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97-595: The Scarlet Gospels is a 2015 horror novel by author Clive Barker which acts as a continuation to both his previous novella The Hellbound Heart (which introduced his popular Cenobite characters that then starred in the Hellraiser franchise) and his canon of Harry D'Amour stories. The book concerns the Hell Priest , the demonic Cenobite nicknamed "Pinhead", and his efforts to gain power. Occult detective Harry D'Amour must journey into Hell to rescue his friend and stop

194-449: A Penrose diagram of a Schwarzschild black hole . In the Penrose diagram, an object traveling faster than light will cross the black hole and will emerge from another end into a different space, time or universe. This will be an inter-universal wormhole. Theories of wormhole metrics describe the spacetime geometry of a wormhole and serve as theoretical models for time travel. An example of

291-521: A charged black hole . While such wormholes, if possible, may be limited to transfers of information, humanly traversable wormholes may exist if reality can broadly be described by the Randall–Sundrum model 2 , a brane -based theory consistent with string theory . Einstein–Rosen bridges, also known as ER bridges (named after Albert Einstein and Nathan Rosen ), are connections between areas of space that can be modeled as vacuum solutions to

388-501: A spacetime foam in a general relativistic spacetime manifold depicted by a Lorentzian manifold , and Euclidean wormholes (named after Euclidean manifold , a structure of Riemannian manifold ). The Casimir effect shows that quantum field theory allows the energy density in certain regions of space to be negative relative to the ordinary matter vacuum energy , and it has been shown theoretically that quantum field theory allows states where energy can be arbitrarily negative at

485-662: A (traversable) wormhole metric is the following: first presented by Ellis (see Ellis wormhole ) as a special case of the Ellis drainhole . One type of non-traversable wormhole metric is the Schwarzschild solution (see the first diagram): The original Einstein–Rosen bridge was described in an article published in July 1935. For the Schwarzschild spherically symmetric static solution where d s {\displaystyle ds}

582-481: A December 2008 online interview (published in March 2009) that he had throat polyps which were so severe, a doctor told him he was taking in only 10% of the air he was supposed to. He has had two surgeries to remove them and believes his voice has improved as a result. He said he did not have cancer, and has given up cigars. In 2012, Barker entered a coma for several days after contracting toxic shock syndrome , triggered by

679-499: A distribution of energy that violates various energy conditions , such as the null energy condition along with the weak, strong, and dominant energy conditions. However, it is known that quantum effects can lead to small measurable violations of the null energy condition, and many physicists believe that the required negative energy may actually be possible due to the Casimir effect in quantum physics. Although early calculations suggested

776-502: A feature arc based on Slender Man and Ben Drowned . Barker was involved in a streaming service film adaptation of The Books of Blood in 2020, and is developing a Nightbreed television series directed by Michael Dougherty and written by Josh Stolberg for SyFy . In April 2020, HBO was announced to be developing a Hellraiser television series that would serve as "an elevated continuation and expansion" of its mythology with Mark Verheiden and Michael Dougherty writing

873-490: A few months after Schwarzschild published his solution, and was rediscovered by Albert Einstein and his colleague Nathan Rosen, who published their result in 1935. However, in 1962, John Archibald Wheeler and Robert W. Fuller published a paper showing that this type of wormhole is unstable if it connects two parts of the same universe, and that it will pinch off too quickly for light (or any particle moving slower than light) that falls in from one exterior region to make it to

970-624: A foreword for the first volume of the DEMONICSEX comic series by Chuck Conner and Sean Platter. In October 2009, IDW published Seduth , co-written by Barker. The work was released with three variant covers. In 2011, Boom! Studios began publishing an original Hellraiser comic book series. In 2013, Boom! Studios announced Next Testament , the first original story by Barker to be published in comic book format. Collections: Uncollected short stories: Collections: All plays: Uncollected poems: Wormhole Wormholes are consistent with

1067-418: A free-falling particle (following a geodesic in the spacetime). In order to satisfy this requirement, it turns out that in addition to the black hole interior region that particles enter when they fall through the event horizon from the outside, there must be a separate white hole interior region that allows us to extrapolate the trajectories of particles that an outside observer sees rising up away from

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1164-436: A given point. Many physicists, such as Stephen Hawking , Kip Thorne , and others, argued that such effects might make it possible to stabilize a traversable wormhole. The only known natural process that is theoretically predicted to form a wormhole in the context of general relativity and quantum mechanics was put forth by Juan Maldacena and Leonard Susskind in their ER = EPR conjecture. The quantum foam hypothesis

