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46-524: The cartoon was animated by Ed Barge, Kenneth Muse and Irven Spence. Musical supervision was done by Scott Bradley , using a version of the theme music by Nelson Eddy and the Sportsmen Quartet named "Soldier of Fortune", from the film The Girl of the Golden West . The character of Nibbles speaks French in this short and was voiced by six-year-old Francoise Brun-Cottan . The Two Mouseketeers won

92-450: A chamber ensemble . A chamber ensemble made up entirely of strings of the violin family is referred to by its size. A string trio consists of three players, a string quartet four, a string quintet five, and so on. In most circumstances the string section is treated by the arranger as one homogeneous unit and its members are required to play preconceived material rather than improvise . A string section can be utilized on its own (this

138-670: A BBC Proms concert in London. Simon Rattle chose also this suite for 2015 Waldbühne concert of the Berlin Philharmonic . Rattle presented it again in June 2018 at his last subscription concert of the Berlin Philharmonic as a chief conductor. Bradley married Myrtle Aber on December 2, 1934, in a small ceremony. Arrangement In music , an arrangement is a musical adaptation of an existing composition . Differences from

184-457: A freelancer, paying him $ 1,000 per film. This arrangement lasted until MGM closed its cartoon department in 1957, after which Bradley retired. He died on April 27, 1977, in Chatsworth, California , and is buried at Chatsworth's Oakwood Memorial Park Cemetery . By the late 1980s, Bradley's reputation had been overshadowed by that of his Warner Bros. counterpart Carl W. Stalling , but experienced

230-877: A fully orchestrated concerto -type movement is so successful that it is unlikely that anyone hearing the latter for the first time would suspect the existence of the former". In particular, music written for the piano has frequently undergone this treatment, as it has been arranged for orchestra, chamber ensemble, or concert band . Beethoven made an arrangement of his Piano Sonata No. 9 for string quartet . Conversely, he also arranged his Grosse Fuge (one of his late string quartets ) for piano duet . The American composer George Gershwin , due to his own lack of expertise in orchestration, had his Rhapsody in Blue arranged and orchestrated by Ferde Grofé . Erik Satie wrote his three Gymnopédies for solo piano in 1888. Eight years later, Debussy arranged two of them, exploiting

276-459: A lavish royal banquet. Tom, in the service of Captaine Rochefort, has been ordered to guard the spread from the King's Mouseketeers with his life, under threat of execution by guillotine if he fails. Jerry and Nibbles enter the castle hall through a stained-glass window. Jerry releases the rear-end cover on a suit of armor, making a small drawbridge to the windowsill. They sneak into the armor, emerge from

322-439: A number of large-ensemble arrangements in the late 1950s and early 1960s intended for recording sessions only. Other arrangers of note include Vic Schoen , Pete Rugolo , Oliver Nelson , Johnny Richards , Billy May , Thad Jones , Maria Schneider , Bob Brookmeyer , Lou Marini , Nelson Riddle , Ralph Burns , Billy Byers , Gordon Jenkins , Ray Conniff , Henry Mancini , Ray Reach , Vince Mendoza , and Claus Ogerman . In

368-437: A part of Fletcher Henderson 's orchestra in the 1920s. Redman's arrangements introduced a more intricate melodic presentation and soli performances for various sections of the big band. Benny Carter became Henderson's primary arranger in the early 1930s, becoming known for his arranging abilities in addition to his previous recognition as a performer. Beginning in 1938, Billy Strayhorn became an arranger of great renown for

414-408: A piano introduction that conveys "unflagging energy" from the start. The arrangement of this song by Hector Berlioz uses strings to convey faithfully the driving urgency and threatening atmosphere of the original. Berlioz adds colour in bars 6–8 through the addition of woodwind , horns , and a timpani . With typical flamboyance, Berlioz adds spice to the harmony in bar 6 with an E flat in

460-502: A resurgence at the start of the 21st century. The first Bradley soundtrack album, Tom and Jerry & Tex Avery Too! , received a limited-edition release in 2006 and the "Cartoonia" suite was revived in a performance by the Cleveland Youth Orchestra in 2012. The following year, "Tom and Jerry at MGM", a six-minute orchestral suite of Bradley cues reconstructed by Peter Morris and John Wilson , received its world premiere at

506-452: A small jolt to the rhythm of the opening bar, reinforcing the bare octaves of the strings by playing on the second main beat. Unlike Berlioz, Liszt does not alter the harmony, but changes the emphasis somewhat in bar 6, with the note A in the oboes and clarinets grating against rather than blending with the G in the strings. "Schubert has come in for his fair share of transcriptions and arrangements. Most, like Liszt's transcriptions of

