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44-551: The idea of the Thingspiel movement was that the Volk would gather for völkisch meetings and for theatre and propaganda presentations. A Thing was an ancient judicial as well as social gathering of Germanic peoples , in an outdoor setting. The Thing sites were to be built as much as possible in a natural setting, incorporating rocks, trees, bodies of water, ruins, and hills of some historical or mythic significance. The term Thingspiel

88-482: A Rasse or "race", so these two terms did not always denote the same concept. Unlike the adjective völkisch , which became associated with German nationalism, the German noun Volk remains the unmarked term for "a people" or "nation" (while its older meanings of "a crowd of people" or "commoners" are less current). The Reichstag building retains its dedication, inscribed in 1916, reading dem deutschen Volke ("to

132-445: A leading theoretician of the Thingspiel movement, and Symphonie der Arbeit (work symphony) by Hans-Jürgen Nierentz  [ de ] originated as radio plays first performed in 1933 (as Nazi counter-examples to religious Easter and left-wing May Day dramas respectively); Aufbricht Deutschland! (Germany arises!, also 1933) by Gustav Goes  [ de ] was written as a stadium play. Of well known works associated with

176-451: A national constitution for all German states but rivalry between Prussian and Austrian interests resulted in proponents of the parliament advocating a "Lesser German" solution (a monarchical German nation-state without Austria). The King of Prussia , Frederick William IV of Prussia , refused the offer and efforts to create a liberal German nation-state faltered and collapsed. A division developed among German nationalists, with one group led by

220-466: A revolt against modernity," Nicholls remarked. Throughout much of the 19th century, it was not universally agreed that there was such a thing as a single "German nation" ( Volk ). The "Germans" ( die Deutschen ) were rather seen as the equivalent of what would now be called the Germanic peoples , i.e. a large ethno-linguistic phylum comprising a number of peoples (such as the German "stems" or tribes of

264-464: Is a representative example.) The word 民族 is often used by nationalists in China (" zhonghua minzu "), Korea (" minjok "), and Vietnam (" dân tộc "). The Volk -based nationalism is deeply related to the nation-buildings in modern Chinese, Japanese and Korean nationalism . The term "zhonghua minzu" ("中华民族") is a very important concept in explaining mainland Chinese nationalism . "Zhonghua minzu"

308-1359: Is also appears in March of the Volunteers , the official national anthem of China. The term "minjok" ("民族") was reflected in South Korea 's Pledge of Allegiance before 2007. Notes Bibliography Otto Laubinger Look for Otto Laubinger on one of Misplaced Pages's sister projects : [REDACTED] Wiktionary (dictionary) [REDACTED] Wikibooks (textbooks) [REDACTED] Wikiquote (quotations) [REDACTED] Wikisource (library) [REDACTED] Wikiversity (learning resources) [REDACTED] Commons (media) [REDACTED] Wikivoyage (travel guide) [REDACTED] Wikinews (news source) [REDACTED] Wikidata (linked database) [REDACTED] Wikispecies (species directory) Misplaced Pages does not have an article with this exact name. Please search for Otto Laubinger in Misplaced Pages to check for alternative titles or spellings. You need to log in or create an account and be autoconfirmed to create new articles. Alternatively, you can use

352-738: The Franks (or Franconians ), Swabians , Bavarians , Thuringians , Saxons , etc.; also included into the term were the Scandinavians and the Anglo-Saxons , e.g. the Brothers' Grimm Deutsche Sagen of 1816–1818 which includes legends of Germanic antiquity as well as of German, Austrian and Swiss folklore. In the wake of the Revolutions of 1848 , the Frankfurt Parliament attempted to create

396-469: The article wizard to submit a draft for review, or request a new article . Search for " Otto Laubinger " in existing articles. Look for pages within Misplaced Pages that link to this title . Other reasons this message may be displayed: If a page was recently created here, it may not be visible yet because of a delay in updating the database; wait a few minutes or try the purge function . Titles on Misplaced Pages are case sensitive except for

440-651: The unification of Germany was finally achieved, by the fusion of the North German Confederation (dominated by Prussia ) and the South or Central German states of Bavaria , Württemberg , Baden and Hesse . Adolf Hitler in Mein Kampf denounced usage of the word völkisch as he considered it too vague as to carry any recognizable meaning due to former over-use, although he used it often, especially in connection with ethnic Germans or Volksdeutsche . During