1261-471: A hyperplane r = 2 m {\displaystyle r=2m} or u = 0 {\displaystyle u=0} in which g {\displaystyle g} vanishes. We call such a connection between the two sheets a "bridge". For the combined field, gravity and electricity, Einstein and Rosen derived the following Schwarzschild static spherically symmetric solution where ε {\displaystyle \varepsilon }

1358-512: A limited release in February 2018, in two separate editions–a limited edition , with a quantity of 724 clothbound copies made available, and a lettered edition , with an availability of 26 leather-bound copies. It was released in audiobook format on 6 November 2018, narrated by horror film director Tom Holland . Clive Barker Clive Barker (born 5 October 1952) is an English writer, filmmaker and visual artist. He came to prominence in

1455-450: A member of their order killed by the Hell Priest three years before. Ragowski informs them the Priest is determined to obtain every source of magic known on Earth and is too powerful to be defeated by so few magicians. Their only hope of avoiding his fate, he says, is to simply give the Priest the location of all of their grimoires and talismans . The Hell Priest arrives, having been alerted by

1552-411: A model of closed timelike curves can have internal inconsistencies as it will lead to strange phenomena like distinguishing non-orthogonal quantum states and distinguishing proper and improper mixture. Accordingly, the destructive positive feedback loop of virtual particles circulating through a wormhole time machine, a result indicated by semi-classical calculations, is averted. A particle returning from

1649-431: A more realistic black hole that forms at some particular time from a collapsing star would require a different metric. When the infalling stellar matter is added to a diagram of a black hole's geography, it removes the part of the diagram corresponding to the white hole interior region, along with the part of the diagram corresponding to the other universe. The Einstein–Rosen bridge was discovered by Ludwig Flamm in 1916,

1746-520: A safe house operated by their mutual acquaintance, Lana. Joined by Dale, they attempt to transport Norma, only to witness the opening of a portal to Hell in Manhattan. The Priest emerges, absconds with Norma, and confirms a momentous event in Hell's history is about to occur. Harry's survival of his assassination attempt has convinced the Hell Priest that the detective is the perfect individual to write an account of

1843-402: A sheet of paper and draw two somewhat distant points on one side of the paper. The sheet of paper represents a plane in the spacetime continuum , and the two points represent a distance to be traveled, but theoretically, a wormhole could connect these two points by folding that plane (⁠ i.e. the paper) so the points are touching. In this way, it would be much easier to traverse the distance since

1940-489: A story by Clive Barker . It serves as a sequel to the 1986 novella The Hellbound Heart and a prequel to The Scarlet Gospels , both written by Barker, set thirty years after the events of the former. It focuses on the returning Kirsty Singer , as she once again comes face-to-face with the Hell Priest. Meanwhile, the Priest calls upon a first witness for his plan seen in The Scarlet Gospels . The Toll evolved from

2037-411: A tool for teaching general relativity. For this reason, the type of traversable wormhole they proposed, held open by a spherical shell of exotic matter , is also known as a Morris–Thorne wormhole . Later, other types of traversable wormholes were discovered as allowable solutions to the equations of general relativity, including a variety analyzed in a 1989 paper by Matt Visser, in which a path through

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2134-419: A topological point of view, an intra-universe wormhole (a wormhole between two points in the same universe) is a compact region of spacetime whose boundary is topologically trivial, but whose interior is not simply connected . Formalizing this idea leads to definitions such as the following, taken from Matt Visser's Lorentzian Wormholes (1996). If a Minkowski spacetime contains a compact region Ω, and if

2231-410: A traversable wormhole might hypothetically work in the following way: One end of the wormhole is accelerated to some significant fraction of the speed of light, perhaps with some advanced propulsion system , and then brought back to the point of origin. Alternatively, another way is to take one entrance of the wormhole and move it to within the gravitational field of an object that has higher gravity than

2328-475: A very large amount of negative energy would be required, later calculations showed that the amount of negative energy can be made arbitrarily small. In 1993, Matt Visser argued that the two mouths of a wormhole with such an induced clock difference could not be brought together without inducing quantum field and gravitational effects that would either make the wormhole collapse or the two mouths repel each other, or otherwise prevent information from passing through

2425-479: A visit to a dentist where a spillage of poisonous bacteria entered his bloodstream, almost killing him. Realising he might have just a short time to live, he decided to put his personal concerns about the world and society into the upcoming novel Deep Hill , which he thought could be his final book. As of 2015, he is a member of the board of advisers for the Hollywood Horror Museum. While appearing on

