . The continuing efforts to make the laboratories more science efficient led the Ministry of Science (MoST) to grant a three research and fellowship programmes with the Government College University with
528-622: The Vedas as well as in Gurbani and Ardās . In 1870 Sant Pandit Nihal Singh set out on a pilgrimage to various Hindu and Sikh holy places, where he preached the Sikh faith through kirtan . In 1874 he moved to Thoha Khalsa, where he established a dera called Dukh Bhanjani. He continued his kirtan recitals and Sikh missionary work till the end. Sant Avtar Singh is said to have frequently attended these recitals at Thoha Khalsa. Baba Khem Singh Bedi once took him on
561-686: The atomic bomb project . Before the Kahuta Project , the site was occupied by retired officers of the Pakistan Army and contained a small public community. The name "Kahuta" was originated from the name of the tree which is extensively found there. The local name of the tree is " koh ". Kahuta was a small incorporated city until the 1970s when KRL was constructed by the Pakistan Army Corps of Engineers under Engineering officer Major-General Zahid Ali Akbar , Director of Project-706 . During
594-510: The chain reaction in a nuclear weapon environment, which requires the 90% of U but remains uncontrolled whose reaction takes place in a short amount of time– in a nanosecond time. For this purposes, the gas centrifuge methods using the vacuum technology were established but this method took several years to master, and it was not until the 1985 when the highly enriched uranium (HEU) was first made available. The computer simulations and experiments on uranium are conducted by KRL to understand
627-407: The uranium hexafluoride (UF 6 ) gas that the KRL reduced to uranium metal and machined into weapon pits. In 1987, the KRL began publishing a series of academic articles on numerics and computational methods for centrifuge design, including a 1987 article co-authored by Abdul Qadeer Khan on techniques for balancing sophisticated ultracentrifuge rotors. In the 1990s, the mathematicians at
660-419: The 1960s and 1970s, Kahuta was inhabited by retired officers of the Pakistan Army . In the 1970s, the Ministry of Defence was tasked by Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto to search for a remote location for carrying out atomic and weapon-testing experiments for the integrated atomic bomb project in 1976. The Uranium Coordination Board (UCB) headed by Ghulam Ishaq Khan financed the reconstruction of
693-403: The KRL had built the nation's first high performance computing machines and the supercomputer that were installed installed at the facility. The subcritical experiments on weapon-grade uranium began when a parallel Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) division was established which specialized in conducting high performance computations on shock waves in weapons effect from the outer surface to
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#1733086155709726-453: The Pakistan's military and exported to other friendly nations. The following is a list of known equipment produced under these projects: The KRL is owned by the federal Government of Pakistan and sponsors the laboratory through the Ministry of Defence as its continuing efforts to make the laboratory more efficient. In its early years, the Corps of Engineers had served its first prime contractor from 1976 until 1977. From 1977 till 1981,
759-548: The Pakistani nuclear physicist, Abdul Qadeer Khan, was accused of (and later pardoned) for mishandling the classified information on the designs of the gas centrifuges to Libya , North Korea , Iran , and China in 1980s that were taken from the lab's computers. The academic research programs and development opportunities at the KRL are supported by the physics departments of the Government College University in Lahore in Punjab and
792-598: The University of Karachi still continues to this date. With the formation of the federal National Command Authority in 2001, the agency took over the lab's business operations when it awarded the Strategic Plans Division as KRL's prime contractor, which it has been managing the lab operation since 2004. In 2010, the Strategic Plans Division won its first contract with Malaysian Armed Forces when it
825-474: The experiments were deemed too dangerous to conduct in a major city, the need for the operations to be moved in an isolated and remote mountainous areas was felt by Brig. Akbar who selected Kahuta , at a short distance of the Rawalpindi. On 31 July 1976, the laboratory was established as Engineering Research Laboratories (ERL) with Abdul Qadeer Khan as its principal investigator. The officers and personnel from
858-566: The inner core by using difficult differential equations of the state of the materials used in the bomb under high pressure. The KRL was major participant in MoD's Hatf program (lit. Target ). The lab served as a chief designer of the warhead design, control systems, and rocket engine development of the Hatf and Ghauri weapon systems. Since the 1980s, the KRL is involved in numerous military equipment and conventional weaponry development projects. The resulting systems have been put into service by
891-890: The senior military officials. Soon, the site was classified and abandoned for public with only few allowed to resides. The Engineering Research Laboratories (now KRL ) was established by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto as a research government national facility under the Ministry of Defence. Kahuta is situated in the Himalayan foothills in Rawalpindi District of Pakistan 's Punjab Province , approximately 30 km southeast of Pakistan's capital, Islamabad . The Panjpeer Rocks are located in Kahuta. 33°35′0″N 73°23′0″E / 33.58333°N 73.38333°E / 33.58333; 73.38333 Engineering Research Laboratories The Dr. A. Q. Khan Research Laboratories (shortened as KRL ),
924-503: The site. Major-General Zahid Ali Akbar and later completed the drawings, surveying and measured the area aerially . Within the week, the whole site was acquired by the Ministry of Defence, and the army truckloads, heavy engineering vehicles arrived the next day to re-built the site. All incoming materials and research equipment were labeled as common items and engineering tools to conceal the true nature of their purpose. Scientists and engineers working and living in Kahuta were censored by
957-459: The structural, electrical, material, and chemical properties as well as uranium fused allows and to determine how these materials change over time under temperature and pressure difference. The laboratory has attracted negative publicity from a number of events, mainly due to its past research affiliation with North Korea and China . In 1996, the Clinton administration accused China of approving
990-543: The support of Pakistan Science Foundation (PSF). Since 1980 at present, the KRL continues to develop the research work on computational mathematics , supercomputing and advanced mathematics to the extended applications to natural sciences. In 1999, the KRL established a research institute on computer science at Kahuta, which was later integrated to University of Engineering and Technology in Taxila . The civilian research on biotechnology , biology and Genetic Engineering
1023-560: The tender released for the KRL on the acquisition of specially-made magnetic rings for special suspension bearings mounted at the top of rotating centrifuge cylinders. In 1999, a visit by the Saudi dignitaries accompanied by the Sharif administration personnel to the laboratory also garnered further negative publicity at the Western media that raised fears of proliferation in the middle east. In 2003,
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1056-400: The understanding the equation of state of uranium, the KRL also embarked on pioneering work on vacuum science and its extended application in plasma physics– its first paper on plasma physics was written in 1998. In 1983, the KRL was able to acquire its very first computer numerical control (CNC) from China to provide machining of the high-strength ultracentrifuges which was able to produce
1089-409: Was a famous polemicist and scholar of Sikh community, He was born on 12 June 1848 at Thoha Khalsa. As a small boy, he learnt to recite the Sikh psalms from his mother and maternal uncle, Prem Singh. After he had learnt Gurmukhi his own village Thoha Khalsa, he moved towards Rawalpindi city for further education. Nihal Singh Saint also known as Pandit Nihal Singh, a Sanskrit scholar well versed in
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