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135-471: Seshet is a queer Black woman working for New Dawn as the titular memory librarian. She works to enforce New Dawn’s rules by deleting and manipulating the population’s memories, though she turns a blind eye to some rebel groups that she considers harmless. New Dawn’s memory collection system becomes clogged up, and Seshet investigates. She learns that her lover Alethia is a rebel who mixed chemicals to combat New Dawn’s weapons. Seshet begins to question her place in

270-425: A slogan in gender-critical politics, and has been described as transphobic. Gender critical feminists advocate what they call "sex-based rights", arguing that "women's human rights are based upon sex" and that "these rights are being eroded by the promotion of 'gender identity'". Human rights scholar Sandra Duffy described the concept of "sex-based rights" as "a fiction with the pretense of legality", noting that

405-582: A "means of self-expression and a weapon to fight back against oppression". This is "meta-contextual" because the work is derived from both a music album and a film. A review in USA Today wrote that the title story examines how technology can "reinforce harmful biases". Seshet is a Black woman who is uncomfortable with her own appearance. Her virtual assistant Dee reflects Eurocentric beauty norms. "The Memory Librarian" and "Nevermind" are novella -length works. The remaining three works are short stories . Each of

540-425: A "self-definition by some individuals and groups labelled TERFs" and argue that the term is problematic because it serves to rebrand anti-trans activism. Gender-critical feminists equate "women" with what they consider to be a "female sex class", and view historical and contemporary oppression of women as being rooted in their being female, while "gender" is a system of social norms which functions to oppress women on

675-528: A barrister's chambers , Arts Council England , Westminster Council and Social Work England. Claims against Girlguiding UK and United Kingdom Council for Psychotherapy ended in settlements, while a claim against the Department for Work and Pensions failed after the claimant was deemed to have gone too far by misgendering service users. The barrister Georgiana Calvert-Lee commented to the Guardian : "Above all, in

810-711: A blog post she wrote reacting to the Michigan Womyn's Music Festival 's policy of denying admittance to trans women. Though it was created as a deliberately neutral descriptor, "TERF" is now typically considered derogatory . Claire Thurlow said that since the 2010s, there has been a shift in language from "TERF" to "gender critical feminism", which she described as a dog whistle for anti-trans politics. Researcher Aleardo Zanghellini argues that "gender-critical feminism advocates reserving women's spaces for cis women". Mauro Cabral Grinspan , Ilana Eloit, David Paternotte and Mieke Verloo describe "gender-critical feminism" as

945-1201: A controlled study of 64 heterosexual men (half said they were homophobic by experience, with self-reported orientation) at the University of Georgia found that men who were found to be homophobic (as measured by the Index of Homophobia) were considerably more likely to experience more erectile responses when exposed to homoerotic images than non-homophobic men. Weinstein and colleagues arrived at similar results when researchers found that students who came from controlling and homophobic homes were most likely to reveal repressed homosexual attraction. The researchers said that this explained why some religious leaders who denounce homosexuality are later revealed to have secret homosexual relations. One co-author said, "In many cases these are people who are at war with themselves and they are turning this internal conflict outward." A 2016 eye-tracking study showed that heterosexual men with high negative impulse reactions toward homosexuals gazed for longer periods at homosexual imagery than other heterosexual men. According to Cheval et al. (2016), these findings reinforce

1080-570: A country that has embraced science and rationalism, the DPRK recognizes that many individuals are born with homosexuality as a genetic trait and treats them with due respect. Homosexuals in the DPRK have never been subject to repression, as in many capitalist regimes around the world." Robert Mugabe , the former president of Zimbabwe, waged a violent campaign against LGBT people , arguing that before colonisation, Zimbabweans did not engage in homosexual acts. His first major public condemnation of homosexuality

1215-595: A crime under Sharia Law and treated as such in most Muslim countries. In Afghanistan, for instance, homosexuality carried the death penalty under the Taliban . After their fall, homosexuality was reduced from a capital crime to one that is punished with fines and prison sentences. After the revolution of 1979 in Iran and the establishment of a new government based on Islamic Sharia, the pressure and punishment against LGBT people has expanded in this country. The legal situation in

1350-684: A crime. Since 1994, the United Nations Human Rights Committee has also ruled that such laws violated the right to privacy guaranteed in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights . In 2008, the Roman Catholic Church issued a statement which "urges States to do away with criminal penalties against [homosexual persons]." The statement, however,

1485-752: A destroyer – with the mentality of a rapist". An impromptu vote was held with the majority supporting her inclusion in the conference; when Elliott subsequently entered the stage to perform the Gutter Dykes rushed to the stage to attack her and attacked performers Robin Tyler and Patty Harrison who had stepped in to defend her. At the 1973 Christopher Street Liberation Day rally, trans-exclusionary radical feminists tried to stop Sylvia Rivera from speaking. Jean O'Leary publicly denounced Sylvia Rivera as "parodying womanhood" and Lesbian Feminist Liberation distributed flyers seeking to keep "female impersonators" off

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1620-547: A higher rate of suicide among LGBT youth (up to 30 percent of non-heterosexual youth attempt suicide) has been attributed to this phenomenon. Psychotherapy, such as gay affirmative psychotherapy , and participation in a sexual-minority affirming group can help resolve the internal conflicts, such as between religious beliefs and sexual identity. Even informal therapies that address understanding and accepting of non-heterosexual orientations can prove effective. Many diagnostic "Internalized Homophobia Scales" can be used to measure

1755-456: A man and had children with a woman and enjoyed the services—the unpaid services of a wife, which most women will never know…then decides that the whole time he's been a woman". These ideas have been met with criticism from believers in other branches of feminism. Sociologist Patricia Elliot argues that the view that one's socialization as a girl or woman defines "women's experience" assumes that cis women's experiences are homogeneous and discounts

1890-569: A manifesto titled the Declaration on Women's Sex-Based Rights , which argued that recognising trans women as women "constitutes discrimination against women" and called for the "elimination of that act". A 2020 paper in SAGE Open said that "the case against trans inclusion in the United Kingdom has been presented primarily through social media and blog-type or journalistic online platforms lacking

2025-616: A men's sexual rights movement, designed to pressure lesbians into having sex with trans women. Ray Blanchard's theory of autogynephilia is a recurrent talking point in TERF discourse, where it is usually presented as established science. It characterises trans women's gender identities as caused by sexual orientation or sexual deviance . The theory has never received wide acceptance in sexology or psychology. Kathleen Stock has argued that definitions of conversion therapy and bans against it should not include gender identity conversion therapy on

