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35-448: Thea Christiansen Foss (8 June 1858 – 7 June 1927) was the founder of Foss Maritime , the largest tugboat company in the western United States. She was the real-life person on which the fictional character " Tugboat Annie " (originally portrayed on film in 1933 by Marie Dressler ) may have been very loosely based. Thea Christiansen was born on June 8, 1858, in the village of Eidsberg , Østfold , Norway . She moved to Oslo when she

70-577: A gas mask . Diesel exhaust is the exhaust gas produced by a diesel engine , plus any contained particulates . Its composition may vary with the fuel type, rate of consumption or speed of engine operation (e.g., idling or at speed or under load), and whether the engine is in an on-road vehicle, farm vehicle, locomotive, marine vessel, or stationary generator or other application. Diesel exhaust causes lung cancer and other diseases such as asthma , and many premature deaths. Methods exist to reduce nitrogen oxides (NO x ) and particulate matter (PM) in

105-510: A tailpipe filter installed, while the United States has mandated it for diesel only. In 2022, British testing specialist Emissions Analytics estimated that the 300 million or so gasoline vehicles in the US over the subsequent decade would emit around 1.6 septillion harmful particles. Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas . Motor vehicle CO 2 emissions are part of the anthropogenic contribution to

140-420: A catalytic converter up to 100,000 ppm (10%) for a richly tuned carburetor engine, such as typically found on small generators and garden equipment. Exhaust gas from an internal combustion engine whose fuel includes nitromethane will contain nitric acid vapour, which is corrosive, and when inhaled causes a muscular reaction making it impossible to breathe. People who are likely to be exposed to it should wear

175-448: A construction project. At the end of the building, the Fosses realized that Thea's boat had made them more money than Andrew's carpentry. They acquired more boats and soon began operating larger vessels, branching out into sailboats, naptha launches, gasoline-engined vessels, and scows and barges. By 1916 Foss Launch and Tug Company bought Captain O.G. Olson's Tacoma towing business, including

210-406: A hybrid tug, Caroline Dorothy , to reduce atmospheric pollution. Their hybrid craft cuts down as much as 44% of harmful emissions dispersed into the atmosphere. In July 2013, Foss announced to retrofit a third tug. Foss Maritime developed and built an ASD Z-Drive and Voith Schneider Propulsion cycloidal tractor tugs capable of working with the largest vessels in its operating area. In 2008,

245-428: A pool of vessels and barges for Tug/Barge escort, docking, and other services in conjunction with SeaRiver maritime. Today Foss provides three large conventional SeaRiver tugs and one Foss cycloidal tractor tug. The Foss SeaRiver Tug office is located at 150A West Industrial Way, Benicia, CA 94510-1016. In recent times, Foss Maritime has been working on lowering their NOx and carbon dioxide emissions. Foss constructed

280-539: Is colorless, odorless and tasteless, but highly toxic. It combines with hemoglobin to produce carboxyhemoglobin , which blocks the transport of oxygen. At concentrations above 1000ppm it is considered immediately dangerous and is the most immediate health hazard from running engines in a poorly ventilated space. In 2011, 52% of carbon monoxide emissions were created by mobile vehicles in the U.S. Chronic (long-term) exposure to benzene ( C 6 H 6 ) damages bone marrow . It can also cause excessive bleeding and depress

315-707: Is estimated to kill over 5 million people each year. A 2013 study by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) indicates that 53,000 early deaths occur per year in the United States alone because of vehicle emissions. According to another study from the same university, traffic fumes alone cause the death of 5,000 people every year just in the United Kingdom. Researchers from the University of California, Los Angeles School of Public Health say preliminary results of their statistical study of children listed in

350-552: Is estimated to kill over 5 million people each year. Motor vehicle emissions are a common source of air pollution and are a major ingredient in the creation of smog in some large cities. The largest part of most combustion gas is nitrogen (N 2 ), water vapor (H 2 O) (except with pure-carbon fuels), and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) (except for fuels without carbon); these are not toxic or noxious (although water vapor and carbon dioxide are greenhouse gases that contribute to climate change ). A relatively small part of combustion gas

385-435: Is important to the functioning of the catalytic converter of an internal combustion engine . It may be measured by an exhaust gas temperature gauge . EGT is also a measure of engine health in gas-turbine engines (see below). During the first two minutes after starting the engine of a car that has not been operated for several hours, the amount of emissions can be very high. This occurs for two main reasons: Comparable with