484-564: The " German Question ". Johann Gottlieb Fichte in his Addresses to the German Nation , published still during the Napoleonic Wars from 1808 onwards, asked, in the eighth address, "What is a Volk, in the higher sense of the term, and what is love of the fatherland?," He answered that it could only be that "particular spiritual nature of the human environment out of which he himself, with all of his thought and action... has arisen, namely

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528-643: The GDR, since they regarded it as their right to decide whether the state should give shelter to refugees or not. This, however, is a constitutional right in Germany for "[p]ersons persecuted on political grounds" that can not be changed unless the constitution is changed with a two-thirds majority in both houses of the parliament; however, asylum seekers who enter "from a member state of the European Communities" already have no constitutional right to asylum. The term Volk

572-594: The German people"). While Volk suggests an ethnic group or nation, the term Bevölkerung is used in the sense of "populace, resident population". The term Volksdeutsche for "ethnic Germans" retains some usage but is increasingly replaced by Deutschstämmige ("[people] of German descent"). In composition, Volks- retains the meaning "of/for the common people", after the pattern of Volkswagen , sometimes used humorously in advertising (as in Volks-Zahnbürste "people's toothbrush" ) "Wir sind das Volk!" ("We are

616-555: The German word is of interest primarily for its use in German philosophy , as in Volksseele ("national soul"), and in German nationalism – notably the derived adjective völkisch ("national, ethnic"). The term Volk in the medieval period ( Middle High German volc ) had the primary meaning of "large crowd, army", while the more general sense of "population" or "people" was expressed by diet (adjective dietsch, deutsch "popular, of

660-591: The Japanese who opposed the war were called "anti- kokumin " (非国民; hikokumin ). These words are not often used in Japan today, but they are used by some right-wing conservative and Japanese nationalist politicians. Taro Aso has called Japan a "one race" or "one minzoku ". 国民 and 民族 greatly influenced the nationalism (mainly romantic nationalism ) of East Asian countries. East Asia's "Nationalist Party" often describe it as 国民党 or 國民黨. (Republic of China's Kuomintang

704-697: The Promotion of Open-Air Theatre, registered in December 1932, had Wilhelm Karl Gerst of the Catholic Theatre Union as its business manager, and Ödön von Horváth , Ernst Toller and Carl Zuckmayer were initially associated with the movement; however, it was endorsed by the Nazi régime with the foundation of the Reichsbund der deutschen Freilicht und Volksschauspiele (Reich League for German Open Air and Volk Plays) under

748-647: The Prussians that supported a " Lesser Germany " that excluded Austria and another group that supported a " Greater Germany " that included Austria. Prussia achieved hegemony over Germany in the "wars of unification": the Second Schleswig War (1864), the Austro-Prussian War (1866), which effectively established the separation of Austria from Germany, and the Franco-Prussian War of 1870/1, after which

792-528: The Thing movement, the following official sites were completed (date is that of completion or dedication): Stommer lists the following theatres that were not officially sanctioned but are known to have been completed (with date of completion or dedication): Others inspired by or used by the Thing movement but not listed by Stommer include: The first dramas performed at Thingplätze had originated earlier. Both Deutsche Passion (German passion ) by Richard Euringer ,

836-595: The Thingspiel genre. Later Thingspiele included Eggers' Annaberg (1933) and Das große Wandern: Ein Spiel vom ewigen deutschen Schicksal (the great journey: a play about the eternal German fate, 1934), Eberhard Wolfgang Möller 's Anruf und Verkündigung der Toten (summons and proclamation of the dead, 1934), Heynicke's Der Weg ins Reich (the way to the Reich, 1935), Die Stedinger (The Stedingers, 1935) by August Hinrichs  [ de ] and Soldaten der Scholle (Soldiers of

880-466: The Thingspiel movement as head of the theatre division of the Reichskulturkammer , died in 1935, and by 1937, when Joseph Goebbels officially withdrew support, it had already petered out. Since the end of World War II many of these sites have come to be used as venues for outdoor rock concerts and other musical presentations as well as for theatre. According to Rainer Stommer in his study of

924-410: The action-poor Thingspiele, and playwrights also failed to write enough of them. Beginning in 1935, many existing and all new Thing sites were renamed to Feierstätten (festival sites) or Freilichtbühnen (open-air theatres) and they were used for performances of conventional plays and folk festivals such as those celebrating the summer solstice. Otto Laubinger  [ de ] , who had promoted