2522-584: A well-spoken and sophisticated villain. In The Scarlet Gospels , Barker finally gave the Pinhead character an official name: the Hell Priest. In The Scarlet Gospels , it is mentioned the nails may have once been golden but have now darkened, making their appearance in prose now resemble their appearance in the films. The second and third Hellraiser films indicate Pinhead was originally a human being who died soon after World War I. The Scarlet Gospels narration mentions that different characters in-universe debate whether

2619-419: A wormhole is defined informally as: a region of spacetime containing a " world tube " (the time evolution of a closed surface) that cannot be continuously deformed (shrunk) to a world line (the time evolution of a point or observer). The first type of wormhole solution discovered was the Schwarzschild wormhole, which would be present in the Schwarzschild metric describing an eternal black hole , but it

2716-414: A wormhole to travel back to a time earlier than when the wormhole was first converted into a time "machine". Until this time it could not have been noticed or have been used. To see why exotic matter is required, consider an incoming light front traveling along geodesics, which then crosses the wormhole and re-expands on the other side. The expansion goes from negative to positive. As the wormhole neck

2813-443: A wormhole whose length is shorter than the distance between them outside the wormhole, the time taken to traverse it could be less than the time it would take a light beam to make the journey if it took a path through the space outside the wormhole. However, a light beam traveling through the same wormhole would beat the traveler. If traversable wormholes exist, they might allow time travel . A proposed time-travel machine using

2910-476: Is a solution manifold of Einstein's field equations for a vacuum spacetime, modified by inclusion of a scalar field minimally coupled to the Ricci tensor with antiorthodox polarity (negative instead of positive). (Ellis specifically rejected referring to the scalar field as 'exotic' because of the antiorthodox coupling, finding arguments for doing so unpersuasive.) The solution depends on two parameters: m , which fixes

3007-420: Is more of a path through time rather than it is a device that itself moves through time, and it would not allow the technology itself to be moved backward in time. According to current theories on the nature of wormholes, construction of a traversable wormhole would require the existence of a substance with negative energy, often referred to as " exotic matter ". More technically, the wormhole spacetime requires

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3104-510: Is of finite size, we would not expect caustics to develop, at least within the vicinity of the neck. According to the optical Raychaudhuri's theorem , this requires a violation of the averaged null energy condition . Quantum effects such as the Casimir effect cannot violate the averaged null energy condition in any neighborhood of space with zero curvature, but calculations in semiclassical gravity suggest that quantum effects may be able to violate this condition in curved spacetime. Although it

3201-506: Is overwhelmed by the sudden appearance of a throng of ghosts wanting his assistance. Seeing the ghost of a small child clinging to an older woman, Harry feels sympathy and compassion. He comforts the child and tells the pair they can trust him to help. Clive Barker had no name for his Cenobite characters in the novella The Hellbound Heart , except for one called the Engineer. One of the Cenobites

3298-403: Is possible with R gravity, a form of f ( R ) gravity . The impossibility of faster-than-light relative speed applies only locally. Wormholes might allow effective superluminal ( faster-than-light ) travel by ensuring that the speed of light is not exceeded locally at any time. While traveling through a wormhole, subluminal (slower-than-light) speeds are used. If two points are connected by

3395-406: Is possible. A possible resolution to the paradoxes resulting from wormhole-enabled time travel rests on the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics . In 1991 David Deutsch showed that quantum theory is fully consistent (in the sense that the so-called density matrix can be made free of discontinuities) in spacetimes with closed timelike curves. However, later it was shown that such

3492-612: Is sometimes used to suggest that tiny wormholes might appear and disappear spontaneously at the Planck scale , and stable versions of such wormholes have been suggested as dark matter candidates. It has also been proposed that, if a tiny wormhole held open by a negative mass cosmic string had appeared around the time of the Big Bang , it could have been inflated to macroscopic size by cosmic inflation . Lorentzian traversable wormholes would allow travel in both directions from one part of

3589-431: Is the electric charge. The field equations without denominators in the case when m = 0 {\displaystyle m=0} can be written In order to eliminate singularities, if one replaces r {\displaystyle r} by u {\displaystyle u} according to the equation: and with m = 0 {\displaystyle m=0} one obtains The solution

