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40-590: Claude Joseph Goldsmid Montefiore , also Goldsmid–Montefiore or just Goldsmid Montefiore   (1858–1938) was the intellectual founder of Anglo- Liberal Judaism and the founding president of the World Union for Progressive Judaism , a scholar of the Hebrew Bible , rabbinic literature and New Testament . He was a significant figure in the contexts of modern Jewish religious thought, Jewish-Christian relations , and Anglo-Jewish socio-politics, and educator. Montefiore

80-624: A growing role. On 4 February 1911, they became institutionalised upon the opening of the Liberal Jewish Synagogue at London, in which Hebrew Union College graduate Rabbi Israel Mattuck officiated. From 500 congregants, they rose to 1,500 by the end of World War I. Two other congregations in London and one in Liverpool were founded until 1928, as well as one offshoot among Mumbai 's Bene Israel , headed by sisters Leah and Jerusha Jhirad . The JRU

120-406: A link with their heritage. A greater proportion of Hebrew in prayer and ceremonies of little importance but great sentimental value, like the bar mitzvah , were introduced, as well as a greater importance of pronounced Jewish uniqueness. Head coverings, prayer shawls , phylacteries , and the like became more popular. Siddur Lev Chadash , the new 1995 prayer book which replaced the older Service of

160-507: A means to end without much value unto itself, and regarded the Election of Israel in the terms of a universal mission to spread knowledge of God among the nations and prepare the way for a Messianic Era of harmony. His grasp of revelation also granted little importance to the divine origin of sacred texts, and Montefiore fully accepted higher criticism as to him, the human authors were influenced by God anyhow. In all this, noted Steven Bayme , he

200-531: A more conservative audience and had to be more moderate. Already in the 1950s, Liberal Judaism was the first in the WUPJ to accept patrilineal descent, allowing children of a single Jewish father to inherit his Jewish status on the condition that the father had been raised Jewish. Egalitarianism, the use of gender-neutral language in prayer, LGBT participation, ordaining both female and LGBT clergy, and conducting same-sex marriages were also pioneered by British Jews within

240-491: A small circle of friends, including Lily Montagu and Israel Abrahams , were spurred into action. He served as spiritual leader, while Montagu was the main organiser and administrator. On 16 February 1902, during a meeting attended by 70 people at the home of Ernest Louis and Henrietta Franklin , they founded the Jewish Religious Union. A first prayer was conducted on 18 October. Seating was mixed and women received

280-453: A two-volume commentary on the Synoptic gospels in the early part of the twentieth century, What A Jew Thinks about Jesus , published in 1935, and Judaism and St. Paul (1914). He assisted Rev. Simeon Singer in preparing the standard Anglo-Jewish prayer book. This was acknowledged in the original preface, but his name was removed from the preface of the second edition. Montefiore was one of

320-454: Is Miri Rubin . The society continues to promote research and education about the history of Judaism and Jewish life in England. Since 1982 it has published a journal entitled Jewish Historical Studies . Former presidents include Edgar Samuel . This article about an organisation in England is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about a subject related to

360-597: Is a national union of autonomous communities centered in England, but with a presence in other countries. As of 2010, 7,197 households were registered with the movement or 8.7% of synagogue-member families in Britain. In addition, Mumbai 's Rodef Shalom Congregation (now affiliated with the WUPJ) was founded as a member of the Jewish Religious Union, Liberal Judaism's antecedent. In 2015, there were 37 fully affiliated Liberal Judaism congregations; these were all based throughout England with

400-784: Is one of the two WUPJ -affiliated denominations in the United Kingdom founded by Claude Montefiore . It is smaller and more radical in comparison with the other one, the Movement for Reform Judaism . It is considered ideologically closer to American Reform Judaism than it is to the British Reform movement. As of 2010 it was the fourth largest Jewish religious group in Britain, with 8.7% of synagogue-member households. The beliefs of Liberal Judaism are outlined in The Affirmations of Liberal Judaism , authored in 1992 by Rabbi John D Rayner ,