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968-469: The audience as a realisation of the Volkgemeinschaft , and in this respect had antecedents in socialist Laienspiele and other movements seeking to open up theatre, including both Protestant and Catholic amateur traditions as well as Ernst Wachler 's neo-pagan drama of the early 20th century. The dramas characteristically interwove audience and action, especially through the choruses, and sought to have

1012-610: The audience identify with the National Socialist revolution depicted. Thingspiele were as much ritual as drama, and the theatres were often referred to as "cult places". They were also intended from the start to be used to celebrate the cycle of Nazi national holidays. Architecturally, the official Thingplätze were round and emulated Greek amphitheatres ; they tended to be very large, to accommodate mass audiences and multimedia performances involving "entire battalions" of SA or Hitler Youth . A speaking chorus of 500–1,000 people

1056-667: The auspices of the Propaganda Ministry in 1933, and the first officially designated Thingplatz was dedicated on 1 May 1934 in the Brandberge in Halle . 400 Thing sites were planned, but only approximately 40 were built. However, Hitler himself was not a big believer in the revival of ancient Germanic practices, and outdoor theatre could not sustain its appeal in the commonly cold and damp German weather. It proved impossible to build so many new theatres quickly, audience enthusiasm waned for

1100-543: The compound word Herrenvolk , translated as " master race "; the " Volksjäger " jet fighter, translated as "people's fighter "; and the term Volksgemeinschaft , translated as "people's community". The term Volk, in the vision of Nazis, had a broad set of meanings, and referred sometimes to the entirety of German nation and other times to the Nordic race . In the writings of leading Nazi thinkers, such as Alfred Rosenberg and Hans Günther several Völker or "peoples" made up

1144-457: The controls for the equipment, and fire-pits for solstice festivals, originally planned to be in the middle of the stage area, were relegated to the periphery because of the risk to the cables. In many cases an adjacent area was provided for mass assemblies, with the theatre stage then becoming the speakers' podium. The Thingspiel movement existed before the start of Nazi rule; the Reich Union for

1188-451: The course of the protests, indicating the ethnic meaning of Volk , where the division of Germany was regarded as unjust because of the common ethnic identity of all Germans. In 2015 the slogan "Wir sind das Volk" became popular again among members of PEGIDA (a nationalist movement), and various groups that claimed to stand in the tradition of Monday Demonstrations. Here, however, the ethnic connotation of "Volk" quickly became obvious. While

1232-741: The defeat in World War I in Euringer's Deutsche Passion and Heynicke's Der Weg ins Reich , from rapacious and anti-German capitalism in Heynicke's Neurode , from all exploiters who have oppressed the German farmer since the Thirty Years' War in Müller-Schnick's Soldaten der Scholle and in general from the ills of the Weimar Republic , which is indicted as the fount of all problems. Unity and self-denial in

1276-495: The interests of Germany and the Volk are urged. Volk The German noun Volk ( German pronunciation: [fɔlk] ) translates to people , both uncountable in the sense of people as in a crowd , and countable (plural Völker ) in the sense of a people as in an ethnic group or nation (compare the English term folk ). Within an English-language context,

1320-460: The late 18th and 19th centuries, Volksgeist is used in the sense of "national spirit", not necessarily in reference to the German nation, but still strongly correlated with the development of a German national identity in the wake of the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire . The völkisch movement originates in this time, proposing the formation of a German nation state as a solution to

1364-472: The media as "the concerned citizens", started to use the slogan. They wanted to indicate that, according to their beliefs, the Volk (meaning only ethnic Germans ) should have more rights than immigrants and especially refugees. The similarity to the National Socialist Volk conception was pointed out by various media. The protesters also made references to the protests against the dictatorship of

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1408-597: The movement, Neurode, Spiel von deutscher Arbeit (Neurode, play about German work) by Kurt Heynicke  [ de ] and Das Spiel von Job dem Deutschen (the play about Job the German) by Kurt Eggers were both written in 1932, before the Nazis came to power, and Euringer also first conceived his Deutsche Passion that year. Das Spiel von Job dem Deutschen was performed at a trade fair in November 1933 to serve as an example of

1452-402: The people from which he is descended and among which he has been formed and grown into that which he is". The movement combined sentimental patriotic interest in German folklore , local history and a "back-to-the-land" anti-urban populism with many parallels with expressions of Romantic nationalism in other parts of Europe, such as the writings of William Morris . "In part this ideology was

1496-604: The people!") was a chant used by the Monday demonstrators during the peaceful demonstrations of 1989/1990 to end the GDR and bring down the Berlin Wall . The slogan meant that the "simple people" would no longer endure the dictatorship, and wanted to reform the political system of the GDR. It did not necessarily express support for the idea of a reunification. However, the slogan was also altered to "Wir sind ein Volk!" ("We are one people") during