2160-503: A minority in the UK: polls show that cisgender lesbians and bisexual women are among the most trans-inclusive groups in Britain. Kathleen Stock , for instance, has said that allowing trans women to call themselves women "threatens a secure understanding of the concept 'lesbian ' ". Magdalen Berns , co-founder of the group For Women Scotland , has said that "there is no such thing as a lesbian with

2295-441: A mixed sociological perspective of sex and gender , and as trans legislation and subjects overlaps heavily with intersex legislation, intersex people are often involved in trans activism . Intersex women who display a mixed sexual phenotype often face attacks similar to trans people . Gender critical feminists believe that transgender rights are a threat to the rights of gay people. Gender critical lesbians and feminists are

2430-517: A negative economic impact for the countries where it is widespread. In these countries there is a flight of their LGBT populations—with the consequent loss of talent—as well as an avoidance of LGBT tourism , that leaves the pink money in LGBT-friendlier countries. As an example, LGBT tourists contribute 6.8 billion dollars every year to the Spanish economy . As soon as 2005, an editorial from

2565-413: A penis" in regards to the idea of some trans women being lesbians. Julie Bindel has said that transgender women cannot be lesbians, instead qualifying them as straight men trying to "join the club", and has compared transgender activism to men sexually assaulting lesbian women for rejecting their advances. Many other gender critical groups and pundits have spoken of the transgender rights movement as

2700-419: A person feels the need to promote or conform to cultural expectations of heteronormativity or heterosexism . This can include repression and denial coupled with forced outward displays of heteronormative behavior for the purpose of appearing or attempting to feel "normal" or "accepted". Other expressions of internalized homophobia can also be subtle. Some less overt behaviors may include making assumptions about

2835-553: A person's discomfort with their sexuality and some can be used by people regardless of gender or sexual orientation. Critics of the scales note that they presume a discomfort with non-heterosexuality which in itself enforces heternormativity. The fear of being identified as gay can be considered as a form of social homophobia. Theorists including Calvin Thomas and Judith Butler have suggested that homophobia can be rooted in an individual's fear of being identified as gay. Homophobia in men

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2970-550: A personality profile to describe the psychological aversion to homosexuality. Weinberg also used it this way in his 1972 book Society and the Healthy Homosexual , published one year before the American Psychiatric Association voted to remove homosexuality from its list of mental disorders . Weinberg's term became an important tool for gay and lesbian activists, advocates, and their allies. He describes

3105-618: A pluralistic society, which is what we want, you have to accept that people are going to have different views." In January 2024, Jo Phoenix was successful in a claim against the Open University for discrimination on the grounds of gender-critical beliefs. The tribunal ruled that she had been constructively unfairly dismissed, and that she had suffered victimisation and harassment in the form of an open letter from 386 of her colleagues, as well as individual disparagement for her views, including one professor comparing her to "the racist uncle at

3240-510: A public consultation opening in 2018. This proposed reform became a key locus of conflict for the emerging gender-critical movement, seeking to block reform of the Act, with a number of groups such as Fair Play For Women , For Women Scotland , and Woman's Place UK being formed. 2018 found a significant majority of respondents in favour of the GRA reforms, however, in 2020, Boris Johnson's government dropped

3375-489: A review for Grimdark Magazine , John Mauro praised the work's "consistent tone [and] style" despite the large number of collaborators and write that Monáe's voice "shines vibrantly" through the entire collection. A review from the Washington Post praised the "varied voices" of the collaborators, writing that the different tones "play into the book's concept" to paint a larger picture of New Dawn. A review in USA Today gave

3510-493: A review for Los Angeles Review of Books , Dan Hassler-Forest wrote that the title story of The Memory Librarian is a "play on Philip K. Dick ’s thematic obsession with anxieties about the reliability of memories." In addition, Monáe's exploration of race and sexuality as "markers of social deviance" are a method to explore the way in which technology reinforces existing social hierarchies. While works such as Nineteen Eighty-Four and Black Mirror have explored surveillance in

3645-496: A review for Tor.com, Mahvesh Murad praised the inclusivity and diversity of the book's characters, as well as the variety of complex themes explored in the stories. He wrote that "some questions" remain about the worldbuilding regarding New Dawn, noting it as a chance for "further development" of the mythology. In a negative review of the work, Stephen Kearse of the New York Times criticized the "flimsy" storytelling, writing that it

3780-414: A specified thing." Homophobia manifests in different forms, and a number of different types have been postulated, among which are internalized homophobia, social homophobia, emotional homophobia, rationalized homophobia, and others. There were also ideas to classify homophobia and other types of bigotry as intolerant personality disorder . In 1992, the American Psychiatric Association , recognizing

3915-481: A tendency to emphasize the identity of the 'female body' as based on the category of the 'biological woman,' taking an attitude of excluding 'biological' men refugees, and transgender people". Jinsook Kim has noted that "in Korean contexts, there have been increasing concerns over popular forms of feminism based on a strong female identity rooted in notions of biological sex, the pursuit of female-only and -first politics, and

4050-691: A threat to an individual's own same-sex impulses, whether those impulses are imminent or merely hypothetical. This threat causes repression, denial or reaction formation . Homophobia is not evenly distributed throughout society, but is more or less pronounced according to ethnicity , age, geographic location, race, sex, social class, education, partisan identification and religion. According to UK HIV/AIDS charity AVERT , religious views, lack of homosexual feelings or experiences, and lack of interaction with gay people are strongly associated with such views. The anxiety of heterosexual individuals (particularly adolescents whose construction of heterosexual masculinity

4185-422: A tradition of secrecy. In some regions, gay people have been persecuted and murdered by Islamist militias, such as Al-Nusra Front and ISIL in parts of Iraq and Syria. State-sponsored homophobia includes the criminalization and penalization of homosexuality, hate speech from government figures, and other forms of discrimination, violence, persecution of LGBT people. In medieval Europe , homosexuality

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4320-468: A trans woman, was ejected from the Michigan Womyn's Music Festival (MWMF), after refusing to answer when another woman asked her whether or not she was transgender. This removal was justified by the retroactive instatement of a womyn-born womyn policy by the MWMF organisers. For both the 1992 and 1993 MWMF events, Janis Walworth , a cisgender lesbian feminist, organised an educational and outreach program at