440-528: The Jewish Historical Society of England in 1899–1900. He ranked as one of the leading philanthropists in the Anglo-Jewish community and held office in various important bodies. As a revered scholar, philanthropist and spiritual authority, Claude Montefiore belongs to that important group of learned laymen who have sought to revolutionise Judaism . He was a founder of British Liberal Judaism at

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480-463: The " Jewish Quarterly Review ", a journal that stood on the very highest level of contemporary Jewish scholarship, and in which numerous contributions from his pen have appeared. Among Jewish religious leaders, Montefiore was unusual for the time and energy he devoted to the study of Christianity. He provoked considerable controversy for what was perceived by many to be an overly sympathetic attitude towards Jesus and Paul of Tarsus . Inter alia, he wrote

520-508: The Ancient Hebrews"). In these lectures, Montefiore made a permanent contribution to the science of theology. In 1896, he published the first volume of his "Bible for Home Reading," forming a commentary on the Bible with moral reflections from the standpoint of the " higher criticism "; the second volume appeared in 1899. In 1888 Montefiore founded and edited, in conjunction with Israel Abrahams ,

560-508: The Berlin Hochschule für die Wissenschaft des Judentums in 1881. There he was exposed to the work of the German founders of Reform Judaism , mainly Rabbis Abraham Geiger and Samuel Holdheim . While the religious philosophy he codified had its own original strains, his teachings were wholly reliant on theirs. He borrowed Geiger's notion of progressive revelation, accentuating it until there

600-456: The Heart from 1967, had far more Hebrew in the liturgy. Old concepts like following a kosher diet, at one point almost totally rejected, were reinstated with a stress on the autonomy of the individual and ethical implications. The denomination was particularly noted for its incorporation of highly progressive values and great proclivity to change, while the Movement for Reform Judaism appealed to

640-534: The Rabbis serving Liberal synagogues, meets regularly to discuss and rule on rabbinic matters, determining courses of action or principles of faith. Liberal rabbis receive training and are ordained by Leo Baeck College , which the movement funds together with the Reform Movement (formerly the Movement for Reform Judaism ). The Council is made up of representatives from synagogues, allowing them to speak on matters within

680-399: The ages; the separation between the ethical and ritual aspects of Judaism, with the latter serving as an instrumental capacity of the former and having no intrinsic value; personal autonomy for the individual Jew; a belief in a messianic era of harmony instead of a personal messiah; and the rejection of bodily resurrection of the dead in favour of, at most but not necessarily, the immortality of

720-550: The annual Hibbert Lecture , naming his sermon The Origin and Growth of Religion as Illustrated by the Religion of the Ancient Hebrews and presenting his ideals. Bayme added he did not change them considerably afterwards. West London and the two other nonconformist synagogues that withdrew from the authority of Chief Rabbi Hermann Adler , which would much later be the basis for the Movement for Reform Judaism , were scarcely motivated by deep conviction. Religious life among English Jews

760-572: The arrest of the Reform Movement , he devoted himself instead to scholarly and philanthropic pursuits. He nevertheless continued to be a spiritual teacher and preacher, though in a lay capacity, and published a volume of sermons, in conjunction with Israel Abrahams , entitled "Aspects of Judaism" (London, 1894). In 1886, he was selected by the Hibbert Trustees to deliver their course of lectures for 1892 ("The Origin of Religion as Illustrated by

800-616: The best of Christian scholarship and thought. After a year in Berlin, he returned to England. Montefiore was beset by what he saw in Germany: except for the radical Reformgemeinde in Berlin, the Reform movement had stagnated since the 1870s. Communal politics and the need to accommodate conservative elements turned what was known as "Liberal Judaism" in the country into an intricate system of local arrangements, very moderate in nature. In 1882, he delivered

