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83-416: The story line of Me and My Girl concerns a Cockney barrow boy who inherits an earldom but almost loses his Lambeth girlfriend in the process. It was turned into a 1939 film The Lambeth Walk which starred Lane. The choreography from the musical, in which the song was a show-stopping Cockney -inspired extravaganza, inspired a popular walking dance, performed in a jaunty strutting style. Lane explained

166-598: A Survey of English Dialects fieldworker, concluded that this was not a universal feature of Cockneys but that it was more common to hear this in the London area than elsewhere in Britain. This description may also be a result of mishearing the labiodental R as /w/ , when it is still a distinct phoneme in Cockney. An unstressed final -ow may be pronounced [ ə ] . In broad Cockney, this can be lowered to [ ɐ ] . This

249-480: A multiethnolect particularly common amongst young people from diverse backgrounds. Nevertheless, the glottal stop , double negatives, and the vocalisation of the dark L (and other features of Cockney speech) are among the Cockney influences on Multicultural London English, and some rhyming slang terms are still in common usage. An influential July 2010 report by Paul Kerswill , professor of sociolinguistics at Lancaster University , Multicultural London English:

332-532: A singer in a choir , as a player in a youth orchestra , or as a performer on a solo instrument (e.g., piano , pipe organ , or violin ). Teens aspiring to be composers can continue their postsecondary studies in a variety of formal training settings, including colleges, conservatories, and universities. Conservatories , which are the standard musical training system in countries such as France and Canada, provide lessons and amateur orchestral and choral singing experience for composition students. Universities offer

415-467: A breeze, to avant-garde music from the 20th century that uses graphic notation , to text compositions such as Aus den Sieben Tagen , to computer programs that select sounds for musical pieces. Music that makes heavy use of randomness and chance is called aleatoric music , and is associated with contemporary composers active in the 20th century, such as John Cage , Morton Feldman , and Witold Lutosławski . The nature and means of individual variation of

498-426: A composition professor , ensemble experience, and graduate courses in music history and music theory, along with one or two concerts featuring the composition student's pieces. A master's degree in music (referred to as an M.Mus. or M.M.) is often a required minimum credential for people who wish to teach composition at a university or conservatory. A composer with an M.Mus. could be an adjunct professor or instructor at

581-412: A culture eventually developed whereby faithfulness to the composer's written intention came to be highly valued (see, for example, Urtext edition ). This musical culture is almost certainly related to the high esteem (bordering on veneration) in which the leading classical composers are often held by performers. The historically informed performance movement has revived to some extent the possibility of

664-432: A given place is referred to as performance practice , whereas interpretation is generally used to mean the individual choices of a performer. Although a musical composition often has a single author, this is not always the case. A work of music can have multiple composers, which often occurs in popular music when a band collaborates to write a song, or in musical theatre , where the songs may be written by one person,

747-653: A new, melting-pot mixture of all those people living here who learned English as a second language ", Kerswill said. A series of new and expanded towns have often had a strong influence on local speech. Many areas beyond the capital have become Cockney-speaking to a greater or lesser degree, including the new towns of Hemel Hempstead , Basildon , and Harlow , and expanded towns such as Grays , Chelmsford and Southend . However, this is, except where least mixed, difficult to discern because of common features: linguistic historian and researcher of early dialects Alexander John Ellis in 1890 stated that Cockney developed owing to

830-419: A pejorative term for effeminate town-dwellers, from an earlier general sense (encountered in " The Reeve's Tale " of Geoffrey Chaucer 's The Canterbury Tales c.  1386 ) of a "cokenay" as "a child tenderly brought up" and, by extension, "an effeminate fellow" or "a milksop ". This may have developed from the sources above or separately, alongside such terms as " cock " and " cocker " which both have

913-441: A performer of Western popular music creates a "cover" of an earlier song, there is little expectation of exact rendition of the original; nor is exact faithfulness necessarily highly valued (with the possible exception of "note-for-note" transcriptions of famous guitar solos ). In Western art music, the composer typically orchestrates their compositions, but in musical theatre and pop music, songwriters may hire an arranger to do