4455-572: A way that males can be, 'masculine' will be a way that women can be, and 'androgynous' will be a way that anyone can be." In gender-critical discourse, the terms man and woman are used as sex-terms, assigned no more meaning than adult human male and adult human female respectively, in contrast to feminist theorists who argue these terms embody a social category distinct from matters of biology (usually referred to as gender ), with masculinity and femininity representing normative characteristics thereof. The phrase adult human female has become

4590-663: A worldwide economic cost of $ 119.1 billion. Economical loss in Asia was 88.29 billion dollars due to homophobia, and in Latin America & the Caribbean it was 8.04 billion dollars. Economical cost in East Asia and Middle Asia was 10.85 billion dollars. Economical cost in Middle East and North Africa was 16.92 billion dollars. The researcher suggested that a 1% decrease in

4725-443: Is about sex." Lawford-Smith said of gender-critical feminism: "It is about being critical of gender, and this has implications for a wide range of feminist issues, not just gender identity." Writing of her view of a "gender-critical feminist utopia", she said: "While there will still be the same people who think of themselves as 'transmen', 'transwomen' or 'non-binary' today, they will not use those labels, because 'feminine' will be

4860-403: Is "one of [Octavia] Butler’s most vital successors" and praised her work as an Afrofuturist icon. Alex Brown wrote that Monáe and her co-authors have produced a "vivid, visceral" book that explores complicated questions of diversity. Kirkus Reviews called the work a "clever adaptation of music to a new form" and praised the work as "emotionally raw and with a whole-hearted love for people". In

4995-515: Is a blend of (1) the word homo sexual , itself a mix of neo-classical morphemes , and (2) phobia from the Greek φόβος , phóbos, meaning "fear", "morbid fear" or "aversion". Weinberg is credited as the first person to have used the term in speech. The word homophobia first appeared in print in an article written for the 23 May 1969 edition of the American pornographic magazine Screw , in which

5130-536: Is a condition characterized by having a sexual orientation or an attraction that is at odds with one's idealized self-image , causing anxiety and a desire to change one's orientation or become more comfortable with one's sexual orientation. Such a situation may cause extreme repression of homosexual desires. In other cases, a conscious internal struggle may occur for some time, often pitting deeply held religious or social beliefs against strong sexual and emotional desires. This discordance can cause clinical depression, and

5265-444: Is a nursing student who never has enough time; Akilah is an artist and activist. They discover that the closet in their apartment is outside of time and debate how best to use this power. Akilah wants to make time a community resource to end capitalism, while Raven initially wants to use it herself. The apartment manager locks Akilah in the closet and leaves Raven alone. Sisters Amber and Larry care for their disabled mother Diana. Diana

5400-422: Is about 1% of its GDP. Taking into account that in 2015 homosexuality is still illegal in 36 of the 54 African countries, the money loss due to homophobia in the continent could amount to hundreds of millions of dollars every year. Another study regarding socioecological measurement of homophobia and its public health impact for 158 countries was conducted in 2018. It found that the prejudice against gay people has

5535-467: Is also considered to be a form of conversion therapy . They argue that transgender identities stem from unprocessed trauma, childhood abuse, internalized homophobia or misogyny, sexual fetishism, and autism. Although trans people were active in feminist movements in the 1960s and earlier, the 1970s saw conflict among some early radical feminists over the inclusion of trans women in feminism. In 1973, trans-exclusionary radical feminist activists from

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5670-471: Is also very common in schools in the United Kingdom. At least 445 LGBT Brazilians were either murdered or committed suicide in 2017. In some cases, the works of authors who merely have the word "Gay" in their name ( Gay Talese , Peter Gay ) or works about things also contain the name ( Enola Gay ) have been destroyed because of a perceived pro-homosexual bias. In the United States, attitudes vary on

5805-489: Is based in part on not being seen as gay) that others may identify them as gay has also been identified by Michael Kimmel as an example of homophobia. The taunting of boys seen as eccentric (and who are not usually gay) is said to be endemic in rural and suburban American schools , and has been associated with risk-taking behavior and outbursts of violence (such as a spate of school shootings ) by boys seeking revenge or trying to assert their masculinity. Homophobic bullying

5940-433: Is called Nevermind. Monáe was inspired by Ray Kurzweil 's 2005 book The Singularity Is Near with regards to the concept of merging humanity and machines. She also credits the 1927 film Metropolis for her vision of her "artistry serving the world". The collection received critical acclaim. In a starred review, Publishers Weekly called the book a "knockout" and a "moving, triumphant collection". The review felt that

6075-399: Is correlated with insecurity about masculinity. For this reason, homophobia is allegedly rampant in sports, and in the subculture of its supporters that is considered stereotypically male, such as association football and rugby . Nancy J. Chodorow states that homophobia can be viewed as a method of protection of male masculinity. Various psychoanalytic theories explain homophobia as

6210-456: Is illegal in 74 countries. The North Korean government condemns Western gay culture as a vice caused by the decadence of a capitalist society , and it denounces it as promoting consumerism , classism , and promiscuity. In North Korea, "violating the rules of collective socialist life" can be punished with up to two years' imprisonment. However, according to the North Korean government, "As

6345-457: Is like racism and anti-Semitism and other forms of bigotry in that it seeks to dehumanize a large group of people, to deny their humanity, their dignity and personhood." One study of white adolescent males conducted at the University of Cincinnati by Janet Baker has been used to argue that negative feelings towards gay people are also associated with other discriminatory behaviors. According to

6480-579: Is never clear if New Dawn is a "government, a company, or a religious group". The review did praise the story Timebox for avoiding the "shaky worldbuilding" and focusing on a small-scale conflict. Homophobia Homophobia encompasses a range of negative attitudes and feelings toward homosexuality or people who identify or are perceived as being lesbian , gay or bisexual . It has been defined as contempt, prejudice, aversion, hatred, or antipathy , may be based on irrational fear and may sometimes be attributed to religious beliefs. Homophobia

6615-457: Is observable in critical and hostile behavior such as discrimination and violence on the basis of sexual orientations that are non-heterosexual . Recognized types of homophobia include institutionalized homophobia, e.g. religious homophobia and state-sponsored homophobia, and internalized homophobia, experienced by people who have same-sex attractions, regardless of how they identify. According to 2010 Hate Crimes Statistics released by

6750-504: Is opposed by a number of conservative evangelicals, including Robert A. J. Gagnon . The official teaching of the Catholic Church regarding homosexuality is that same-sex behavior should not be expressed. In the United States, a February 2012 Pew Research Center poll shows that Catholics support gay marriage by a margin of 52% to 37%. That is a shift upwards from 2010, when 46% of Catholics favored gay marriage. The Catechism of