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420-534: Is that emitted from ovens, furnaces and boilers. In steam engine terminology the exhaust is steam that is now so low in pressure that it can no longer do useful work. Mono- nitrogen oxides NO and NO 2 ( NOx ) (whether produced this way or naturally by lightning ) react with ammonia , moisture, and other compounds to form nitric acid vapor and related particles. Small particles can penetrate deeply into sensitive lung tissue and damage it, causing premature death in extreme cases. Inhalation of NO species increases

455-404: Is undesirable, noxious, or toxic substances, such as carbon monoxide (CO) from incomplete combustion, hydrocarbons (properly indicated as C x H y , but typically shown simply as "HC" on emissions-test slips) from unburnt fuel, nitrogen oxides (NO x ) from excessive combustion temperatures, and particulate matter (mostly soot ) from incomplete combustion. Exhaust gas temperature (EGT)

490-440: Is useful to growing plants. When oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) react in the presence of sunlight, ground level ozone is formed, a primary ingredient in smog . A 2005 U.S. EPA report gives road vehicles as the second largest source of VOCs in the U.S. at 26% and 19% are from non road equipment which is mostly gasoline and diesel stations. 27% of VOC emissions are from solvents which are used in

525-596: The European emission standards EURO III as it was applied in October 2000 In 2000, the United States Environmental Protection Agency began to implement more stringent emissions standards for light duty vehicles. The requirements were phased in beginning with 2004 vehicles and all new cars and light trucks were required to meet the updated standards by the end of 2007. In spark-ignition engines

560-709: The United States Coast Guard awarded Foss Maritime its most prestigious environmental honor for developing the low-emission, hybrid tugboat Green Dolphin . The award was the William M. Benkert 'gold' award for their impact on the environment. Earlier, in June 2008, Foss won the Environmental Protection Agency 's Clean Air Excellence Award, also for their green tug. Foss also received a Commendation-Environmental Award from BP Shipping and an honorable mention for

595-410: The immune system , increasing the chance of infection . Benzene causes leukemia and is associated with other blood cancers and pre-cancers of the blood. The health effects of inhaling airborne particulate matter have been widely studied in humans and animals and include asthma , lung cancer , cardiovascular issues, premature death . Because of the size of the particles, they can penetrate

630-505: The 2008 Port of Seattle Environmental Business of the Year award. Foss has maintained their green technology. Recently, the company has been working on bringing a sister ship hybrid tug into the ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach . Exhaust gas Exhaust gas or flue gas is emitted as a result of the combustion of fuels such as natural gas , gasoline (petrol) , diesel fuel , fuel oil , biodiesel blends, or coal . According to

665-459: The area. Fossen, meaning waterfall, was later shortened to Foss. Andrew Fossen moved to Tacoma, Washington in 1888, what was then known as Washington Territory . Thea and their children joined him in the spring of 1889, after the birth of their third child.Andrew built a float house on the Tacoma waterfront for the family to settle. Thea Foss launched the future tugboat firm on the Tacoma waterfront in

700-401: The day before her 69th birthday. Foss Launch and Tug Company On July 2, 2013, Foss Marine Holdings announced that (effective at that date) it would merge all of its operations and resources under a single name: 'Foss Maritime Company'. The Foss concern began in 1889 with a single rowboat which Thea Foss rented by the day in Tacoma while her husband Andrew, a builder, was working on

735-452: The deepest part of the lungs. A 2011 UK study estimates 90 deaths per year due to passenger vehicle PM. In a 2006 publication, the U.S. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) state that in 2002 about 1 per-cent of all PM 10 and 2 per-cent of all PM 2.5 emissions came from the exhaust of on-road motor vehicles (mostly from diesel engines ). In Chinese, European, and Indian markets, both diesel and gasoline vehicles are required to have

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770-488: The exhaust. In aircraft gas turbine engines, "exhaust gas temperature" (EGT) is a primary measure of engine health. Typically the EGT is compared with a primary engine power indication called "engine pressure ratio" (EPR). For example: at full power EPR there will be a maximum permitted EGT limit. Once an engine reaches a stage in its life where it reaches this EGT limit, the engine will require specific maintenance in order to rectify

805-480: The gases resulting from combustion of the fuel and air mix are called exhaust gases. The composition varies from petrol to diesel engines, but is around these levels: The 10% oxygen for "diesel" is likely if the engine was idling, e.g. in a test rig. It is much less if the engine is running under load, although diesel engines always operate with an excess of air over fuel. The CO content for petrol engines varies from ≈15 ppm for well tuned engine with fuel injection and