3686-573: Is the proper time and c = 1 {\displaystyle c=1} . If one replaces r {\displaystyle r} with u {\displaystyle u} according to u 2 = r − 2 m {\displaystyle u^{2}=r-2m} The four-dimensional space is described mathematically by two congruent parts or "sheets", corresponding to u > 0 {\displaystyle u>0} and u < 0 {\displaystyle u<0} , which are joined by

3783-432: Is the writer of the best-selling Abarat series. In early 2024, he announced he would stop attending conventions and public events so he could focus more on his writing, as he was working on the manuscripts for 31 different projects, some closer to completion than others. During his early years as a writer, Barker occasionally worked as an escort when his writing did not provide sufficient income. In 2003, he received

3880-447: The Hellraiser series while Peter Atkins wrote the scripts for the first three Hellraiser sequels. Over the next five years Barker wrote nine plays, often serving as director, including some of his best-known stage productions, The History of The Devil , Frankenstein in Love , and The Secret Life of Cartoons . From 1982 to 1983, he wrote Crazyface , Subtle Bodies and Colossus for

3977-484: The Einstein field equations , and that are now understood to be intrinsic parts of the maximally extended version of the Schwarzschild metric describing an eternal black hole with no charge and no rotation. Here, "maximally extended" refers to the idea that the spacetime should not have any "edges": it should be possible to continue this path arbitrarily far into the particle's future or past for any possible trajectory of

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4074-534: The Hellraiser anthology comic book. In 2005, IDW published a three-issue adaptation of Barker's children's fantasy novel The Thief of Always , written and painted by Kris Oprisko and Gabriel Hernandez. IDW is publishing a 12 issue adaptation of Barker's novel The Great and Secret Show . In December 2007, Chris Ryall and Clive Barker announced an upcoming collaboration of an original comic book series, Torakator , to be published by IDW. In 2008, Barker authored

4171-565: The general theory of relativity , but whether they actually exist is unknown. Many scientists postulate that wormholes are merely projections of a fourth spatial dimension , analogous to how a two-dimensional (2D) being could experience only part of a three-dimensional (3D) object. A well-known analogy of such constructs is provided by the Klein bottle , displaying a hole when rendered in three dimensions but not in four or higher dimensions. In 1995, Matt Visser suggested there may be many wormholes in

4268-420: The torsion tensor , as a dynamic variable. Torsion naturally accounts for the quantum-mechanical, intrinsic angular momentum ( spin ) of matter. The minimal coupling between torsion and Dirac spinors generates a repulsive spin–spin interaction that is significant in fermionic matter at extremely high densities. Such an interaction prevents the formation of a gravitational singularity (e.g. a black hole). Instead,

4365-403: The 2D surface with a hole similar to the entrance. An actual wormhole would be analogous to this, but with the spatial dimensions raised by one. For example, instead of circular holes on a 2Dimensional plane , the entry and exit points could be visualized as spherical holes in 3D space leading into a four-dimensional "tube" similar to a spherinder . Another way to imagine wormholes is to take

4462-621: The Bess Cutler Gallery in New York and La Luz De Jesus in Los Angeles. Many of his sketches and paintings can be found in the collection Clive Barker, Illustrator , published in 1990 by Arcane/Eclipse Books, and in Visions of Heaven and Hell , published in 2005 by Rizzoli Books. He worked on the horror video game Clive Barker's Undying , providing the voice for the character Ambrose. Undying

4559-699: The Cockpit Youth Theatre. His theatrical work came to a close as he shifted focus to writing the Books of Blood . Barker is an author of horror and fantasy . He began writing horror early in his career, mostly in the form of short stories (collected in Books of Blood 1–6) and the Faustian novel The Damnation Game (1985). Later he moved toward modern-day fantasy and urban fantasy with horror elements in Weaveworld (1987), The Great and Secret Show (1989),

4656-515: The Davidson/Valentini Award at the 15th GLAAD Media Awards . He has been open about his experiences with sadomasochism , and says that "on S&M's sliding scale, I'm probably a 6". Barker is critical of organized religion, but has said that the Bible influences his work and spirituality. Years later, he said on Facebook that he did not identify himself as a Christian. Barker said in

4753-516: The Hell Priest confront the Harrowers on the shores of the lake. The Priest blinds Harry and rapes Norma to death before escaping the lake. The Harrowers discover a wormhole that leads them to a desert road in Arizona . Meanwhile, Lucifer crushes all of Hell and its inhabitants beneath a collapsing stone sky, then travels to New York, resolving to make a name for himself. Angels from Heaven come to observe