6885-591: Is the International Day Against Homophobia (or IDAHO), first celebrated 17 May 2005, in related activities in more than 40 countries. The four largest countries of Latin America (Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, and Colombia) developed mass media campaigns against homophobia since 2002. In addition to public expression, legislation has been designed, controversially, to oppose homophobia, as in hate speech , hate crime , and laws against discrimination on

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7020-442: Is under house arrest by New Dawn and exhibits erratic behavior after a failed memory wipe. Amber has a piece of larimar stone, which she can use to rewind time in case of an emergency. However, the stone can only be used once. Larry dates a woman named Natalie in defiance of New Dawn’s rules. Amber and Larry attend an illegal party. Larry is arrested. Diana reveals that she has been faking her behavioral issues for years. Amber activates

7155-579: The Maya Forstater v Centre for Global Development tribunal case was launched by Maya Forstater , crowdfunding over £120,000. Earlier that year, Forstater's consulting contract for the Centre for Global Development was not renewed after she made a number of social media posts saying that men cannot change into women. Forstater subsequently sued the centre, alleging that she had been discriminated against because of her views. Forstater lost her initial case, with

7290-721: The New York Times related the politics of don't ask, don't tell in the US Army with the lack of translators from Arabic, and with the delay in the translation of Arabic documents, calculated to be about 120,000 hours at the time. Since 1998, with the introduction of the new policy, about 20 Arabic translators had been expelled from the Army, specifically during the years the US was involved in wars in Iraq and Afghanistan . M. V. Lee Badgett, an economist at

7425-648: The Daughters of Bilitis voted to expel Beth Elliott , an out trans woman, from the organization. The same year, Elliott was scheduled to perform at the West Coast Lesbian Conference, which she had helped organize; a group of trans-exclusionary radical feminist activists calling themselves the Gutter Dykes leafletted the conference protesting her inclusion and keynote speaker Robin Morgan updated her speech to describe Elliott as "an opportunist, an infiltrator, and

7560-560: The General Synod of the Church of England voted to refuse to condemn homosexuality. However, when taken literally, homophobia may be a problematic term. Professor David A. F. Haaga says that contemporary usage includes "a wide range of negative emotions , attitudes and behaviours toward homosexual people," which are characteristics that are not consistent with accepted definitions of phobias, that of "an intense, illogical, or abnormal fear of

7695-564: The LGB Alliance was founded in opposition to Stonewall, accusing the organization of having "undermined women's sex-based rights and protections" and attempting "to introduce confusion between biological sex and the notion of gender". The year 2019 saw the formation of the Women's Human Rights Campaign (now Women's Declaration International) by noted gender-critical feminist Sheila Jeffreys and co-founder Heather Brunskell-Evans. The group published

7830-514: The United States , trans-exclusionary radical feminism has achieved prominence in the United Kingdom and South Korea , where it has been at the centre of high-profile controversies. It has been linked to promotion of disinformation and to the anti-gender movement . Anti-gender rhetoric has seen increasing circulation in gender-critical feminist discourse since 2016, including use of

7965-549: The University of Massachusetts Amherst , presented in March 2014 in a meeting of the World Bank the results of a study about the economic impact of homophobia in India. Only in health expenses, caused by depression, suicide, and HIV treatment, India would have spent additional 23,100 million dollars due to homophobia. On top, there would be costs caused by violence, workplace loss, rejection of

8100-443: The radical feminist online community Womad split from the larger radical feminist online community Megalia after Megalia issued a ban on the use of certain explicit slurs against gay men and transgender people. This change in policy led to the migration of anti-LGBT members. In February 2020, Sookmyung Women's University accepted its first transgender student. The decision prompted a strong backlash both within and outside of

8235-463: The 8th to 6th centuries BC to the end of antiquity ( c.  600 AD ) – have been termed homophobia by scholars, and it is used to describe an intolerance towards homosexuality and homosexuals that grew during the Middle Ages, especially by adherents of Islam and Christianity, the term itself is relatively new. Coined by George Weinberg , a psychologist, in the 1960s, the term homophobia

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8370-640: The Bible. Leviticus 18:22 says "Thou shalt not lie with mankind, as with womankind: it is abomination." The destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah is also commonly seen as a condemnation of homosexuality. Christians and Jews who oppose homosexuality may often cite such passages; the historical context and interpretation of which is more complicated. Scholarly debate over the interpretation of these passages has tended to focus on placing them in proper historical context, for instance pointing out that Sodom's sins are historically interpreted as being other than homosexuality, and on

8505-457: The Catholic Church states that, " 'homosexual acts are intrinsically disordered.'...They are contrary to the natural law.... Under no circumstances can they be approved." In some cases, the distinction between religious homophobia and state-sponsored homophobia is not clear, a key example being territories under Islamic authority. All major Islamic sects forbid homosexuality , which is

8640-739: The Catholic priesthood, and claimed that it represented a male technological attempt to replace women altogether. She also compared the idea that a trans woman could be a woman despite lacking a clitoris to the ideology behind "African female genital mutilation ". In a response to remarks by Elizabeth Grosz , philosopher Eva Hayward characterized this type of view as telling trans people who have had sex reassignment surgery: "Don't exist." Radical feminist Germaine Greer called women with XY AIS "men" and "incomplete males" in her 1999 book The Whole Woman . Iain Morland responded that "in trying to criticize

8775-559: The FBI National Press Office, 19.3 percent of hate crimes across the United States "were motivated by a sexual orientation bias." Moreover, in a Southern Poverty Law Center 2010 Intelligence Report extrapolating data from FBI national hate crime statistics from 1995 to 2008, found that LGBT people were "far more likely than any other minority group in the United States to be victimized by violent hate crime." Although sexual attitudes tracing back to Ancient Greece – from

8910-471: The Holocaust. Masters believes that Monáe had "taken note" of the way in which politicians were trying to "erase our memories" and had explored this concept in her work. Monáe also discussed how opposition to critical race theory and Florida's controversial anti-LGBTQ bill inspired her protagonists. All of the protagonists are from marginalized communities, fighting to "be seen in a nation's larger story." In

9045-405: The MWMF distributing pamphlets titled "Gender Myths". During the 1993 MWMF event, Walworth was told by event security that she and any trans women in their group would be required to leave the event "for their own safety". Although an offer of bodyguard protection was provided by a group of leather lesbians attending the festival, Walworth's group decided instead to set up an outreach camp outside