840-580: The growth of CO 2 concentrations in the atmosphere which according to the vast majority of the scientific community is causing climate change . Motor vehicles are calculated to generate about 20% of the European Union's man-made CO 2 emissions, with passenger cars contributing about 12%. European emission standards limit the CO 2 emissions of new passenger cars and light vehicles. The European Union average new car CO 2 emissions figure dropped by 5.4% in

875-402: The manufacturer of paints and paint thinners and other uses. Ozone is beneficial in the upper atmosphere, but at ground level ozone irritates the respiratory system , causing coughing, choking, and reduced lung capacity. It also has many negative effects throughout the ecosystem. Carbon monoxide poisoning is the most common type of fatal air poisoning in many countries. Carbon monoxide

910-559: The people of Washington wanted, so they expanded to developing towing tugs. Some of their first powered vessels were built by the hands of the Foss family itself. Her first power vessel was the St. Patrick , a steamer that operated in the Commencement Bay . The steamer ran aground, and was fully rebuilt by Thea's carpenter husband. The boat was then sold for another steamer . Their second powered vessel

945-407: The pollution of exhaust gases using a catalyst. Scrubbers in ships intend to remove the sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) of marine exhaust gases. The regulations on marine sulfur dioxide emissions are tightening, however only a small number of special areas worldwide have been designated for low sulfur diesel fuel use only. Air pollution from fossil fuel use by industry, power generation, and transportation

980-430: The problem. The amount the EGT is below the EGT limit is called EGT margin. The EGT margin of an engine will be greatest when the engine is new, or has been overhauled. For most airlines, this information is also monitored remotely by the airline maintenance department by means of ACARS . In jet engines and rocket engines , exhaust from propelling nozzles which in some applications shows shock diamonds . Flue gas

1015-481: The risk of lung cancer and colorectal cancer. and inhalation of such particles may cause or worsen respiratory diseases such as emphysema and bronchitis and heart disease. In a 2005 U.S. EPA study the largest emissions of NO x came from on road motor vehicles, with the second largest contributor being non-road equipment which is mostly gasoline and diesel stations. The resulting nitric acid may be washed into soil, where it becomes nitrate , which

1050-479: The steam tugs Echo , Elf , and Olympian . When Thea Foss died in 1927, the company owned 27 gasoline, diesel, and steam powered vessels, and numerous unpowered barges. Foss was purchased by Saltchuk in 1987. In 2021, the company announced the closure of their shipyard on Seattle's Lake Washington Ship Canal . Foss Maritime started out only with rowboats with their signature white and green trim paint. Soon Foss started expanding their venue of work. They saw what

1085-616: The summer of 1889. She started the Foss Launch Company, when she began fixing up rowboats to sell. Thea started with one and sold it for $ 5; then she was able to buy another, and continue to do so. Andrew ended up building rowboats and their home became Foss Boathouse. The business grew, expanding into other areas such as towing, and hauling lumber. The company eventually became the Seattle -based Foss Maritime Company. Thea Foss died in Tacoma on

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1120-425: The type of engine, it is discharged into the atmosphere through an exhaust pipe , flue gas stack , or propelling nozzle . It often disperses downwind in a pattern called an exhaust plume . It is a major component of motor vehicle emissions (and from stationary internal combustion engines ), which can also include crankcase blow-by and evaporation of unused gasoline. Air pollution from burning fossil fuels

1155-692: The year to the first quarter of 2010, down to 145.6 g/km . Vehicle exhaust contains much water vapour . There has been research into ways that troops in deserts can recover drinkable water from their vehicles' exhaust gases. Emission standards focus on reducing pollutants contained in the exhaust gases from vehicles as well as from industrial flue gas stacks and other air pollution exhaust sources in various large-scale industrial facilities such as petroleum refineries , natural gas processing plants, petrochemical plants and chemical production plants. However, these are often referred to as flue gases . Catalytic converters in cars intend to break down

1190-556: Was Lizzie A . This was one of the worst boats the Foss family ever owned and they quickly sold the unreliable vessel for $ 500. One of the most important ships that is still seen today in the Puget Sound area is the vessel called Hope . This was a naphtha-fueled vessel that solely operated rafting giant Douglas Fir logs in the sound area. On September 1, 1993, Foss Maritime expanded into the San Francisco Bay Area, maintaining

1225-461: Was 14 where she met her sister's brother-in-law, Andreas Olsen, a ship's carpenter. Olsen immigrated to America to earn money to pay for Thea's passage. She arrived in St. Paul, Minnesota in 1881 where the two were married. They lived in St. Paul for eight years and had four children. Andreas changed his first name to Andrew and their last name to Fossen to distinguish themselves from the many other Olesons in

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