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996-473: A range of composition programs, including bachelor's degrees, Master of Music degrees, and Doctor of Musical Arts degrees. As well, there are a variety of other training programs such as classical summer camps and festivals, which give students the opportunity to get coaching from composers. Bachelor's degrees in composition (referred to as B.Mus. or B.M) are four-year programs that include individual composition lessons, amateur orchestra/choral experience, and

1079-652: A recording from a long-time resident of Hackney in the 1950s, and the BBC made another recording in 1999 which showed how the accent had changed. One of the characteristic pronunciations of Cockney is th-fronting . The early development of Cockney vocabulary is obscure, but appears to have been heavily influenced by Essex and related eastern dialects, while borrowings from Yiddish , including kosher (originally Hebrew, via Yiddish, meaning legitimate ) and shtum ( /ʃtʊm/ originally German, via Yiddish, meaning mute ), as well as Romani , for example wonga (meaning money , from

1162-453: A sequence of courses in music history, music theory, and liberal arts courses (e.g., English literature), which give the student a more well-rounded education. Usually, composition students must complete significant pieces or songs before graduating. Not all composers hold a B.Mus. in composition; composers may also hold a B.Mus. in music performance or music theory. Master of Music degrees (M.mus.) in composition consists of private lessons with

1245-459: A tendency to cluster in specific cities throughout history. Based on over 12,000 prominent composers listed in Grove Music Online and using word count measurement techniques, the most important cities for classical music can be quantitatively identified. Paris has been the main hub for western classical music in all periods. It was ranked fifth in the 15th and 16th centuries but first in

1328-676: A university, but it would be difficult in the 2010s to obtain a tenure track professor position with this degree. To become a tenure track professor, many universities require a doctoral degree . In composition, the key doctoral degree is the Doctor of Musical Arts , rather than the PhD ; the PhD is awarded in music, but typically for subjects such as musicology and music theory . Doctor of Musical Arts (referred to as D.M.A., DMA, D.Mus.A. or A.Mus.D) degrees in composition provide an opportunity for advanced study at

1411-635: A variety of ways. In much popular music, the composer writes a composition , and it is then transmitted via oral tradition . Conversely, in some Western classical traditions music may be composed aurally—i.e. "in the mind of the musician"—and subsequently written and passed through written documents . In the development of European classical music , the function of composing music initially did not have much greater importance than that of performing it. The preservation of individual compositions did not receive enormous attention and musicians generally had no qualms about modifying compositions for performance. In

1494-487: A very difficult time breaking through and getting the credit they deserve." During the Medieval eras, most of the art music was created for liturgical (religious) purposes and due to the views about the roles of women that were held by religious leaders, few women composed this type of music, with the nun Hildegard von Bingen being among the exceptions. Most university textbooks on the history of music discuss almost exclusively

1577-667: Is also transcribed as a semivowel [w] by some linguists, e.g., Coggle and Rosewarne. However, according to Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996) , the vocalized dark l is sometimes an unoccluded lateral approximant, which differs from the RP [ɫ] only by the lack of the alveolar contact. Relatedly, there are many possible vowel neutralisations and absorptions in the context of a following dark L ( [ɫ] ) or its vocalized version; these include: Cockney has been occasionally described as replacing /ɹ/ with /w/ . For example, thwee (or fwee ) instead of three , fwasty instead of frosty . Peter Wright,

1660-451: Is an intermediate accent between Cockney and Received Pronunciation , also widely spoken in and around London, as well as in wider South Eastern England. In multicultural areas of London, the Cockney dialect is, to an extent, being replaced by Multicultural London English —a new form of speech with significant Cockney influence. The earliest recorded use of the term is 1362 in passus VI of William Langland 's Piers Plowman , where it