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552-410: A typical ear for clarity and transparency in rewriting for an ensemble. Below is the original piano version of the closing bars of the second song, "Gieng heit' Morgen über's Feld". The orchestration shows Mahler's attention to detail in bringing out differentiated orchestral colours supplied by woodwind, strings and horn. He uses a harp to convey the original arpeggios supplied by the left hand of

598-408: Is also a stringed instrument, but is not a member of nor homogeneous with the violin family, and is not considered part of the string choir. Samuel Adler classifies the harp as a plucked string instrument in the same category as the guitar ( acoustic or electric ), mandolin , banjo , or zither . Like the harp, these instruments do not belong to the violin family and are not homogeneous with

644-594: Is less common due to the expense involved. Popular music arrangements may also be considered to include new releases of existing songs with a new musical treatment. These changes can include alterations to tempo , meter , key , instrumentation , and other musical elements. Well known examples include Joe Cocker 's version of the Beatles ' " With a Little Help from My Friends ", Cream 's " Crossroads ", and Ike and Tina Turner 's version of Creedence Clearwater Revival 's " Proud Mary ". The American group Vanilla Fudge and

690-474: Is referred to as a string orchestra) or in conjunction with any of the other instrumental sections. More than one string orchestra can be utilized. A standard string section (vln., vln 2., vla., vcl, cb.) with each section playing unison allows the arranger to create a five-part texture. Often an arranger will divide each violin section in half or thirds to achieve a denser texture. It is possible to carry this division to its logical extreme in which each member of

736-429: Is the art of giving an existing melody musical variety". In jazz , a memorized (unwritten) arrangement of a new or pre-existing composition is known as a head arrangement . Arrangement and transcriptions of classical and serious music go back to the early history of classical music . J. S. Bach frequently made arrangements of his own and other composers' pieces. One example is the arrangement that he made of

782-509: The Duke Ellington orchestra. Jelly Roll Morton is sometimes considered the earliest jazz arranger. While he toured around the years 1912 to 1915, he wrote down parts to enable " pickup bands " to perform his compositions. Big-band arrangements are informally called charts . In the swing era they were usually either arrangements of popular songs or they were entirely new compositions. Duke Ellington's and Billy Strayhorn 's arrangements for

828-456: The Lieder or Berlioz's orchestration for Erlkönig , tell us more about the arranger that about the original composer, but they can be diverting so long as they are in no way a replacement for the original". Gustav Mahler 's Lieder eines fahrenden Gesellen ("Songs of a Wayfarer") were originally written for voice with piano accompaniment. The composer's later arrangement of the piano part shows

874-448: The 21st century, the big-band arrangement has made a modest comeback. Gordon Goodwin , Roy Hargrove , and Christian McBride have all rolled out new big bands with both original compositions and new arrangements of standard tunes. The string section is a body of instruments composed of various bowed stringed instruments. By the 19th century orchestral music in Europe had standardized

920-499: The British group Yes based their early careers on radical rearrangements of contemporary hits . Bonnie Pointer performed disco and Motown -styled versions of " Heaven Must Have Sent You ". Remixes , such as in dance music , can also be considered arrangements. Arrangements for small jazz combos are usually informal, minimal, and uncredited. Larger ensembles have generally had greater requirements for notated arrangements, though

966-514: The Dog . Other influences were Béla Bartók , Igor Stravinsky and Paul Hindemith . Sight & Sound magazine quoted concertmaster Lou Raderman's mock complaint: "Scott writes the most blank-blank-blank difficult fiddle music in Hollywood … He is going to break my fingers!" Bradley expressed considerable pride in his "funny music" and believed scoring for animation offered far more possibilities to

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1012-564: The Duke Ellington big band were usually new compositions, and some of Eddie Sauter 's arrangements for the Benny Goodman band and Artie Shaw 's arrangements for his own band were new compositions as well. It became more common to arrange sketchy jazz combo compositions for big band after the bop era. After 1950, the big bands declined in number. However, several bands continued and arrangers provided renowned arrangements. Gil Evans wrote

1058-452: The Prelude from his Partita No. 3 for solo violin , BWV 1006. Bach transformed this solo piece into an orchestral Sinfonia that introduces his Cantata BWV29 . "The initial violin composition was in E major but both arranged versions are transposed down to D, the better to accommodate the wind instruments". "The transformation of material conceived for a single string instrument into