9180-571: The UK government remove gender identity change efforts from a proposed ban on conversion therapy . The Trevor Project and International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association have stated "gender critical therapy" is another name for conversion therapy. Heron Greenesmith has reported on gender critical boards sharing lists of therapists whose end goal is the rejection of trans identity for parents of trans youth. The gender-critical group Genspect promotes "gender exploratory therapy", which

9315-462: The US version of The Guardian published an editorial condemning an editorial in the UK version of The Guardian for transphobia, because it portrayed trans rights as being opposed to the rights of cis women. Drawing on theory of radicalization , Craig McLean argues that discourse on transgender-related issues in the UK has been radicalized in response to the activities of what he terms the anti-transgender movement that pushes "a radical agenda to deny

9450-591: The United Arab Emirates, however, is unclear. In 2009, the International Lesbian and Gay Association (ILGA) published a report entitled State Sponsored Homophobia 2009 , which is based on research carried out by Daniel Ottosson at Södertörn University College, Stockholm, Sweden. This research found that of the 80 countries around the world that continue to consider homosexuality illegal: In 2001, Al-Muhajiroun , an international organization seeking

9585-503: The United Kingdom such as Sex Matters have described the provision of gender-affirming care for transgender youth as "modern conversion therapy" which erases gay identities and argued it should be criminalized. Trans-exclusionary radical feminists in France campaigned against a ban on conversion therapy arguing that most transgender teenagers assigned female at birth aren't really trans. In March 2022, gender-critical groups campaigned to have

9720-486: The act of transition as "rape", by virtue of "reducing the real female form to an artifact, appropriating this body for themselves". Helen Joyce has described people who undergo transition, whether happier for it or not, as "a huge problem to a sane world". In her own book Gyn/Ecology (1979), originally published one year earlier, Mary Daly , who had served as Raymond's thesis supervisor, insisted that as sex reassignment surgery could not reproduce female chromosomes,

9855-599: The affirmative sense some in this group seem to think". Gender critical feminists generally see gender as a system in which women are oppressed for reasons intrinsically related to their sex, and emphasize male violence against women, particularly involving institutions such as the sex industry , as central to women's oppression. Holders of such views often contend that trans women cannot fully be women because they were assigned male at birth and have experienced some degree of male privilege . Germaine Greer has said that it "wasn't fair" that "a man who has lived for 40 years as

9990-437: The ark’s altar, they are transported to a possible future, where they learn more about themselves before returning to the present. New Dawn drones arrive to arrest Mx. Tangee, but she disappears into the ark. In a review for Grimdark Magazine , John Mauro wrote that the collection addresses issues including homophobia , racism , and feminism as the " neofascist , technocratic New Dawn regime" specifically targets members of

10125-826: The basic rights of trans people (...) under the cover of 'free speech'". In Resolution 2417 (2022), the Council of Europe condemned "the highly prejudicial anti-gender, gender-critical and anti-trans narratives which reduce the fight for the equality of LGBTI people to what these movements deliberately mischaracterise as 'gender ideology' or 'LGBTI ideology'. Such narratives deny the very existence of LGBTI people, dehumanise them, and often falsely portray their rights as being in conflict with women's and children's rights, or societal and family values in general. All of these are deeply damaging to LGBTI people, while also harming women's and children's rights and social cohesion". The resolution further deplored "the extensive and often virulent attacks on

10260-602: The basis of partisan identification. Republicans are far more likely than Democrats to have negative attitudes about gays and lesbians, according to surveys conducted by the National Election Studies from 2000 through 2004. Homophobia also varies by region; statistics show that the Southern United States has more reports of anti-gay prejudice than any other region in the US. In a 1998 address, civil rights leader Coretta Scott King stated, "Homophobia

10395-448: The basis of sexual orientation. Successful preventative strategies against homophobic prejudice and bullying in schools have included teaching pupils about historical figures who were gay, or who suffered discrimination because of their sexuality. TERF Gender-critical feminism , also known as trans-exclusionary radical feminism or TERFism , is an ideology or movement that opposes what it refers to as " gender ideology ",

10530-460: The basis of their sex. They believe sex is biological and cannot be changed, and that equity legislation protecting against discrimination based on sex should be interpreted as solely referring to biological sex. Furthermore, gender critics emphasise the view that sex is binary, as opposed to a continuous spectrum, and that the two sexes have an objective, material basis as opposed to being socially constructed. Gender-critical feminists promote

10665-486: The basis that it risks criminalising "proper therapeutic exploration", and that she believes it comes into conflict with bans against sexual orientation conversion therapy . This latter argument has been criticized on the basis that doctors affirming transgender youth do not attempt to alter sexual orientation , which is understood to define who they are attracted to, and respect the person's expressed gender identity and sexual orientation. Gender-critical campaign groups in

10800-489: The case was found by the court to be unarguable, Justice Henshaw stating that "the claimant has shown no arguable reason to believe the Code has misled or will mislead service providers about their responsibilities under the Act". The Forstater case has been used as a precedent for several claims of discrimination against people holding gender-critical views. Employment tribunals have delivered successful judgements in cases against

10935-529: The cisgender members of the community debate whether or not the transgender members deserve to have equal rights. Alex Brown wrote that the members of the Pynk Hotel are divided between " TERFs and everybody else". Brown also wrote that the conflicts at Pynk are a reflection of the way that " queer people police and gatekeep queerness". A review in Lightspeed Magazine examined how the stories use art as

11070-402: The clitoris, the ability to give birth, the ability to menstruate, or a female life history, it could "not produce women". Sheila Jeffreys and Germaine Greer have made similar remarks. Daly presented gender transition as the result of a grotesque patriarchal urge to violate natural boundaries and imitate motherhood, assimilating it to a broader concept of "male motherhood" that also included

11205-442: The closet ", and has compared it to saying that a cisgender gay person experienced straight privilege before coming out. She has also compared it to if a cisgender girl was raised as a boy against her will, and how the two scenarios tend to be viewed differently by a cisgender audience, despite being ostensibly similar experiences from a transfeminine perspective. In The Transsexual Empire (1979), feminist Janice Raymond denounces

11340-472: The collection 3.5 of 4 stars, writing that it "expands on the themes of identity and social justice" from Monáe's 2018 album. A review in Los Angeles Review of Books stated that the work would be especially enjoyed by young adults "marked as Dirty Computers", offering "hope for a better tomorrow". A review Lightspeed Magazine praised the work's "undercurrent of hope" despite the dystopian setting. In