1743-524: Is common to most traditional, Southern English dialects except for those in the West Country . Regarding grammar, Cockney uses me instead of my , for example, "At's me book you got 'ere" [ˈæʔs mɪ ˈbʊk jə ˈɡɔʔ eː] . (where 'ere' means 'there'). It cannot be used when "my" is emphasized; e.g., "At's my book you got 'ere" [æʔs ˈmɑj ˈbʊk jə ˈɡɔʔ eː] . It also uses the term ain't , as well as double negatives , for example, "I didn't see nuffink". By

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1826-472: Is commonly found, and typical Scottish features such as the postvocalic /r/ are reduced. Research suggests the use of English speech characteristics is likely to be a result of the influence of London and South East England accents featuring heavily on television, such as the popular BBC One soap opera EastEnders . However, such claims have been criticized. Certain features of Cockney – Th -fronting , L -vocalisation , T -glottalisation , and

1909-483: Is not wholly correct as they are found in other places across London, including Peckham and Penge in south London. Composer A composer is a person who writes music . The term is especially used to indicate composers of Western classical music , or those who are composers by occupation. Many composers are, or were, also skilled performers of music. The term is descended from Latin , compōnō ; literally "one who puts together". The earliest use of

1992-492: Is sung by glider troopers of Major John Howard in a glider on its way to capture Pegasus Bridge . The composer Franz Reizenstein wrote a set of Variations on the Lambeth Walk , each variation a pastiche of the style of a major classical composer. Notable are the variations in the styles of Beethoven , Chopin , and Liszt . An earlier, different song titled "The Lambeth Walk" (composed in 1899 by Edward W. Rogers)

2075-404: Is termed "interpretation". Different performers' interpretations of the same work of music can vary widely, in terms of the tempos that are chosen and the playing or singing style or phrasing of the melodies. Composers and songwriters who present their music are interpreting, just as much as those who perform the music of others. The standard body of choices and techniques present at a given time and

2158-433: Is traditionally described as having the unaspirated variants. Also, in broad Cockney at least, the degree of aspiration is typically greater than in RP, and may often also involve some degree of affrication [pᶲʰ, tˢʰ, kˣʰ] . Affricatives may be encountered in initial, intervocalic, and final position. This feature results in Cockney being often mentioned in textbooks about Semitic languages while explaining how to pronounce

2241-861: Is used in words such as bath, path, demand . This originated in London in the 16th–17th centuries and is also part of Received Pronunciation (RP). The accent features T-glottalisation , with use of the glottal stop as an allophone of /t/ in various positions, including after a stressed syllable. Glottal stops also occur, albeit less frequently for /k/ and /p/ , and occasionally for mid-word consonants. For example, Richard Whiteing spelled "Hyde Park" as Hy' Par' . Like and light can be homophones. "Clapham" can be said as Cla'am (i.e., [ˈkl̥æʔm̩] ). /t/ may also be flapped intervocalically, e.g. utter [ˈaɾə] . London /p, t, k/ are often aspirated in intervocalic and final environments, e.g., upper [ˈapʰə] , utter [ˈatʰə] , rocker [ˈɹɔkʰə] , up [ˈaʔpʰ] , out [ˈæːʔtʰ] , rock [ˈɹɔʔkʰ] , where RP

2324-487: Is used to mean "a small, misshapen egg ", from Middle English coken + ey ("a cock 's egg"). Concurrently, the mythical land of luxury Cockaigne ( attested from 1305) appeared under a variety of spellings, including Cockayne , Cocknay , and Cockney , and became humorously associated with the English capital London . The current meaning of Cockney comes from its use among rural Englishmen (attested in 1520) as

2407-757: The Times Educational Supplement in October 1984. Rosewarne argued that it may eventually replace Received Pronunciation in the south-east. The phonetician John C. Wells collected media references to Estuary English on a website . Writing in April 2013, Wells argued that research by Joanna Przedlacka "demolished the claim that EE was a single entity sweeping the southeast. Rather, we have various sound changes emanating from working-class London speech, each spreading independently". The Pearly Kings and Queens are famous as an East End institution, but that perception