1104-473: The angry Nibbles yells in protest before realizing he is in danger. But before he can get away, Tom captures him by putting his rapier through Nibbles's tabard . Failing to escape, Nibbles greets him. Jerry manages to stab Tom in the rear-end to rescue Nibbles, and throws a custard in Tom's face for good measure. A sword fight then ensues, ending with Tom catching Jerry. Nibbles tips a halberd toward Tom and it shaves

1150-453: The brown mouse's body to become banana-shaped. They then unwittingly catch Tom's attention by showering him with champagne after trying to open the cork with the roasted pig's tail. After hiding from Tom by wearing white paper decorations from the standing rib roast to look like two ribs, Jerry runs off, but little Nibbles begins making a ham sandwich while singing " Alouette " to himself. Tom sneaks up behind him and pokes him with his rapier, and

1196-562: The cannon and it violently explodes. As the smoke disappears, Jerry and Nibbles are seen walking triumphantly down the street with some of the stolen banquet food. Suddenly, they look up and see a guillotine in the distance, while hearing a drum roll, the blade rises up and comes down, suggesting that Tom has been executed, although off-screen, in order to comply with the Hays Code . Both mice gulp, and Nibbles sighs: " Pauvre, pauvre pussycat. " Then he shrugs, saying: " C'est la guerre! " After that,

1242-442: The choir director of Houston's Christ Church Cathedral , but was "otherwise entirely self-taught in composition and orchestration." (Years later, when he was already established in Hollywood, he sought to improve his technique by studying privately with MGM colleague Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco ). In 1926, Bradley moved to Los Angeles to conduct programs over KHJ Radio, an activity that led to his growing involvement in animation at

1288-597: The composer than live-action films. About his score for MGM's Puttin' on the Dog , he later wrote: I hope Dr. Schoenberg will forgive me for using his system to produce funny music, but even the boys in the orchestra laughed when we were recording it. The conductor Simon Rattle has specifically highlighted the influence of the Klaus-Narr passages in Schoenberg's Gurrelieder on Bradley's compositions. In 1954, MGM terminated his weekly contract but retained his services as

1334-557: The concert hall, including the tone poems The Valley of the White Poppies (1931), The Headless Horseman (1932), and the oratorio Thanatopsis (1934), based on the poem by William Cullen Bryant . His most notable success was Cartoonia (1938), a four-movement orchestral suite of his MGM work, premiered by Pierre Monteux with the San Francisco Symphony . It was an early expression of Bradley's belief that cartoon music

1380-449: The early Count Basie big band is known for its many head arrangements, so called because they were worked out by the players themselves, memorized ("in the player's head "), and never written down. Most arrangements for big bands, however, were written down and credited to a specific arranger, as with arrangements by Sammy Nestico and Neal Hefti for Count Basie's later big bands. Don Redman made innovations in jazz arranging as

1426-451: The helmet's visor and then parachute onto the table. Jerry lands first, followed by Nibbles who lands on a roasted warthog's mouth, causing him to get stuck. Jerry pulls Nibbles out of its mouth. Afterwards, Nibbles goes inside a big block of cheese, pretending it is a tower with only a few floors. Nibbles waves to Jerry on the top-floor but loses his balance and he falls on an unopened banana, which opens and shoots into Jerry's mouth, causing

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1472-490: The horn part, creating a half-diminished seventh chord which is not in Schubert's original piano part. There are subtle differences between this and the arrangement of the song by Franz Liszt . The upper string sound is thicker, with violins and violas playing the fierce repeated octaves in unison and bassoons compensating for this by doubling the cellos and basses . There are no timpani, but trumpets and horns add

1518-486: The original composition may include reharmonization , melodic paraphrasing , orchestration , or formal development. Arranging differs from orchestration in that the latter process is limited to the assignment of notes to instruments for performance by an orchestra , concert band , or other musical ensemble . Arranging "involves adding compositional techniques, such as new thematic material for introductions , transitions , or modulations , and endings . Arranging

1564-411: The piano part. He also extracts a descending chromatic melodic line, implied by the left hand in bars 2–4 (above), and gives it to the horn. Popular music recordings often include parts for brass horn sections , bowed strings , and other instruments that were added by arrangers and not composed by the original songwriters . Some pop arrangers even add sections using full orchestra , though this

1610-484: The range of instrumental timbres available in a late 19th-century orchestra. "It was Debussy whose 1896 orchestrations of the Gymnopédies put their composer on the map." Pictures at an Exhibition , a suite of ten piano pieces by Modest Mussorgsky , has been arranged over twenty times, notably by Maurice Ravel . Ravel's arrangement demonstrates an "ability to create unexpected, memorable orchestral sonorities". In