11475-449: The concept as a medical phobia : [A] phobia about homosexuals.... It was a fear of homosexuals which seemed to be associated with a fear of contagion, a fear of reducing the things one fought for — home and family. It was a religious fear and it had led to great brutality as fear always does. In 1981, homophobia was used for the first time in The Times (of London) to report that

11610-405: The concept of gender identity and transgender rights , especially gender self-identification . Gender-critical feminists believe that sex is biological and immutable, while believing gender, including both gender identity and gender roles , to be inherently oppressive. They reject the concept of transgender identities. Originating as a fringe movement within radical feminism mainly in

11745-418: The context of political power, Hassler-Forest writes that The Memory Librarian differs in that the technology is "emphatically racialized". This is similar to Ruha Benjamin 's theory of the "New Jim Code" in which surveillance technology is used to "reinforce rigorous policing as the continuation of centuries-old racial segregation". In a review for Wired , Mary Retta wrote that The Memory Librarian explores

11880-583: The decision, delivered in July 2022, was that Forstater had been subjected to direct discrimination and victimisation because of her gender-critical beliefs. In October 2020, Ann Sinnott, at the time a director of the LGB Alliance , initiated a legal case calling for a judicial review of the Equality and Human Rights Commission 's guidance on the Equality Act 2010 , crowdfunding almost £100,000 for legal fees. In May 2021

12015-495: The encouragement of the ruling Law and Justice party. Since 2006, under Vladimir Putin , regions in Russia have enacted varying laws restricting the distribution of materials promoting LGBT relationships to minors. In June 2013, a federal law criminalizing the distribution of materials among minors in support of non-traditional sexual relationships was enacted as an amendment to an existing child protection law . The law resulted in

12150-458: The establishment of a global Islamic caliphate , issued a fatwa declaring that all members of The Al-Fatiha Foundation (which advances the cause of gay, lesbian, and transgender Muslims) were murtadd , or apostates , and condemning them to death. Because of the threat and because they come from conservative societies, many members of the foundation's site still prefer to be anonymous so as to protect their identities while they are continuing

12285-419: The existence of intersex conditions does not impact the usefulness of sex categories, with Lawford-Smith saying that the term "assigned female at birth" has been "appropriated from people with differences of sexual development", and "used by trans activists for everyone, even though in more than 99% of cases, as we have seen, sex is accurately observed, not 'assigned'". Most intersex organizations subscribe to

12420-577: The family, and bullying at school, that would result in a lower education level, lower productivity, lower wages, worse health, and a lower life expectancy among the LGBT population. In total, she estimated for 2014 in India a loss of up to 30,800 million dollars, or 1.7% of the Indian GDP. The LGBT activist Adebisi Alimi, in a preliminary estimation, has calculated that the economic loss due to homophobia in Nigeria

12555-416: The festival gates. This camp, later known as Camp Trans , continued to provide education and outreach attempts while protesting the festival's trans exclusionary practices until the festival's final event in 2015. In Russia, trans-exclusionary feminists, who position themselves as radical , constitute one of the two main streams of feminism . Unlike their opponents adhering to intersectional feminism ,

12690-471: The five stories was written by Monáe and a different coauthor. The stories reference Monáe's previous work; the characters Jane, Zen, and Che appear in both the Dirty Computer film and the story "Nevermind." The music video for " Pynk " is set at the same hotel as the story. There are references to the work of Prince scattered throughout the collection, including the fact that one of Prince's alter egos

12825-416: The gender of a person's romantic partner, or about gender roles. Some researchers also apply this label to LGBT people who support "compromise" policies, such as those that find civil unions acceptable in place of same-sex marriage . Researcher Iain R. Williamson finds the term homophobia to be "highly problematic," but for reasons of continuity and consistency with the majority of other publications on

12960-458: The group. Janice Raymond 's The Transsexual Empire , published in 1979, examined what she considered to be the role of transgender identity in reinforcing traditional gender stereotypes, in particular the ways in which the "medical-psychiatric complex" was medicalizing gender identity, and the social and political context that contributed to the image of gender-affirming treatment and surgery as therapeutic medicine. Raymond maintained that this

13095-413: The idea that sex is important. In Material Girls , Kathleen Stock discusses four areas in which she expresses the view that sex-associated differences are important, regardless of gender: medicine , sport, sexual orientation , and the social effects of heterosexuality (such as gender pay gaps and sexual assault ). Holly Lawford-Smith states: "Gender critical feminism is not 'about' trans. It

13230-581: The issue retains its use rather than using more accurate but obscure terminology. The phrase internalized sexual stigma is sometimes used in place to represent internalized homophobia. An internalized stigma arises when a person believes negative stereotypes about themselves, regardless of where the stereotypes come from. It can also refer to many stereotypes beyond sexuality and gender roles . Internalized homophobia can cause discomfort with and disapproval of one's own sexual orientation . Ego-dystonic sexual orientation or egodystonic homophobia, for instance,

13365-577: The judge ruling that her beliefs were not protected under the Equality Act due to their absolutism. However, in April 2021, the initial judgement was reversed, with the Employment Appeal Tribunal ruling that gender-critical beliefs were protected under the Equality Act. A full merits hearing on Forstater's claim that she lost her employment as a result of these beliefs was heard in March 2022, and

13500-937: The late Qing dynasty and the Republic of China due to interactions with the Christian West, and homosexual behavior was outlawed in 1740. During the Cultural Revolution , homosexuality was treated by the government as a "social disgrace or a form of mental illness", and individuals who were homosexual widely faced persecution. Although there were no laws specifically against homosexuality, other laws were used to prosecute homosexual people and they were "charged with hooliganism or disturbing public order." The Soviet Union under Vladimir Lenin decriminalized homosexuality in 1922, long before many other European countries. The Soviet Communist Party effectively legalized no-fault divorce, abortion and homosexuality, when they abolished all

13635-411: The level of homophobia is correlated with a 10% increase in the gross domestic product per capita – though this does not imply causation. A 2018 study by The Williams Institute ( UCLA School of Law) concludes that there is a positive correlation between LGBT inclusion and GDP per capita . According to this study, the legal rights of LGBT people have a bigger influence than the degree of acceptance in

13770-470: The most long-lasting and difficult forms of discrimination to combat. To combat homophobia, the LGBT community uses events such as gay pride parades and political activism ( See gay pride ). Cities across the word use crossings repainted in rainbow colors for their annual pride parades. The first permanent crossings have been put on roads in Lambeth, England . One form of organized resistance to homophobia

