44-476: The Manticore is the second novel in Robertson Davies ' Deptford Trilogy . Published in 1972 by Macmillan of Canada , it deals with the aftermath of the mysterious death of Percy Boyd "Boy" Staunton retold during a series of conversations between Staunton's son and a Jungian psychoanalyst . The title refers to elements of the subconscious which unfold through the story and are eventually manifested as
88-598: A fantastic mythical creature: a manticore . The Manticore won the Governor-General's Literary Award in the English-language fiction category in 1972. Robertson Davies William Robertson Davies CC OOnt FRSL FRSC (28 August 1913 – 2 December 1995) was a Canadian novelist, playwright, critic, journalist, and professor. He was one of Canada's best known and most popular authors and one of its most distinguished " men of letters ",
132-454: A friend and colleague of the American novelist John Irving that Irving gave one of the scripture readings at Davies's funeral in the chapel of Trinity College, Toronto . He also wrote in support of Salman Rushdie when the latter was threatened by a fatwā from Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini of Iran in reaction to supposed anti-Islam expression in his novel The Satanic Verses . Davies
176-495: A major figure in the literary world: Murther and Walking Spirits (1991) and The Cunning Man (1994). A third novel in what would have been a further trilogy – the Toronto Trilogy – was in progress at the time of Davies's death. He also realized a long-held dream when he penned the libretto to Randolph Peters ' opera: The Golden Ass , based on The Metamorphoses of Lucius Apuleius , just like that written by one of
220-407: A multi-author book (symposium editor or volume editor). Obtaining manuscripts or recruiting authors is the role of an acquisitions editor or a commissioning editor in a publishing house. Finding marketable ideas and presenting them to appropriate authors are the responsibilities of a sponsoring editor. Copy editors correct spelling , grammar and align writings to house style . Changes to
264-516: A play), Leaven of Malice (1954, also the basis of the unsuccessful play Love and Libel ) which won the Stephen Leacock Award for Humour , and A Mixture of Frailties (1958). These novels explored the difficulty of sustaining a cultural life in Canada, and life on a small-town newspaper, subjects of which Davies had first-hand knowledge. In a 1959 essay on Nabokov's Lolita, he wrote that she
308-442: A research paper or report, and correcting errors in citations. From basics to more critical changes, these adjustments to the text can be categorized by the different terms within technical editing. There are policy edits, integrity edits, screening edits, copy clarification edits, format edits and mechanical style edits, language edits, etc. The two most common and broad are substantive editing and copy editing. Substantive editing
352-504: A special student not working towards a degree, because he was unable to pass the mathematics component of Queen's entrance exam. At Queen's he wrote for the student paper, The Queen's Journal , where he wrote a literary column. He left Canada to study at Balliol College, Oxford , where he received a BLitt degree in 1938. The next year he published his thesis, Shakespeare's Boy Actors , and embarked on an acting career outside London. In 1940, he played small roles and did literary work for
396-552: A team of in-house editors, rely on a network of individual contractors or both. Such firms are able to handle editing in a wide range of topics and genres, depending on the skills of individual editors. The services provided by these editors may be varied and can include proofreading , copy editing , online editing , developmental editing , editing for search engine optimization , etc. Self-employed editors work directly for clients (e.g., authors, publishers) or offer their services through editing firms, or both. They may specialize in
440-593: A term Davies gladly accepted for himself. Davies was the founding Master of Massey College , a graduate residential college associated with the University of Toronto . Davies was born in Thamesville, Ontario, the third son of William Rupert Davies and Florence Sheppard McKay. Growing up, Davies was surrounded by books and lively language. His father, a member of the Canadian Senate from 1942 to his death in 1967,
484-559: A three-act play, in 1950. Meanwhile, Davies was writing humorous essays in the Examiner under the pseudonym Samuel Marchbanks . Some of these were collected and published in The Diary of Samuel Marchbanks (1947), The Table Talk of Samuel Marchbanks (1949), and later in Samuel Marchbanks' Almanack (1967). An omnibus edition of the three Marchbanks books, with new notes by the author,
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#1732880183076528-447: A total of 18 books, produced several of his own plays, and wrote articles for various journals. Davies set out his theory of acting in his Shakespeare for Young Players (1947), and then put theory into practice when he wrote Eros at Breakfast , a one-act play which was named best Canadian play of the year by the 1948 Dominion Drama Festival . Eros at Breakfast was followed by Fortune, My Foe in 1949 and At My Heart's Core ,