4850-418: The Hell Priest is an immortal being who has lived for thousands of years or if different humans have adopted his nature and appearance over the centuries, meaning the origin presented in the film could also be canon within the books or could be dismissed. The novel had a long gestation period, with Barker talking as early as 1998 about wanting to write a story in which he killed the Pinhead character. Updates to

4947-497: The Hell Priest's plans. The book was the first in which the Hell Priest was officially given a name by Clive Barker, who disliked the nickname 'Pinhead' given his character by others. The Hell Priest , a demonic Cenobite known to some of them as "Pinhead" (a nickname the Cenobite abhors), is murdering the world's magicians and stealing their magical knowledge. After years of this, the last remaining magicians gather to resurrect Ragowski,

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5044-568: The Imagination in 1974 and two more that he was the sole writer of, A Clowns' Sodom and Day of the Dog, for The Mute Pantomime Theatre in 1976 and 1977. He co-founded the avant-garde theatrical troupe The Dog Company in 1978 with former school friends and up and coming actors, many of whom would go on to become key collaborators in Barker's film work. Doug Bradley took on the iconic role of Pinhead in

5141-512: The Marvel/ Epic Comics series Hellraiser , Nightbreed , Pinhead , The Harrowers , Book of the Damned , and Jihad ; Eclipse Books ' series and graphic novels Tapping The Vein , Dread , Son of Celluloid , Revelations , The Life of Death , Rawhead Rex and The Yattering and Jack , and Dark Horse Comics ' Primal , among others. Barker served as a consultant and wrote issues of

5238-506: The Priest into the Wastelands and discover a tribe of inbred demons willing to take them across a cursed lake to a tiny island in the center. The Priest and Norma have already secured passage to the island, where the Priest finds a cathedral rumored to be Lucifer's throne room. He wishes to hold an audience with the Devil and experience a spiritual revelation. The Harrowers and the Priest discover

5335-511: The United States, and have appeared in his books. He has also created characters and series for comic books, and some of his more popular horror stories have been featured in ongoing comics series. Barker was born on 5 October 1952 in Liverpool , the son of Joan Ruby (née Revill), a painter and school welfare officer, and Leonard Barker, a personnel director for an industrial relations firm. He

5432-406: The armor inadvertently causes Lucifer's resurrection. Enraged that he must once more endure existence without God, he engages the Priest in battle. After a vicious battle, Lucifer disembowels the Hell Priest and announces his intention to destroy Hell while removing all the nails from the Hell Priest's head. The Harrowers, Norma, and surviving demons all flee the cathedral. The desiccated remnants of

5529-420: The assignment is a lethal trap set by the Hell Priest, who sees the detective as a potential obstacle to completing his mission. Harry is rescued by Dale, a middle aged Southern man who experiences moments of precognition . Dale sends Harry back to New York City to attend to Norma. She tells Harry a monumental event is about to occur in the spirit world. Harry enlists the help of his friend Caz to move Norma to

5626-507: The basis for the 1992 film Candyman and its three sequels. He had been working on a series of film adaptations of his The Abarat Quintet books under The Walt Disney Company 's management, but due to creative differences, the project was cancelled. He served as an executive producer for the 1998 film Gods and Monsters , a semi-fictional tale of Frankenstein director James Whale 's later years, which won an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay. Barker said of his interest in

5723-399: The cathedral is in fact Lucifer's tomb, erected after he had committed suicide due to being exiled from the presence of God . Enraged, the Priest strips Lucifer's body of its armor, dons it, and declares himself the new Lord of Hell. Armies led by Hell's surviving generals raid the cathedral but the Hell Priest, his power increased by Lucifer's armor, easily defeats many of them. The removal of

5820-524: The collapsing matter reaches an enormous but finite density and rebounds, forming the other side of the bridge. Although Schwarzschild wormholes are not traversable in both directions, their existence inspired Kip Thorne to imagine traversable wormholes created by holding the "throat" of a Schwarzschild wormhole open with exotic matter (material that has negative mass/energy). Other non-traversable wormholes include Lorentzian wormholes (first proposed by John Archibald Wheeler in 1957), wormholes creating

5917-458: The completed work, the book underwent heavy editing between 2010 and 2013; the novel was finished in September 2013, but no release date was revealed. A year later, the publisher St Martin's Press acquired the rights to publish The Scarlet Gospels and released it on 19 May 2015. Hellraiser: The Toll is a 2018 horror novella written by Mark Alan Miller and published by Subterranean Press, from