2490-500: The BBC (except in entertainment programs such as The Sooty Show ) was the RP of Standard English, whereas nowadays many different accents, including Cockney or accents heavily influenced by it, can be heard on the BBC. In a survey of 2,000 people conducted by Coolbrands in the autumn of 2008, Cockney was voted equal fourth coolest accent in Britain with 7% of the votes, while The Queen's English

2573-589: The Baroque music era, many composers were employed by aristocrats or as church employees. During the Classical period , composers began to organize more public concerts for profit, which helped composers to be less dependent on aristocratic or church jobs. This trend continued in the Romantic music era in the 19th century. In the 20th century, composers began to seek employment as professors in universities and conservatories. In

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2656-588: The Great Fire of London and rebuilt by Sir Christopher Wren . Although the bells were destroyed again in 1941 in the Blitz , they had fallen silent on 13 June 1940 as part of the British anti-invasion preparations of World War II . Before they were replaced in 1961, there was a period when, by the "within earshot" definition, no "Bow Bell" Cockneys could be born. The use of such a literal definition produces other problems since

2739-530: The Isle of Dogs , Hackney , Hoxton , Bow and Mile End . The informal definition of the East End has gradually expanded to include such towns in south-west Essex as Forest Gate , East Ham , Leyton , Plaistow , Stratford , Walthamstow and West Ham , as these have formed part of London's growing conurbation . The church of St Mary-le-Bow is one of the oldest, largest, and historically most important churches in

2822-610: The London County Council , stating that "the Cockney mode of speech, with its unpleasant twang, is a modern corruption without legitimate credentials, and is unworthy of being the speech of any person in the capital city of the Empire ". Others defended the language variety: "The London dialect is really, especially on the South side of the Thames, a perfectly legitimate and responsible child of

2905-592: The Nazi Party drew attention to it in 1939 by declaring The Lambeth Walk "Jewish mischief and animalistic hopping", as part of a speech on how the "revolution of private life" was one of the next big tasks of National Socialism in Germany. However, the song continued to be popular with the German public and was even played on the radio, particularly during the war, as part of the vital task of maintaining public morale. In Italy,

2988-519: The Renaissance music era, composers typically worked for aristocratic employers. While aristocrats typically required composers to produce a significant amount of religious music, such as Masses , composers also penned many non-religious songs on the topic of courtly love : the respectful, reverential love of a great woman from afar. Courtly love songs were very popular during the Renaissance era. During

3071-659: The glottal stop . Cockney also demonstrates: The diphthong offsets are only fully close in /ɪj/ and /ʉw/ : [əi̯, əʉ̯] . In all other cases, they are more similar to [ɪ̯, ʊ̯] or [e̯, o̯] . According to Beaken, /æj/ and /ɑj/ typically glide towards [ e ] : [æe̯, ɑe̯] , /oj/ towards [ ɪ ] : [oɪ̯] , /əw/ and the wide allophone of /æː/ towards [ ʊ ] : [ɐʊ̯, æʊ̯] , whereas /ɔw/ and /ɒw/ both towards [ o ] : [ɔo̯, ɒo̯] . According to Mott, [e̯, o̯] do not occur at all as glides: [æɪ̯, ɑɪ̯, oɪ̯, ɐʊ̯, æʊ̯, ɒʊ̯] (he does not show /ɪj, ʉw, ɔw/ on his charts). Furthermore, Wells remarks on

3154-400: The orchestration of the accompaniment parts and writing of the overture is done by an orchestrator, and the words may be written by a third person. A piece of music can also be composed with words, images, or, in the 20th and 21st centuries, computer programs that explain or notate how the singer or musician should create musical sounds. Examples of this range from wind chimes jingling in

3237-399: The walled City , the term applied to all Londoners, and this lingered into the 19th century. As the city grew, the definitions shifted to alternatives based on dialect or more specific areas; the East End and the area within earshot of Bow Bells. The East End of London and the vicinity of Bow bells are often used interchangeably, representing the identity of the East End. The region within