840-575: The early 20th century was drastically abridged and more than half of it was in English. Bareheaded men and women sat together, and ritual or practical observance were explicitly ignored; nonexistent levels of adherence to traditional forms were the norm in the Orthodox United Synagogue as well, but not publicly. The Election of Israel was reinterpreted in universalist terms, toning down the separateness of Jews and stressing their mission to spread

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880-609: The exceptions of a Scottish one in Edinburgh , an Irish one in Dublin , and a Dutch one in Amsterdam . Ruth Seager was elected to the denomination's chairperson role in 2020. Rabbi Charley Baginsky and Shelley Shocolinsky-Dwyer were appointed as joint interim directors in 2020; Baginsky became Chief Executive Officer and Shocolinsky-Dwyer Chief Operating Officer in January 2021. The president of

920-456: The eyes of Liberal rabbinical authorities. On 17 April 2023, Liberal Judaism and the Movement for Reform Judaism announced their intention to merge as one single unified progressive Jewish movement. The new movement, Progressive Judaism , will represent about 30% of British Jewry who are affiliated to synagogues. Jewish Historical Society of England The current President (as of 2020)

960-451: The leading authorities on questions of education. Montefiore was mainly instrumental in enabling Jewish pupil teachers at elementary schools to enjoy the advantages of training in classes held for the purpose at the universities. Montefiore showed great sympathy with all liberal tendencies in Jewish religious movements in London and was president of the Jewish Religious Union. He was president of

1000-426: The most prominent of the movement's later theologians. Like Liberal Judaism founder Claude Montefiore , Rayner shared the ideals of worldwide Reform Judaism, also known as Progressive or Liberal Judaism. Rayner affirmed a personal God; an ongoing (or "progressive") revelation allowing all to form their own views of religiosity; mandating a critical understanding of sacred texts and the evolving nature of Judaism across

1040-600: The movement is Rabbi Dr Andrew Goldstein, who was elected in July 2013 to succeed Baroness Rabbi Julia Neuberger . The movement is steered and informed by three bodies – the Board of National Officers, the Conference of Liberal Rabbis and Cantors, and the Council. The Board of National Officers handles issues of the movement's governance and strategy; The Rabbinic Conference, composed of all

1080-552: The movement. Brit Ahava ("Covenant of Love"), a guideline for LGBT Jewish weddings, was published even before same-sex marriage became legal. Liberal rabbis are allowed to perform "blessing" ceremonies for interfaith couples, with the official stance being that the non-Jewish partner is "marrying in" to Judaism rather than the Jewish partner "marrying out". Liberal Judaism was also the first to allow non-Jews to be buried alongside their Jewish spouses in Jewish cemeteries . Liberal Judaism

1120-473: The organisation that may affect them. LJY-Netzer is the youth movement of the denomination. A progressive Zionist youth movement , it is a branch of Netzer Olami . Founded in 1947 as FLPJYG (Federation of Liberal and Progressive Jewish Youth Groups), it was renamed in 2004. The denomination began with Claude Montefiore . Intending to become a minister in the West London Synagogue , he attended

1160-593: The soul. The centrality of the Prophets ' moral teachings was also stressed. As in the other branches of worldwide Reform, these convictions laid little emphasis on practical observance and regarded the mechanisms of Jewish law as basically non-binding. British Liberal Judaism was defined by the radical purism of Montefiore, who was exceptional even among his peers worldwide in his desire to universalise and spiritualise Judaism, stripping it bare from whatever he considered overly particularist or ceremonial. Liberal liturgy in

1200-461: The teachings of Jesus and Paul into his own ethical and theological musings makes him unique among Jewish reformers. In his dealings with Christians and Christian thought, he can also be regarded as a forerunner to those who would later fully partake in Jewish-Christian dialogue. Liberal Judaism (UK) Liberal Judaism (formerly, until 2002: Union of Liberal and Progressive Synagogues )