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6014-455: The early '90s; on the covers of the collections of his plays, Incarnations (1995) and Forms of Heaven (1996); and on the second printing of the original British publications of his Books of Blood series. Barker also provided the artwork for his young adult novel The Thief of Always and for the Abarat series. His artwork has been exhibited at Bert Green Fine Art in Los Angeles and Chicago, at

6111-500: The event horizon. And just as there are two separate interior regions of the maximally extended spacetime, there are also two separate exterior regions, sometimes called two different "universes", with the second universe allowing us to extrapolate some possible particle trajectories in the two interior regions. This means that the interior black hole region can contain a mix of particles that fell in from either universe (and thus an observer who fell in from one universe might be able to see

6208-429: The events. Harry and his group - dubbed the Harrowers - discover Lucifer has disappeared from Hell and a thriving demon civilization has arisen in his absence. The Priest has been using his accrued knowledge of magic to kill Hell's various ruling classes, including his fellow Cenobites, in order to eliminate any who might prevent his pilgrimage into a forbidden region of Hell called the Wastelands. The Harrowers follow

6305-419: The final credits as "Lead Cenobite". The film version had iron nails in his head rather than gold ones, and the production team nicknamed him "Pinhead". Fans learned of the nickname and adopted it, and the film franchise referred to him by the same name on-screen in multiple films, starting with Hellraiser III . Barker said on different occasions he didn't care for the name, believing it was undignified for such

6402-742: The future does not return to its universe of origination but to a parallel universe. This suggests that a wormhole time machine with an exceedingly short time jump is a theoretical bridge between contemporaneous parallel universes. Because a wormhole time-machine introduces a type of nonlinearity into quantum theory, this sort of communication between parallel universes is consistent with Joseph Polchinski 's proposal of an Everett phone (named after Hugh Everett ) in Steven Weinberg 's formulation of nonlinear quantum mechanics. The possibility of communication between parallel universes has been dubbed interuniversal travel . Wormhole can also be depicted in

6499-431: The light that fell in from the other one), and likewise particles from the interior white hole region can escape into either universe. All four regions can be seen in a spacetime diagram that uses Kruskal–Szekeres coordinates . In this spacetime, it is possible to come up with coordinate systems such that if a hypersurface of constant time (a set of points that all have the same time coordinate, such that every point on

6596-455: The mid-1980s with a series of short stories, the Books of Blood , which established him as a leading horror writer. He has since written many novels and other works. His fiction has been adapted into films, notably the Hellraiser series, the first installment of which he also wrote and directed, and the Candyman series. Barker's paintings and illustrations have been shown in galleries in

6693-408: The novel's progress appeared on Barker's website sporadically over the course of the next twelve years, mostly related to the book's progressively swelling length; at one point, Barker predicted that his completed manuscript would reach 1,000-2,000 pages. Updates culminated in a June 2010 Twitter announcement that "the 243,000 words of The Scarlet Gospels merely lacks a publisher". Due to the length of

6790-473: The other entrance, and then return it to a position near the other entrance. For both these methods, time dilation causes the end of the wormhole that has been moved to have aged less, or become "younger", than the stationary end as seen by an external observer; however, time connects differently through the wormhole than outside it, so that synchronized clocks at either end of the wormhole will always remain synchronized as seen by an observer passing through

6887-475: The other exterior region. According to general relativity, the gravitational collapse of a sufficiently compact mass forms a singular Schwarzschild black hole. In the Einstein–Cartan –Sciama–Kibble theory of gravity, however, it forms a regular Einstein–Rosen bridge. This theory extends general relativity by removing a constraint of the symmetry of the affine connection and regarding its antisymmetric part,

6984-598: The partially written short story Heaven's Reply by Clive Barker that had been in development dating back to 2010. At one point, Heaven's Reply was integrated into a screenplay for a Hellraiser reboot , which would have featured the creator of the Lament Configuration - the Frenchman Lemarchand - and would have opened in the fictional location of Devil's Island. The script was turned in to Dimension Films , but did not move forward. According to Barker, "that

7081-513: The project: "Whale was gay, I'm gay; Whale was English, I'm English…Whale made some horror movies, and I've made some horror movies. It seemed as if I should be helping to tell this story." Barker also provided the foreword on the published shooting script. In 2005, Barker and horror film producer Jorge Saralegui created the film production company Midnight Picture Show with the intent of producing two horror films per year. In October 2006, Barker announced through his website that he will be writing