3320-427: The 17th to 20th centuries inclusive. London was the second most meaningful city: eighth in the 15th century, seventh in the 16th, fifth in the 17th, second in the 18th and 19th centuries, and fourth in the 20th century. Rome topped the rankings in the 15th century, dropped to second in the 16th and 17th centuries, eighth in the 18th century, ninth in the 19th century but back at sixth in the 20th century. Berlin appears in

3403-579: The 1980s and 1990s, most of the features mentioned above had partly spread into more general south-eastern speech, giving the accent called Estuary English ; an Estuary speaker will use some but not all of the Cockney sounds. The Cockney accent has long been regarded as an indicator of low status. For example, in 1909 the Conference on the Teaching of English in London Elementary Schools issued by

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3486-422: The 20th century, composers also earned money from the sales of their works, such as sheet music publications of their songs or pieces or as sound recordings of their works. In 1993, American musicologist Marcia Citron asked, "Why is music composed by women so marginal to the standard 'classical' repertoire?" Citron "examines the practices and attitudes that have led to the exclusion of women composers from

3569-606: The City of London. The definition based on being born within earshot of the bells, cast at the Whitechapel Bell Foundry , reflects the early definition of the term as relating to all of London. The audible range of the Bells is dependent on geography and wind conditions. The east is mostly low lying, a factor which combines with the strength and regularity of the prevailing wind, blowing from west-south-west for nearly three-quarters of

3652-498: The Cockney dialect spread along the main railway routes to towns in the surrounding counties as early as 1923, spreading further after World War II when many refugees left London owing to the bombing, and continuing to speak Cockney in their new homes. A more distant example where the accent stands out is Thetford in Norfolk, which tripled in size from 1957 in a deliberate attempt to attract Londoners by providing social housing funded by

3735-612: The London County Council. As with many accents of the United Kingdom, Cockney is non-rhotic . A final -er is pronounced [ ə ] or lowered [ ɐ ] in broad Cockney. As with all or nearly all non-rhotic accents, the paired lexical sets COMM A and LETT ER , PALM/BATH and START , THOUGHT and NORTH/FORCE , are merged. Thus, the last syllable of words such as cheetah can be pronounced [ ɐ ] as well in broad Cockney. A broad /ɑː/

3818-449: The Romani "wanga" meaning coal), and cushty (Kushty) (from the Romani kushtipen , meaning good) reflect the influence of those groups on the development of the speech. John Camden Hotten, in his Slang Dictionary of 1859, refers to "their use of a peculiar slang language" when describing the costermongers of London's East End. A dialectological study of Leytonstone in 1964 found that

3901-461: The Western world, before the Romantic period of the 19th century, composition almost always went side by side with a combination of either singing, instructing and theorizing . Even in a conventional Western piece of instrumental music, in which all of the melodies , chords , and basslines are written out in musical notation, the performer has a degree of latitude to add artistic interpretation to

3984-466: The area around the church is no longer residential, and the noise pollution means few are born within earshot. Regional definitions are sometimes blurred. Ahead of the 2024-25 season, West Ham United released an away shirt which it called the ‘Cockney Kit’. The promotional material celebrated a Cockney identity for East London based on a territory rather than dialect. The kit featured the Bow Bells on

4067-489: The area's dialect was very similar to that recorded in Bethnal Green by Eva Sivertsen , but there were still some features that distinguished Leytonstone speech from Cockney. Linguistic research conducted in the early 2010s suggests that today, some aspects of the Cockney accent are declining in usage within multicultural areas, where some traditional features of Cockney have been displaced by Multicultural London English ,

4150-591: The audible range of the bells varies depending on the direction of the wind, but there is a correlation between the two geographic definitions under the typical prevailing wind conditions. The term can apply to East Londoners who do not speak the dialect and those who do. The traditional core districts of the East End include the Middlesex towns of Bethnal Green , Whitechapel , Spitalfields , Stepney , Wapping , Limehouse , Poplar , Haggerston , Aldgate , Shoreditch ,