572-459: A tradition of writing and telling ghost stories at the yearly Christmas celebrations. These stories were later collected in the book High Spirits (1982). Davies drew on his interest in Jungian psychology to create Fifth Business (1970), a novel that relies heavily on Davies's own experiences, his love of myth and magic , and his knowledge of small-town mores . The narrator, like Davies,
616-444: Is cinematic editing. Cinematic editing entails anything that is to be used as cinematic material, mainly films. Cinematic editing dates back to the early 1900's when American filmmaker, D.W. Griffith , produced the first films that essentially paved the way for the editing techniques that are still used today. The progression of technology brought about advancements in gear, which meant filmmakers were able to achieve new techniques in
660-463: Is developmental because it guides the drafting process by providing essential building blocks to work off of. They work closely with the author to help supply ideas. Copy editing happens later in the drafting process and focuses on changing the text so that it's consistent throughout in terms of accuracy, style, flow, and so on. This is usually the preferred editing for the surface-level cleaning up of work. Large companies dedicate experienced writers to
704-626: Is of immigrant Canadian background, with a father who runs the town paper. The book's characters act in roles that roughly correspond to Jungian archetypes according to Davies's belief in the predominance of spirit over the things of the world. Davies built on the success of Fifth Business with two more novels: The Manticore (1972), a novel cast largely in the form of a Jungian analysis (for which he received that year's Governor General's Literary Award ), and World of Wonders (1975). Together these three books came to be known as The Deptford Trilogy . When Davies retired from his position at
748-430: Is the main way of editing video clips, but in the 1900s, it was linear editing . As computer systems and software have developed, video clips are now able to be uploaded directly to the editing software, making the editing process quicker. With this evolution of editing, creativity has been sped up, editing has become easier, and there are now countless ways for writers to tell stories. In terms of editing visual content,
792-406: Is the process of selecting and preparing written , visual , audible , or cinematic material used by a person or an entity to convey a message or information. The editing process can involve correction, condensation, organization, and many other modifications performed with an intention of producing a correct, consistent, accurate and complete piece of work. The editing process often begins with
836-653: The Church of St. Mary Magdalene . He would later leave the Presbyterian Church and join Anglicanism over objections to Calvinist theology. Davies later used his experience of the ceremonial of High Mass at St. Mary Magdalene's in his novel The Cunning Man . After Upper Canada College, he studied at Queen's University at Kingston , Ontario, from 1932 until 1935. According to the Queen's University Journal Davies enrolled as
880-428: The publishing industry since the 1980s have resulted in nearly all copy editing of book manuscripts being outsourced to freelance copy editors. At newspapers and wire services , press or copy editors write headlines and work on more substantive issues, such as ensuring accuracy, fairness, and taste. In some positions, they design pages and select news stories for inclusion. At British and Australian newspapers,
924-517: The ability to sustain focus while working through lengthy pieces of text on complex topics, tact in dealing with writers, and excellent communication skills. Additionally, one does not need an English major to partake but language aptitude certainly helps. Editing is a growing field of work in the service industry . There is little career training offered for editors. Paid editing services may be provided by specialized editing firms or by self-employed ( freelance ) editors. Editing firms may employ
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#1732880183076968-416: The author's idea for the work itself, continuing as a collaboration between the author and the editor as the work is created. Editing can involve creative skills, human relations and a precise set of methods. Practicing editing can be a surefire way to reduce language error in future literature works. There are various editorial positions in publishing. Typically, one finds editorial assistants reporting to
1012-471: The book publishing environment, while the roles of production editor and copy editor remain. However, another editor is sometimes involved in the creation of scholarly research articles. Called the authors' editor , this editor works with authors to get a manuscript fit for purpose before it is submitted to a scholarly journal for publication. The primary difference between copy editing scholarly books and journals and other sorts of copy editing lies in applying