7178-422: The radio call-in show Loveline on 20 August 1996, Barker said that in his teens he had several relationships with older women, but came to identify himself as homosexual by 18 or 19. His relationship with John Gregson lasted from 1975 until 1986. He later spent 13 years with photographer David Armstrong, described as his husband in the introduction to Coldheart Canyon ; they separated in 2009. Barker wrote

7275-411: The ruins of Hell. Later, an unseen force eliminates Hell from existence, destroying the Hell Priest with it. In New York, Harry — permanently blind and sinking into alcoholism — is contacted by Norma's ghost, who tells him she's gone on to Paradise. She now wants him to take her place as a medium who comforts the recently deceased and passes her power onto him. Taking up residence in her old office, Harry

7372-431: The screenplays for Underworld (1985) and Rawhead Rex (1986), both directed by George Pavlou . Displeased by how his material was handled, he moved to directing with Hellraiser (1987), based on his novella The Hellbound Heart . After his film Nightbreed (1990) flopped, Barker returned to write and direct Lord of Illusions (1995). The short story " The Forbidden ", from Barker's Books of Blood , provided

7469-528: The script to a forthcoming remake of the original Hellraiser film. He was developing a film based on his Tortured Souls line of toys from McFarlane Toys . In 2020, Barker regained control of the Hellraiser franchise, and served as executive producer on a 2022 reboot film for the streaming service Hulu . In May 2015, Variety reported that Clive Barker was developing a television series adaptation of various creepypastas in partnership with Warner Brothers , to be called Clive Barker's Creepypastas ,

7566-423: The series and David Gordon Green directing several episodes. Verheiden, Dougherty and Green will also be executive producing the series with Danny McBride , Jody Hill , Brandon James and Roy Lee of Vertigo Entertainment . Barker is a prolific visual artist, often illustrating his own books. His paintings have been seen first on the covers of his official fan club magazine, Dread , published by Fantaco in

7663-406: The spell that resurrected Ragowski. He degrades and massacres all of the magicians save for one, Felixson, whom he enslaves and turns into a Cenobite . Occult detective Harry D'Amour travels to New Orleans , having been hired by a recently deceased magician (via a medium named Norma Paine) to destroy evidence of his occult activities before his family can discover them in his home. Harry learns

7760-465: The strength of its gravitational field, and n , which determines the curvature of its spatial cross sections. When m is set equal to 0, the drainhole's gravitational field vanishes. What is left is the Ellis wormhole , a nongravitating, purely geometric, traversable wormhole. Kip Thorne and his graduate student Mike Morris independently discovered in 1988 the Ellis wormhole and argued for its use as

7857-421: The surface has a space-like separation, giving what is called a 'space-like surface') is picked and an "embedding diagram" drawn depicting the curvature of space at that time, the embedding diagram will look like a tube connecting the two exterior regions, known as an "Einstein–Rosen bridge". The Schwarzschild metric describes an idealized black hole that exists eternally from the perspective of external observers;

7954-423: The term "wormhole" in a 1957 paper he wrote with Charles W. Misner : This analysis forces one to consider situations ... where there is a net flux of lines of force, through what topologists would call "a handle " of the multiply-connected space, and what physicists might perhaps be excused for more vividly terming a "wormhole". Wormholes have been defined both geometrically and topologically . From

8051-531: The topology of Ω is of the form Ω ~ S × Σ, where Σ is a three-manifold of the nontrivial topology, whose boundary has the topology of the form ∂Σ ~ S , and if, furthermore, the hypersurfaces Σ are all spacelike, then the region Ω contains a quasi-permanent intrauniverse wormhole. Geometrically, wormholes can be described as regions of spacetime that constrain the incremental deformation of closed surfaces. For example, in Enrico Rodrigo's The Physics of Stargates,

8148-417: The two points are now touching. In 1928, German mathematician, philosopher and theoretical physicist Hermann Weyl proposed a wormhole hypothesis of matter in connection with mass analysis of electromagnetic field energy; however, he did not use the term "wormhole" (he spoke of "one-dimensional tubes" instead). American theoretical physicist John Archibald Wheeler (inspired by Weyl's work) coined

8245-446: The universe if cosmic strings with negative mass were generated in the early universe . Some physicists, such as Kip Thorne , have suggested how to make wormholes artificially. For a simplified notion of a wormhole, space can be visualized as a two-dimensional surface. In this case, a wormhole would appear as a hole in that surface, lead into a 3D tube (the inside surface of a cylinder ), then re-emerge at another location on