4233-422: The central offglides [ə̯] and [ʉ̯] are transcribed as non-syllabic vowels due to the lack of appropriate glide symbols. Diphthong alterations in Cockney are: Other vowel differences include The dialect uses the vocalisation of dark L , hence [ˈmɪwwɔw] for Millwall . The actual realization of a vocalized /l/ is influenced by surrounding vowels, and it may be realized as [u] , [ʊ] , [o] or [ɤ] . It

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4316-493: The dance became especially popular at the "better" night clubs. As with most dance crazes, other well-known orchestras did versions of the song, including Duke Ellington 's. The dance then spread across America, and to Paris and Prague. Mass Observation devoted a chapter of their book Britain (1939) to the craze. In Germany, big band leader Adalbert Lutter made a German-language adaptation called Lambert's Nachtlokal that quickly became popular in swing clubs. A member of

4399-517: The definition of composition is broad enough for the creation of popular and traditional music songs and instrumental pieces and to include spontaneously improvised works like those of free jazz performers and African percussionists such as Ewe drummers . During the Middle Ages, most composers worked for the Catholic church and composed music for religious services such as plainchant melodies. During

4482-475: The emergence, acquisition, and diffusion of a new variety , predicted that the Cockney accent would disappear from London's streets within 30 years. The study, funded by the Economic and Social Research Council , said that the accent, which has been around for more than 500 years, is being replaced in London by a new hybrid language. "Cockney in the East End is now transforming itself into Multicultural London English,

4565-618: The fronting of the GOAT and GOOSE vowels – have spread across the south-east of England and, to a lesser extent, to other areas of Britain. However, Clive Upton has noted that these features have occurred independently in some other dialects, such as TH-fronting in Yorkshire and L-vocalisation in parts of Scotland. The term Estuary English has been used to describe London pronunciations slightly closer to RP than Cockney. The variety first came to public prominence in an article by David Rosewarne in

4648-503: The guidance of faculty composition professors. Some schools require DMA composition students to present concerts of their works, which are typically performed by singers or musicians from the school. The completion of advanced coursework and a minimum B average are other typical requirements of a D.M.A program. During a D.M.A. program, a composition student may get experience teaching undergraduate music students. Some composers did not complete composition programs, but focused their studies on

4731-552: The highest artistic and pedagogical level, requiring usually an additional 54+ credit hours beyond a master's degree (which is about 30+ credits beyond a bachelor's degree). For this reason, admission is highly selective. Students must submit examples of their compositions. If available, some schools will also accept video or audio recordings of performances of the student's pieces. Examinations in music history, music theory, ear training/dictation, and an entrance examination are required. Students must prepare significant compositions under

4814-405: The increased use by composers of more detailed scoring in the form of dynamics, articulation et cetera; composers became uniformly more explicit in how they wished their music to be interpreted, although how strictly and minutely these are dictated varies from one composer to another. Because of this trend of composers becoming increasingly specific and detailed in their instructions to the performer,

4897-605: The influence of Essex dialect on London speech. Writing in 1981, the dialectologist Peter Wright identified the building of the Becontree estate in Dagenham as influential in the spread of the Cockney dialect. This vast estate was built by the Corporation of London to house poor East Enders in a previously rural area of Essex. The residents typically kept their Cockney dialect rather than adopt an Essex dialect. Wright also reports that

4980-485: The laxness of the unrounded offset of /əw/ , which is a kind of a centralized [ ɤ ] : [ɐɤ̯] . In the rest of the article, this is treated as a simple allophonic rule and only ⟨ j ⟩ and ⟨ w ⟩ are used for the diphthong offsets. In narrow phonetic transcription, their rounded and unrounded counterparts are written with ⟨ ɥ ⟩ and ⟨ ɰ ⟩ (phonetically [ʏ̯ ~ ø̯] and [ɯ̜̽ ~ ɤ̯] in fully narrow transcription). Only