1656-455: The rear-end, making him yowl and jump up in pain, as Nibbles waves his sword, yelling: " Touché, pussycat! " But as he runs away, Tom catches him. Jerry makes the save by hitting Tom on the head with a mace so hard that the cat falls through the table, before having another swordfight between Tom and Jerry. While this goes on, Nibbles brings along a cannon and stuffs it with everything on the banquet table. Just as Tom catches Jerry, Nibbles lights

1702-534: The second movement, "Gnomus", Mussorgsky's original piano piece simply repeats the following passage: Ravel initially orchestrates it as follows: Repeating the passage, Ravel provides a fresh orchestration "this time with the celesta (replacing the woodwinds ) accompanied by string glissandos on the fingerboard ". A number of Franz Schubert 's songs, originally for voice with piano accompaniment, were arranged by other composers. For example, his "highly charged" and "graphic" song " Erlkönig " ("The Erl King") has

1748-537: The series' sixth Oscar for Best Animated Short Film . Such was the cartoon's success, that Hanna and Barbera created a total of four adventures in the Mouseketeers series; the second, 1954's Touché, Pussy Cat! received an Oscar nomination. The third, Tom and Chérie , followed in 1955, and Royal Cat Nap in 1958. The premise was also featured in comic books from Dell Comics . In 17th century Paris , Mouseketeers Jerry and Nibbles decide to help themselves to

1794-414: The show's instrumentation; a benefit was the creation of more space in the pit for an expanded percussion section. George Martin , producer and arranger for the Beatles , warns arrangers about the intonation problems when only two like instruments play in unison: "After a string quartet, I do not think there is a satisfactory sound for strings until one has at least three players on each line . . . as

1840-465: The start of the talkie era. He was a staff musician for Walt Disney (1929) and the Ub Iwerks studio (1930–1934), then became music director for Hugh Harman and Rudy Ising , who were hired to produce cartoon shorts for MGM. After MGM established its own cartoon studio in 1937, Bradley was hired permanently and remained with the company for twenty years. During the 1930s, Bradley also composed music for

1886-404: The string choir. In modern arranging these instruments are considered part of the rhythm section. The electric bass and upright string bass—depending on the circumstance—can be treated by the arranger as either string section or rhythm section instruments. A group of instruments in which each member plays a unique part—rather than playing in unison with other like instruments—is referred to as

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1932-413: The string section into the following homogeneous instrumental groups: first violins , second violins (the same instrument as the first violins, but typically playing an accompaniment or harmony part to the first violins, and often at a lower pitch range), violas , cellos , and double basses . The string section in a multi-sectioned orchestra is sometimes referred to as the "string choir". The harp

1978-506: The string section plays his or her own unique part. Artistic, budgetary and logistical concerns, including the size of the orchestra pit or hall will determine the size and instrumentation of a string section. The Broadway musical West Side Story , in 1957, was booked into the Winter Garden theater; composer Leonard Bernstein disliked the playing of "house" viola players he would have to use there, and so he chose to leave them out of

2024-423: The tabard and all the fur off the cat's back from head to hind end, revealing a ruffled white underwear. Nibbles runs away, but is sent flying by Tom into a full wine glass – but Jerry saves him by hurling a tomato at Tom, followed by multiple vegetables and meat chunks. After impaling them all on his rapier, Tom then heats and eats them like a shish kebab. Nibbles, now drunk, climbs out of the glass. He pokes Tom in

2070-675: The two Mouseketeers continue their victory march. DVD Scott Bradley (composer) Walter Scott Bradley (November 26, 1891 – April 27, 1977) was an American composer, pianist, arranger , and conductor. Bradley is best remembered for scoring MGM's theatrical cartoons , including those starring Tom and Jerry , Barney Bear , Screwy Squirrel , Droopy , George and Junior and many one-off cartoons. In an autobiographical sketch, Bradley noted that he began his career performing with and later conducting theatre orchestras in Houston, Texas . He studied organ and harmony with Horton Corbett,

2116-416: Was an art form of great potential. As was common practice in scores for animation, Bradley's early style incorporated fragments of popular and traditional melodies. By the mid-1940s, however, his compositions and orchestrations had become more original and complex, occasionally utilizing the twelve-tone technique devised by Arnold Schoenberg ; the first being the 1944 Tom and Jerry cartoon Puttin' on

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