8342-490: The universe to another part of that same universe very quickly or would allow travel from one universe to another. The possibility of traversable wormholes in general relativity was first demonstrated in a 1973 paper by Homer Ellis and independently in a 1973 paper by K. A. Bronnikov. Ellis analyzed the topology and the geodesics of the Ellis drainhole , showing it to be geodesically complete, horizonless, singularity-free, and fully traversable in both directions. The drainhole

8439-435: The world-spanning Imajica (1991), and Sacrament (1996). When Books of Blood was first published in the United States in paperback, Stephen King was quoted on the book covers: "I have seen the future of horror and his name is Clive Barker." As influences on his writing, Barker lists Herman Melville , Edgar Allan Poe , Ray Bradbury , William S. Burroughs , William Blake , and Jean Cocteau , among others. He

8536-427: The wormhole can be made where the traversing path does not pass through a region of exotic matter. However, in the pure Gauss–Bonnet gravity (a modification to general relativity involving extra spatial dimensions which is sometimes studied in the context of brane cosmology ) exotic matter is not needed in order for wormholes to exist—they can exist even with no matter. A type held open by negative mass cosmic strings

8633-415: The wormhole, no matter how the two ends move around. This means that an observer entering the "younger" end would exit the "older" end at a time when it was the same age as the "younger" end, effectively going back in time as seen by an observer from the outside. One significant limitation of such a time machine is that it is only possible to go as far back in time as the initial creation of the machine; it

8730-463: The wormhole. Because of this, the two mouths could not be brought close enough for causality violation to take place. However, in a 1997 paper, Visser hypothesized that a complex " Roman ring " (named after Tom Roman) configuration of an N number of wormholes arranged in a symmetric polygon could still act as a time machine, although he concludes that this is more likely a flaw in classical quantum gravity theory rather than proof that causality violation

8827-423: Was described as having a head with a grid pattern and golden nails embedded in each vertex, each of which was decorated by a small jewel. When he adapted the story into the first Hellraiser film, Barker decided the Cenobite with nails in his head would act as the leader, referring to the character in early script drafts as "The Priest". The character was never named on-screen, however, and was simply referred to in

8924-665: Was developed by DreamWorks Interactive and released in 2001. He worked on Clive Barker's Jericho for Codemasters , which was released in late 2007. Barker created Halloween costume designs for Disguise Costumes. Around 150 art works by Barker were used in the set of the Academy of the Unseen Arts for the Netflix TV series Chilling Adventures of Sabrina . Barker published his Razorline imprint via Marvel Comics in 1993. Barker horror adaptations and spin-offs in comics include

9021-670: Was educated at Dovedale Primary School , Quarry Bank High School and the University of Liverpool , where he studied English and philosophy. When he was three, Barker witnessed the French skydiver Léo Valentin plummet to his death in 1956 during a performance at an air show in Liverpool. He later alluded to Valentin in many of his stories. Barker's involvement in live theatre began while still in school with productions of Voodoo and Inferno in 1967. He collaborated on six plays with Theatre of

9118-540: Was found that it would collapse too quickly for anything to cross from one end to the other. Wormholes that could be crossed in both directions, known as traversable wormholes , were thought to be possible only if exotic matter with negative energy density could be used to stabilize them. However, physicists later reported that microscopic traversable wormholes may be possible and not require any exotic matter, instead requiring only electrically charged fermionic matter with small enough mass that it cannot collapse into

9215-430: Was hoped recently that quantum effects could not violate an achronal version of the averaged null energy condition, violations have nevertheless been found, so it remains an open possibility that quantum effects might be used to support a wormhole. In some hypotheses where general relativity is modified , it is possible to have a wormhole that does not collapse without having to resort to exotic matter. For example, this

9312-529: Was put forth by Visser in collaboration with Cramer et al. , in which it was proposed that such wormholes could have been naturally created in the early universe. Wormholes connect two points in spacetime, which means that they would in principle allow travel in time , as well as in space. In 1988, Morris, Thorne and Yurtsever worked out how to convert a wormhole traversing space into one traversing time by accelerating one of its two mouths. However, according to general relativity, it would not be possible to use

9409-431: Was the last anyone heard until news of a sequel surfaced". When Barker didn't know where to take the short story, it was suggested by his collaborators that the plot tie into the events of The Scarlet Gospels . After considering how to do it, Clive Barker's collaborator and author Mark Alan Miller reverse engineered the story into the novella Hellraiser: The Toll to be published by Subterranean Press. The novella received

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