5063-622: The magazine Picture Post . Both Russ Morgan and Duke Ellington had hit records of the song in the United States. "The Lambeth Walk" had the distinction of being the subject of a headline in The Times in October 1938: "While dictators rage and statesmen talk, all Europe dances – to The Lambeth Walk." In the film The Longest Day (1962), about the Allied invasion of Normandy in June 1944, this song

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5146-400: The mid-20th century was Nadia Boulanger . Philips states that "[d]uring the 20th century the women who were composing/playing gained far less attention than their male counterparts." Women today are being taken more seriously in the realm of concert music, though the statistics of recognition, prizes, employment, and overall opportunities are still biased toward men. Famous composers have

5229-414: The modern era, noise pollution means that the bells can only be heard as far as Shoreditch . According to legend, Dick Whittington heard the bells 4.5 miles away at Highgate Hill, in what is now north London . The studies mean that it is credible that Whittington might have heard them on one of the infrequent days that the wind blows from the south. The church of St Mary-le-Bow was destroyed in 1666 by

5312-400: The music are varied, depending on the musical culture in the country and the time period it was written. For instance, music composed in the Baroque era , particularly in slow tempos, often was written in bare outline, with the expectation that the performer would add improvised ornaments to the melody line during a performance. Such freedom generally diminished in later eras, correlating with

5395-575: The old Kentish tongue [...] the dialect of London North of the Thames has been shown to be one of the many varieties of the Midland or Mercian dialect, flavoured by the East Anglian variety of the same speech". Since then, the Cockney accent has been more accepted as an alternative form of the English language rather than a lesser one, though the low status mark remains. In the 1950s, the only accent to be heard on

5478-435: The orchestration. In some cases, a pop songwriter may not use notation at all, and, instead, compose the song in their mind and then play or record it from memory. In jazz and popular music, notable recordings by influential performers are given the weight that written scores play in classical music. The study of composition has traditionally been dominated by the examination of methods and practice of Western classical music, but

5561-470: The origin of the dance as follows: I got the idea from my personal experience and from having worked among cockneys. I'm a cockney born and bred myself. The Lambeth Walk is just an exaggerated idea of how the cockney struts. When the stage show had been running for a few months, C. L. Heimann, managing director of the Locarno Dance Halls, got one of his dancing instructors, Adele England, to elaborate

5644-408: The performer elaborating seriously the music as given in the score, particularly for Baroque music and music from the early Classical period . The movement might be considered a way of creating greater faithfulness to the original in works composed at a time that expected performers to improvise . In genres other than classical music, the performer generally has more freedom; thus for instance when

5727-479: The received ' canon ' of performed musical works." She argues that in the 1800s, women composers typically wrote art songs for performance in small recitals rather than symphonies intended for performance with an orchestra in a large hall, with the latter works being seen as the most important genre for composers; since women composers did not write many symphonies, they were deemed to be not notable as composers. According to Abbey Philips, "women musicians have had

5810-462: The reverse as a symbol of the area, and the promotional video included the church of St Mary-le-Bow and parts of East London within earshot of the bells – such as Brick Lane , Upper Clapton and Stratford  – as well as a scene in Romford , in suburban East London. Cockney speakers have distinctive accents and dialects and occasionally use rhyming slang . The Survey of English Dialects took

5893-430: The role of male composers. As well, very few works by women composers are part of the standard repertoire of classical music. In Concise Oxford History of Music , " Clara Shumann [ sic ] is one of the only female composers mentioned", but other notable women composers of the common practice period include Fanny Mendelssohn and Cécile Chaminade , and arguably the most influential teacher of composers during

5976-625: The sense of "to make a nestle-cock  ... or the darling of", "to indulge or pamper". By 1600, this meaning of cockney was being particularly associated with the Bow Bells area. In 1617, the travel writer Fynes Moryson stated in his Itinerary that "Londoners, and all within the sound of Bow Bells, are in reproach called Cockneys." The same year, John Minsheu included the term in this newly restricted sense in his dictionary Ductor in Linguas . Initially, when London consisted of little more than