1056-405: The case of multi-author edited volumes , before the manuscript is delivered to the publisher it has undergone substantive and linguistic editing by the volume's editor, who works independently of the publisher. As for scholarly journals , where spontaneous submissions are more common than commissioned works, the position of journal editor or editor-in-chief replaces the acquisitions editor of
1100-541: The characters and situations which later appeared in his plays and novels. Davies, along with family members William Rupert Davies and Arthur Davies, purchased several media outlets. Along with the Examiner newspaper, they owned the Kingston Whig-Standard newspaper, CHEX-AM , CKWS-AM , CHEX-TV , and CKWS-TV . During his tenure as editor of the Examiner , which lasted from 1942 to 1955 (he subsequently served as publisher from 1955 to 1965), Davies published
1144-872: The characters in Davies's 1958 A Mixture of Frailties . The opera was performed by the Canadian Opera Company at the Hummingbird Centre in Toronto, in April 1999, several years after Davies's death. In its obituary, The Times wrote: "Davies encompassed all the great elements of life ... His novels combined deep seriousness and psychological inquiry with fantasy and exuberant mirth." He remained close friends with John Kenneth Galbraith , attending Galbraith's eighty-fifth birthday party in Boston in 1993, and became so close
1188-458: The continuous advancements in technology. As a result, the grounds and values of editing have changed as well. For instance, text is often shortened and simplified online because of the preference for quick answers among this generation. Additionally, the advancement in social issues has made it possible to offer easy access to vast amounts of information. Apart from editing written work, video editing has also evolved. Nowadays, non-linear editing
1232-633: The director at the Old Vic Repertory Company in London. Also that year, Davies married Australian Brenda Mathews , whom he had met at Oxford, and who was then working as stage manager for the theatre. They spent their honeymoon in the Welsh countryside at Fronfraith Hall , Abermule , Montgomery , the family house owned by Rupert Davies. Davies's early life provided him with themes and material to which he would often return in his later work, including
1276-541: The emergence of new forms of media and language that have led to a move towards multimodality . Today, hardcopies and print are no longer the main focus of editing as new content like film and audio require different kinds of edits. Technical editing is now more commonly done using applications and websites on devices, which requires editors to be familiar with online platforms like Adobe Acrobat , Microsoft Office , and Google Docs . The significance and intentions behind editing have also changed, moving beyond print due to
1320-423: The manipulation of different qualities of a photo. Today, there are a multitude of applications to choose from to edit the content or qualities of photos; PhotoShop is a common example, as well as other applications such as Adobe Lightroom. Modern photo editing techniques include, but are not limited to linearization, white balance, noise reduction, tone reproduction and compression. The other form of Visual editing
1364-404: The post-production process through editing. Editors went from physically cutting and rearranging film to working on virtual timelines using software like Davinci Resolve or Premiere pro . Technical editing involves reviewing text written on a technical topic, identifying usage errors and ensuring adherence to a style guide. It aims to improve the clarity of the text or message from the author to
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1408-595: The reader. Technical editing is actually the umbrella term for all the different kinds of edits that might occur. Technical editing may include the correction of grammatical mistakes, misspellings, mistyping, incorrect punctuation, inconsistencies in usage, poorly structured sentences, wrong scientific terms, wrong units and dimensions, inconsistency in significant figures, technical ambivalence, technical disambiguation, statements conflicting with general scientific knowledge, correction of synopsis, content, index, headings and subheadings, correcting data and chart presentation in
1452-421: The senior-level editorial staff and directors who report to senior executive editors. Senior executive editors are responsible for developing a product for its final release. The smaller the publication, the more these roles overlap. The top editor at many publications may be known as the chief editor , executive editor , or simply the editor. A frequent and highly regarded contributor to a magazine may acquire
1496-625: The standards of the publisher to the copy. Most scholarly publishers have a preferred style that usually specifies a particular dictionary and style manual—for example, The Chicago Manual of Style , the MLA Style Manual or the APA Publication Manual in the U.S., or the New Hart's Rules in the U.K. Editing has a long history dating back to the earliest times of written language. Over time, editing has evolved greatly, particularly with