13905-644: The necessity to consider that homophobia might reflect concerns about sexuality in general and not homosexuality in particular. In contrast, Jesse Marczyk argued in Psychology Today that homophobia is not necessarily repressed homosexuality. The effect of these ideas depends on how much and which they have consciously and subconsciously internalized. These negative beliefs can be mitigated with education, life experience, and therapy, especially with gay-friendly psychotherapy/analysis. Internalized homophobia also applies to conscious or unconscious behaviors which

14040-588: The numerous arrests of Russian LGBT citizens. In 2023 the Russian Supreme Court declared that the international LGBT rights movement is an extremist organization. Internalized homophobia refers to negative stereotypes, beliefs, stigma, and prejudice about homosexuality and LGBTQ people that a person with same-sex attraction turns inward on themselves, whether or not they identify as LGBT. Some studies have shown that people who are homophobic are more likely to have repressed homosexual desires. In 1996,

14175-502: The old Tsarist laws and the initial Soviet criminal code kept these liberal sexual policies in place. Lenin's emancipation was reversed a decade later by Joseph Stalin and homosexuality remained illegal under Article 121 until the Yeltsin era. In Nazi Germany , gay men were persecuted and approximately five to fifteen thousand were imprisoned in Nazi concentration camps . Homosexuality

14310-552: The possibility that trans and cis women may share the experience of being disparaged for their perceived femininity. Others argue that expectations of one's assigned sex are something enforced upon them, beginning at early socialization, and transgender youth, especially gender-nonconforming children, often experience different, worse treatment involving reprisals for their deviation therefrom. Transfeminist Julia Serano has referred to implying that trans women may experience some degree of male privilege pre-transition as "denying [them]

14445-562: The power of the stigma against homosexuality, issued the following statement, reaffirmed by the Board of Trustees, July 2011: Whereas homosexuality per se implies no impairment in judgment, stability, reliability, or general social or vocational capabilities, the American Psychiatric Association (APA) calls on all international health organizations, psychiatric organizations, and individual psychiatrists in other countries to urge

14580-469: The queer Black community. The collection imagines a future in which memories can be controlled or erased, exploring themes of truth and censorship . In a review for The Advocate , Jeffrey Masters wrote that the book was "prescient" in light of current events. Texas had recently passed a law restricting the teaching of certain "controversial" topics in public schools, and various school districts had asked educators to teach "both sides" of atrocities such as

14715-407: The reforms, instead reducing the cost of a gender recognition certificate and moving the application process online. Another key locus of conflict for the emerging movement was the stance of LGBT rights charity Stonewall on trans issues. In 2015, Stonewall had begun campaigning for trans equality, with Stonewall head Ruth Hunt apologising for the organisation's previous failure to do so. In 2019,

14850-584: The refusal of solidarity with other social minority groups". In 2016, the House of Commons ' Women and Equalities Committee issued a report recommending that the Gender Recognition Act 2004 be updated "in line with the principles of gender self-declaration ". Later in 2016, in England and Wales , a proposal was developed under Theresa May 's government to revise the Act to introduce self-identification, with

14985-747: The repeal in their own countries of legislation that penalizes homosexual acts by consenting adults in private. Further, APA calls on these organizations and individuals to do all that is possible to decrease the stigma related to homosexuality wherever and whenever it may occur. Some world religions contain anti-homosexual teachings, while other religions have varying degrees of ambivalence, neutrality, or incorporate teachings that regard homosexuals as third gender . Even within some religions which generally discourage homosexuality, there may also be people who view homosexuality positively, and some religious denominations bless or conduct same-sex marriages . There also exist so-called Queer religions , dedicated to serving

15120-518: The rights of LGBTI people" in Hungary , Poland , Russia , Turkey , the United Kingdom, and other countries. UN Women has described the gender-critical movement, among other movements, as extreme anti-rights movements that employ hate propaganda and disinformation. Trans-inclusive cisgender radical feminist blogger Viv Smythe has been credited with popularizing the term "trans-exclusionary radical feminism" in 2008 as an online shorthand . It

15255-497: The rights of LGBTI people that have been occurring for several years in, among other countries, Hungary, Poland, the Russian Federation, Turkey and the United Kingdom". The term "sex-based rights" is used, primarily in the UK, to refer to a variety of legal positions and political objectives, including: The gender-critical movement argues that recognition of transgender women as women conflicts with these rights. In 2019,

15390-656: The social construction of femaleness and intersex, Greer disenfranchised precisely those people who live at the intersection of the two categories". Greer admitted in 2016 that defining men and women solely using chromosomes was wrong. Later gender-critical feminists have disputed the prevalence of intersex conditions, arguing that Anne Fausto-Sterling 's estimate of 1.7% comprises mostly cases not normally considered ambiguous "in genitalia or in reproductive organs", like nonclassic CAH , Turner syndrome , or Klinefelter syndrome . Citing research showing much lower prevalence, Kathleen Stock and Holly Lawford-Smith have both argued that

15525-481: The society, but both effects reinforce each other. A one-point increase in their LGBT Global Acceptance Index (GAI) showed an increase of $ 1,506 in GDP per capita, and one additional legal right was correlated with an increase of $ 1,694 in GDP per capita. Most international human rights organizations, such as Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International , condemn laws that make homosexual relations between consenting adults

15660-455: The spiritual needs of LGBTQI persons. Queer theology seeks to provide a counterpoint to religious homophobia. In 2015, attorney and author Roberta Kaplan stated that Kim Davis "is the clearest example of someone who wants to use a religious liberty argument to discriminate [against same-sex couples]." Passages commonly interpreted as condemning homosexuality or same-gender sexual relations are found in both Old and New Testaments of

15795-414: The stage. Trans-exclusionary radical feminist activists protested Sandy Stone 's position at Olivia Records , a trans-inclusive lesbian separatist music collective. In 1977 The Gorgons, a trans-exclusionary lesbian separatist paramilitary group, issued a death threat to Stone and came to the event armed though were intercepted by security. Escalating threats against the collective motivated Stone to leave

15930-516: The stone. Returning to the beginning of the story, Amber, Larry, and Diana escape to join the resistance against New Dawn. Bug is a 7-year old child living near Freewheel, a ghost town where New Dawn’s control is weak. Bug’s parents are dirty computers who have been taken by New Dawn. While playing in the abandoned town, Bug and their friends make art from the trash, creating a sculpture that Bug calls an ark. They meet an old woman named Mx. Tangee. She calls their creation an altar. When each child sits in