6059-650: The song was popularized by Dino Di Luca and the Trio Lescano in an Italian version titled Balliamo il passo Lambeth . In 1942, Charles A. Ridley of the Ministry of Information made a short propaganda film, Schichlegruber [ sic ] Doing the Lambeth Walk , which edited existing footage – including comical 'backstepping' – taken from Leni Riefenstahl 's Triumph of the Will to make it appear as if they were goose-stepping and skipping to "The Lambeth Walk". The propaganda film

6142-413: The spread of Cockney English since the 1960s. Cockney is more and more influential and some claim that in the future many features of the accent may become standard. Studies have indicated that working-class adolescents in areas such as Glasgow have begun to use certain aspects of Cockney and other Anglicisms in their speech. infiltrating the traditional Glasgow patter . For example, TH -fronting

6225-521: The term in a musical context given by the Oxford English Dictionary is from Thomas Morley 's 1597 A Plain and Easy Introduction to Practical Music , where he says "Some wil [ sic ] be good descanters [...] and yet wil be but bad composers". "Composer" is a loose term that generally refers to any person who writes music. More specifically, it is often used to denote people who are composers by occupation, or those who work in

6308-440: The top ten rankings only in the 18th century and was ranked third most important city in both the 19th and 20th centuries. New York City entered the rankings in the 19th century (in fifth place) and stood at second rank in the 20th century. The patterns are very similar for a sample of 522 top composers. Professional classical composers often have a background in performing classical music during their childhood and teens, either as

6391-472: The tradition of Western classical music . Writers of exclusively or primarily songs may be called composers, but since the 20th century the terms ' songwriter ' or ' singer-songwriter ' are more often used, particularly in popular music genres. In other contexts, the term 'composer' can refer to a literary writer, or more rarely and generally, someone who combines pieces into a whole. Across cultures and traditions composers may write and transmit music in

6474-644: The walk into a dance. "Starting from the Locarno Dance Hall, Streatham , the dance-version of the Lambeth Walk swept the country." The craze reached Buckingham Palace, with King George VI and Queen Elizabeth attending a performance and joining in the shouted " Oi " which ends the chorus. The fad reached the United States in 1938, popularized by Boston-based orchestra-leader Joseph (Joe) Rines, among others. Rines and his band frequently performed in New York, and

6557-422: The work, by such means as by varying their articulation and phrasing , choosing how long to make fermatas (held notes) or pauses, and — in the case of bowed string instruments, woodwinds or brass instruments — deciding whether to use expressive effects such as vibrato or portamento . For a singer or instrumental performer, the process of deciding how to perform music that has been previously composed and notated

6640-409: The year, to carry the sound further to the east, and more often. A 2012 study showed that in the 19th century, and under typical conditions, the sound of the bells would carry as far as Clapton , Bow and Stratford in the east but only as far as Southwark to the south and Holborn in the west . An earlier study suggested the sound would have carried even further. The 2012 study showed that in

6723-436: Was considered the coolest, with 20% of the votes. Brummie was voted least popular, receiving just 2%. The Cockney accent often featured in films produced by Ealing Studios and was frequently portrayed as the typical British accent of the lower classes in movies by Walt Disney , though this was only so in London. Studies have indicated that the heavy use of South East England accents on television and radio may have caused

6806-514: Was distributed uncredited to newsreel companies, which would supply their own narration. Joseph Goebbels placed Ridley on a Gestapo list for elimination if Britain were defeated. In the 1970s, the song Lambeth walk was recorded in French by the French-Italian singer Dalida . One of photographer Bill Brandt 's best-known pictures is "Dancing the Lambeth Walk", originally published in 1943 in

6889-472: Was popularised by music hall singer Alec Hurley (1871–1913). Cockney Cockney is a dialect of the English language , mainly spoken in London and its environs, particularly by Londoners with working-class and lower middle-class roots. The term Cockney is also used as a demonym for a person from the East End , or, traditionally, born within earshot of Bow Bells . Estuary English

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