1240-509: The turn of the 20th century, considered to be the most original Anglo-Jewish religious thinker of his day, and still remains a highly controversial figure. Montefiore infuriated his enemies and often alienated his supporters with his radical agenda in which he applied the findings of historical and literary analysis to the Jewish scriptures, attempted to radically systemise rabbinic thought, and by his desire to learn from and re-express aspects of Christian theology. The extent to which he incorporated

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1280-587: The word of God among the nations. Prayers for the Messiah to restore the sacrificial cult in Jerusalem , mentions of bodily resurrection and angels, and overt Jewish particularism were removed or at least greatly reformed. The highly sterile character of Liberal services and communal life was replaced in the postwar years, especially since the 1970s, as part of a renewed turn to tradition in the WUPJ. Many congregants sought both more tangible means of religious expression and

1320-477: Was President of the Anglo-Jewish Association and an influential anti-Zionist leader, who co-founded the anti-Zionist League of British Jews in 1917. Claude Montefiore was the youngest son of Nathaniel Montefiore and Emma Goldsmid . He had two sisters, Alice Julia and Charlotte Rosalind and one brother, Leonard (1853-1879). He was the great-nephew of Sir Moses Montefiore . Montefiore's first wife

1360-563: Was Therese Alice Schorstein, who had been a student at Girton College, Cambridge . She died in 1889 and, two years later, he endowed a prize in her memory – the Therese Montefiore Memorial Prize. Their son was Leonard G. Montefiore . Montefiore remarried at the West London Synagogue on 24 July 1902. His second wife was Florence Fyfe Brereton Ward, daughter of Richard James Ward, and a Vice-Mistress at Girton, having started there as Librarian. Part of Montefiore's childhood

1400-505: Was a founding member of the World Union for Progressive Judaism . It benefited to no significant extent from the great immigration of German Jewish refugees, who found it too radical and flocked to establish nonconformist synagogues of their own, eventually creating the Movement for Reform Judaism . In 1944, the JRU (which added the words "for the Advancement of Liberal Judaism" to its name in 1911)

1440-424: Was little different from the German rabbis who initiated Reform or his contemporary Rabbi Kaufmann Kohler , Chair of Hebrew Union College ; Montefiore's unique contribution was his appreciation of mysticism, the first Reform thinker to do so. In contrast, Daniel Langton has argued for the distinctly Anglo-Jewish character of Montefiore's thought, and especially in terms of engagement with what Montefiore regarded as

1480-454: Was quite conservative, characterised by adherence to largely traditional forms on the official level, and general apathy among the masses. The rise of Unitarianism , offering a universal message to acculturated upper classes of Anglo-Jewry, was accompanied by a wave of conversions, at a time when the Suffragette movement drew attention to the marginal role of women in synagogues. Montefiore and

1520-450: Was reorganised as the "Union of Liberal and Progressive Synagogues". It had 11 member congregations in 1949 and continued to grow. In the postwar years, its main leader was Rabbi John D. Rayner . In 2003, the Liberal movement began to perform same-sex marriage ceremonies; in 2005, they standardised the liturgy and announced that these ceremonies had the same status as heterosexual marriages in

1560-589: Was spent at his family's Coldeast estate in Sarisbury Green , Hampshire. He was educated at Balliol College, Oxford , where he obtained a first-class honours degree in the classical final examination, and where he came under the influence of Benjamin Jowett and T. H. Green . Intended originally for the ministry of the West London Synagogue , he studied theology in Berlin , but finding himself unable to sympathise with

1600-596: Was very little difference between human reason and divine inspiration, and depicting it as a continuous process through history in which the People Israel grew aware of the great moral truths via God's communing with the Prophets and their own quotidian experience of the divine. Montefiore once remarked that he considered Holdheim his mentor, though he disagreed with many of his statements. He too differentiated sharply between an ethical core and ceremonial cask, regarding ritual as

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