1540-557: The technical editing function. Organizations that cannot afford dedicated editors typically have experienced writers peer-edit text produced by less experienced colleagues. It helps if the technical editor is familiar with the subject being edited. The "technical" knowledge that an editor gains over time while working on a particular product or technology does give the editor an edge over another who has just started editing content related to that product or technology. General essential skills include attention to detail, patience, persistence,
1584-486: The term is sub-editor . They may choose the layout of the publication and communicate with the printer. These editors may have the title of layout or design editor or (more so in the past) makeup editor . In film editing, many techniques are available for use, however, using one doesn't make your edit 'better' than if it were not to be used. Within the publishing environment, editors of scholarly books are of three main types, each with particular responsibilities: In
1628-478: The theme of Canadians returning to England to finish their education, and the theatre. Davies and his new bride returned to Canada in 1940, where he took the position of literary editor at Saturday Night magazine. Two years later, he became editor of the Peterborough Examiner in the small city of Peterborough , Ontario, northeast of Toronto. Again he was able to mine his experiences here for many of
1672-461: The title of editor-at-large or contributing editor . Mid-level newspaper editors often manage or help to manage sections, such as business, sports and features. In U.S. newspapers, the level below the top editor is usually the managing editor . In the book publishing industry, editors may organize anthologies and other compilations, produce definitive editions of a classic author's works (scholarly editor), and organize and manage contributions to
1716-428: The two main forms would be photo and cinematic. Photo editing has evolved considerably from humble means, dating back to the early 20th century. During the 1920s, photographers established a new discipline of creative editing by creating collages from multiple photos. By the late 1980's, it became possible to computerize images by running physical photos through a scanner. Over time, software began to develop, aimed toward
1760-525: The university, his seventh novel, a satire of academic life, The Rebel Angels (1981), was published, followed by What's Bred in the Bone (1985) which was short-listed for the Booker Prize for fiction in 1986. The Lyre of Orpheus (1988) follows these two books in what became known as The Cornish Trilogy . During his retirement from academe he continued to write novels which further established him as
1804-696: Was a corrupt child taking advantage of a weak adult. In 1960, Davies joined Trinity College at the University of Toronto, where he would teach literature until 1981. The following year he published a collection of essays on literature, A Voice From the Attic , and was awarded the Lorne Pierce Medal for his literary achievements. In 1963, he became the Master of Massey College , the University of Toronto's new graduate college. During his stint as Master, he initiated
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1848-603: Was a newspaperman from Welshpool , Wales , and both parents were voracious readers. He followed in their footsteps and read everything he could. He also participated in theatrical productions as a child, where he developed a lifelong interest in drama. He spent his formative years in Renfrew, Ontario (and renamed it as "Blairlogie", in his novel What's Bred in the Bone ); many of the novel's characters are named after families he knew there. He attended Upper Canada College in Toronto from 1926 to 1932 and while there attended services at
1892-405: Was married to Brenda Ethel Davies (1917–2013) in 1940 and survived by four grandchildren and three great-grandchildren from his three daughters Miranda Davies, Rosamond Bailey and author Jennifer Surridge . Davies never learned to drive. His wife Brenda routinely drove him to events and other excursions. Fictional essays edited by the author into: Criticism Editing Editing
1936-771: Was published under the title The Papers of Samuel Marchbanks in 1985. During the 1950s, Davies played a major role in launching the Stratford Shakespearean Festival of Canada . He served on the Festival's board of governors, and collaborated with the Festival's director, Sir Tyrone Guthrie , in publishing three books about the Festival's early years. Although his first love was drama and he had achieved some success with his occasional humorous essays, Davies found his greatest success in fiction. His first three novels, which later became known as The Salterton Trilogy , were Tempest-Tost (1951, originally conceived as
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