16065-443: The study, hatred of gay people, antisemitism , and racism are "likely companions". Baker hypothesized "maybe it's a matter of power and looking down on all you think are at the bottom." A study performed in 2007 in the UK for the charity Stonewall reports that up to 90 percent of the population support anti-discrimination laws protecting gay and lesbian people. There are at least two studies which indicate that homophobia may have

16200-584: The system of the New Dawn. After escaping from New Dawn, Jane 57821 lives at the Pynk Hotel with several other people, including her friend Neer. Pynk is a haven for women and women-aligned people looking to escape from New Dawn’s totalitarianism. The hotel is betrayed by Rhapsody, a resident who does not want non-binary residents such as Neer to live at the hotel. New Dawn attacks, but the residents fight them off. Raven and Akilah are two women from very different backgrounds who get their first apartment together. Raven

16335-485: The term " gender ideology ". In several countries, gender-critical feminist groups have formed alliances with right-wing, far-right , and anti-feminist organisations. Gender-critical feminism has been described as transphobic by feminist and scholarly critics, and is opposed by many feminist, LGBT rights , and human rights organizations . The Council of Europe has condemned gender-critical ideology, among other ideologies, and linked it to "virulent attacks on

16470-480: The title story and "Nevermind" were the most impressive stories in the collection, calling them "odes to queer Afrofuturism". A starred review in Library Journal wrote that the book speaks to the science fiction "tradition of mind-control tyranny" and recommended it for fans of Afrofuturist authors such as Octavia Butler , Nnedi Okorafor , N.K. Jemisin , and Nalo Hopkinson . Mary Retta of Wired wrote that Monáe

16605-508: The traditional prepublication checks of academic peer review". Some public figures such as Graham Linehan and J. K. Rowling have often been featured in gender-critical social media posts. The Internet forum Mumsnet has also been a prominent hub of online gender-critical discourse. Gender-critical views are common in the British media. The British press frequently publishes articles critical of trans people and trans issues. In 2018,

16740-532: The trans-exclusionary group Womenation and a number of other trans-exclusionary feminists supported the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022 and came into conflict with Ukrainian feminist movement. Vanya Mark Solovey, a gender researcher, argues that the solidarity of Russian trans-exclusionary feminists with Russian policy towards Ukraine is closely related to the anti-trans sentiments of the Russian authorities. In 2016,

16875-399: The translation of rare or unusual words in the passages in question. In Religion Dispatches magazine, Candace Chellew-Hodge argues that the six or so verses that are often cited to condemn LGBT people are referring instead to "abusive sex". She states that the Bible has no condemnation for "loving, committed, gay and lesbian relationships" and that Jesus was silent on the subject. This view

17010-515: The university, including from radical feminist student organizations. However, some students, and the university's Student and Minority Human Rights Commission, supported the decision. Lee Hyun-Jae has noted that in the South Korean " feminism reboot " of the early 21st century, the radical stance of recent feminists have been "oriented in an identity politics based on biological sex ", and that "the radical stance of today's [young] feminists has

17145-406: The way in which white people have controlled the "individual and collective memories" of Black Americans. For example, enslaved people arriving in America were forced to change their names, lose their native languages, and their families were torn apart. The story Nevermind explores the depths of inclusion. Despite its status as a feminist collective, the Pynk Hotel still faces internal tensions as

17280-522: The word "sex" in international human rights law does not share the implications of the word "sex" in gender-critical discourse and is widely agreed to also refer to gender . Catharine A. MacKinnon noted that "the recognition [that discrimination against trans people is discrimination on the basis of sex, that is gender, the social meaning of sex] does not, contrary to allegations of anti-trans self-identified feminists, endanger women or feminism", they expand by saying "women do not have 'sex-based rights' in

17415-483: The word was used to refer to heterosexual men's fear that others might think they are gay. Conceptualizing anti-LGBT prejudice as a social problem worthy of scholarly attention was not new. A 1969 article in Time described examples of negative attitudes toward homosexuality as "homophobia", including "a mixture of revulsion and apprehension" which some called homosexual panic . In 1971, Kenneth Smith used homophobia as

17550-596: Was addressed to reject a resolution by the UN Assembly that would have precisely called for an end of penalties against homosexuals in the world. In March 2010, the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe adopted a recommendation on measures to combat discrimination on grounds of sexual orientation or gender identity, described by CoE Secretary General as the first legal instrument in the world dealing specifically with one of

17685-617: Was based in the "patriarchal myths" of "male mothering", and "making of woman according to man's image", and that transgender identity aimed "to colonize feminist identification, culture, politics and sexuality". The book goes on to say that "All transsexuals rape women's bodies by reducing the real female form to an artifact" and that "the problem of transsexualism would best be served by morally mandating it out of existence". Several authors have since characterized this work as transphobic and constituting hate speech, as well as lacking any serious intellectual basis. In 1991 Nancy Burkholder,

17820-566: Was considered sodomy and was punishable by death. Persecutions reached their height during the Medieval Inquisitions , when the sects of Cathars and Waldensians were accused of fornication and sodomy, alongside accusations of Satanism . In 1307, accusations of sodomy and homosexuality were major charges leveled during the Trial of the Knights Templar . The theologian Thomas Aquinas

17955-700: Was in August 1995, during the Zimbabwe International Book Fair . He told an audience: "If you see people parading themselves as lesbians and gays, arrest them and hand them over to the police!" In September 1995, Zimbabwe's parliament introduced legislation banning homosexual acts. In 1997, a court found Canaan Banana , Mugabe's predecessor and the first President of Zimbabwe, guilty of 11 counts of sodomy and indecent assault . In Poland, local towns, cities, and Voivodeship sejmiks have declared their respective regions as LGBT ideology free zone with

18090-455: Was influential in linking condemnation of homosexuality with the idea of natural law , arguing that "special sins are against nature, as, for instance, those that run counter to the intercourse of male and female natural to animals, and so are peculiarly qualified as unnatural vices." Although bisexuality was accepted as normal human behavior in Ancient China, homophobia became ingrained in

18225-404: Was used to describe a minority of feminists who espouse sentiments that other feminists consider transphobic , including the rejection of the predominant view in feminist organizations that trans women are women, opposition to transgender rights , and the exclusion of trans women in women's spaces and organizations. Smythe has also been credited with having coined the acronym "TERF", due to

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