1540-530: The people") Völkerbund ( League of Nations ). The somewhat obsolete meaning of the common people , hoi polloi , working class is visible in the brand name Volkswagen "people's car", historically a name chosen by the German Labour Front in 1937 for a car designed to be affordable to the "common man". In contrast to German Volk being elevated to the sense of "nation" in the early 19th century, English folk came to be seen as inelegant at around

1584-452: The people"). It was only in the early modern period that deutsch acquired the meaning of an ethnic self-designation. Beginning in 1512, the Holy Roman Empire was named Imperium Romanum Sacrum Nationis Germanicæ , rendered in German as Heiliges Römisches Reich Deutscher Nation , suggesting that Latin germanicus "German, Germanic" was now expressed by the adjective deutsch . Volk is the cognate of English folk and also overlaps in

1628-546: The same time, being mostly replaced by the latinate people . It re-entered formal or academic English only through the invention of the word folklore , coined in 1846 by William J. Thoms as an Anglo-Saxonism. This word revived folk in a modern sense of "of the common people, whose culture is handed down orally", and opened up a flood of compound formations, e.g. folk art (1921), folk-hero (1899), folk-medicine (1898), folk-tale (1891), folk-song (1847), folk-music (1889), folk-dance (1912). In German philosophy of

1672-508: The slogan "Wir sind ein Volk" was no longer in use since the reunification, the slogan "Wir sind das Volk" was given a new meaning. Now the word "Wir" was used by right wing protesters to refer to themselves, in order to distinguish from migrants and so-called " Gutmenschen ", Germans that supported refugees. After Chancellor Angela Merkel decided to give shelter to a growing number of refugees, especially from Syria, in 2015, right wing groups as well as more modest movements, that were referred to by

1716-719: The soil, 1935) by Erich Müller-Schnick. The most successful was Möller's Frankenburger Würfelspiel , which received its première at the Dietrich-Eckart-Bühne in Berlin in 1936 in association with the 1936 Summer Olympics . Lists of approved Thingspiele were published in 1934 and 1935; some works were omitted from the second list, such as Nierentz's Segen der Bauernschaft (Farmers' Blessing, 1933), which may have been regarded as overemphasising religious rather than political redemption. Thingspiele generally present redemption through National Socialism: from Germany's suffering caused by

1760-648: The usage of the latter as in Volksmusik " folk music ", Volksglaube " folk belief " etc. In the 18th century, German Volk was mostly reserved for "crowd" or "mass of the population", while the concept of "a people" or "a nation" was now expressed by the Latinism Nation . Use of Nation in this sense was replaced by Volk after 1800, explicitly in the context of emergent German nationalism . Compounds in which Volk- translates to "populace" or "nation" include Volksentscheid ( plebiscite , literally "decision of/by

1804-550: The years of the Third Reich , the term Volk became heavily used in nationalistic political slogans, particularly in slogans such as Volk ohne Raum  – "(a) people or race without space" or Völkischer Beobachter ("popular or racial observer"), an NSDAP party newspaper. Also the political slogan Ein Volk, ein Reich , ein Führer ("One nation, one empire, one leader");

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1848-472: Was first put forward by the academic Carl Niessen  [ de ] in a speech on 29 July 1933; he had Tacitus ' Germania in mind. The Thingspiele were to be immersive multi-disciplinary theatre of a new type. As set out in a 1934 speech by Reich drama advisor Rainer Schlösser , the objective was "a drama that intensifies historical events to create a mythical, universal, unambiguous reality beyond reality." The performances were to be choric, to involve

1892-434: Was supposed to be available at each site; the largest planned Thingplatz, at Gelsenkirchen , was to have accommodated 200,000 people. The resulting size of both the stage and the audience area, and the need to have multiple stage levels for visibility, caused acoustic problems, and the theatres were soon equipped with amplification systems as well as lighting; turrets and platforms vaguely reminiscent of medieval forts concealed

1936-561: Was translated into kokumin ( Kanji : 国民, lit: nation; people) and minzoku (Kanji: 民族, lit: people; ethnic group) by Japan in the Meiji Era . ( Kokumin is used in a non-racial context, unlike minzoku .) Throughout the period of the Empire of Japan , these two words were used frequently, especially minzoku to indicate the superiority of the " Yamato race ". During the Shōwa "statist" period ,

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