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119-440: The Bryan brothers , identical twin brothers Bob Bryan and Mike Bryan , are retired American professional doubles tennis players and the most successful duo of all time. They were born on April 29, 1978, with Mike being the elder by two minutes. The Bryans have won multiple Olympic medals, including the gold in 2012 and have won more professional games, matches, tournaments and Grand Slams than any other men's pairing. They held

238-511: A multiple birth is a multiple . Unrelated look-alikes whose resemblance parallels that of twins are referred to as doppelgänger . The human twin birth rate in the United States rose 76% from 1980 through 2009, from 9.4 to 16.7 twin sets (18.8 to 33.3 twins) per 1,000 births. The Yoruba people have the highest rate of twinning in the world, at 45–50 twin sets (90–100 twins) per 1,000 live births, possibly because of high consumption of

357-664: A family history of fraternal twins have a higher chance of producing fraternal twins themselves, as there is a genetically linked tendency to hyper- ovulate . There is no known genetic link for identical twinning. Other factors that increase the odds of having fraternal twins include maternal age, fertility drugs and other fertility treatments, nutrition, and prior births. Some women intentionally turn to fertility drugs in order to conceive twins. The vast majority of twins are either dizygotic (fraternal) or monozygotic (identical). In humans dizygotic twins occur more often than monozygotic twins. Less common variants are discussed further down

476-502: A good appearance at the 2008 Australian Open . The team breezed through their first three rounds before losing to Mahesh Bhupathi and Mark Knowles . Soon afterwards, the Bryans beat Austria 's Julian Knowle and Jürgen Melzer in the first round of the 2008 Davis Cup . Mike had to retire against Stefan Koubek in singles, while Bob Bryan defeated Werner Eschauer in three sets for the US to win

595-434: A greater chance of dizygotic multiple births. In the United States it has been estimated that by 2011 36% of twin births resulted from conception by assisted reproductive technology . The risk of twin birth can vary depending on what types of fertility treatments are used. With in vitro fertilisation (IVF), this is primarily due to the insertion of multiple embryos into the uterus. Ovarian hyperstimulation without IVF has

714-471: A halt to travel, and the consequent cancellation of the tournament. In 2018, for the first time its history, the Ojai Tennis Tournament offered equal prize money to men and women in its Open divisions. The Ojai Tennis Tournament has been canceled seven times since its inception. In addition to its 1924 cancellation, the tournament was not held from 1943 to 1946 because of World War II. The Ojai

833-564: A match point in a closely fought final against Spaniards Marcel Granollers and Marc López . The brothers went on to the 2012 Western & Southern Open in Cincinnati, where they lost in the semi-finals to Lindstedt and Tecău. They went on to win the 2012 US Open over Paes and Štěpánek (who had beaten the Bryans in the final of the Australian Open earlier in the year). This was the brothers' 12th major title, which meant they had surpassed

952-503: A more likely explanation. A high twinning rate has also been observed in other places of the world, including: The widespread use of fertility drugs causing hyperovulation (stimulated release of multiple eggs by the mother) has caused what some call an "epidemic of multiple births ". In 2001, for the first time ever in the US , the twinning rate exceeded 3% of all births. Nevertheless, the rate of monozygotic twins remains at about 1 in 333 across

1071-460: A pair of monozygotic twins reproduces with another pair or with the same person), rather than first cousins. Identical twins do not have the same fingerprints however, because even within the confines of the womb, the fetuses touch different parts of their environment, giving rise to small variations in their corresponding prints and thus making them unique. Monozygotic twins always have the same genotype . Normally due to an environmental factor or

1190-541: A rate of about 3 in every 1000 deliveries worldwide. The likelihood of a single fertilization resulting in monozygotic twins is uniformly distributed in all populations around the world. This is in marked contrast to dizygotic twinning, which ranges from about six per thousand births in Japan (almost similar to the rate of identical twins, which is around 4–5) to 15 and more per thousand in some parts of India and up to over 20 in some Central African countries. The exact cause for

1309-406: A separate fetus, rather than by the embryo splitting while hatching from the zona pellucida (the gelatinous protective coating around the blastocyst). Monozygotic twins may also be created artificially by embryo splitting. It can be used as an expansion of in vitro fertilization (IVF) to increase the number of available embryos for embryo transfer . Monozygotic twinning occurs in birthing at

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1428-627: A specific type of yam containing a natural phytoestrogen which may stimulate the ovarys to release an egg from each side. In Central Africa , there are 18–30 twin sets (or 36–60 twins) per 1,000 live births. In South America , South Asia , and Southeast Asia , the lowest rates are found; only 6 to 9 twin sets per 1,000 live births. North America and Europe have intermediate rates of 9 to 16 twin sets per 1,000 live births. Multiple pregnancies are much less likely to carry to full term than single births, with twin pregnancies lasting on average 37 weeks, three weeks less than full term. Women who have

1547-541: A study in 2012 found that it is possible for a polar body to result in a healthy fetus. In 2003, a study argued that many cases of triploidy arise from sesquizygotic (semi-identical) twinning which happens when a single egg is fertilized by two sperm and splits the three sets of chromosomes into two separate cell sets. The degree of separation of the twins in utero depends on if and when they split into two zygotes. Dizygotic twins were always two zygotes. Monozygotic twins split into two zygotes at some time very early in

1666-474: A very high risk of multiple birth. Reversal of anovulation with clomifene (trade names including Clomid ) has a relatively less but yet significant risk of multiple pregnancy. A 15-year German study of 8,220 vaginally delivered twins (that is, 4,110 pregnancies) in Hesse yielded a mean delivery time interval of 13.5 minutes. The delivery interval between the twins was measured as follows: The study stated that

1785-468: Is 4–2 and Mike is 0–1). Bob and Mike won their first doubles tournament at age 6, in a 10-and-under event. They attended Mesa Union School ( Somis, California ) for elementary and junior high school, then Rio Mesa High School in Oxnard, California . They had an outstanding junior career, winning well over a hundred junior doubles titles together. They won the 1991 USTA National Boys' 14 Doubles Championships,

1904-482: Is an annual tennis tournament in Ventura County, California , headquartered at Libbey Park in downtown Ojai , about 80 miles (130 km) north of Los Angeles . The event, first held in 1896, is the oldest and largest amateur tennis tournament in the United States held in one location. The Ojai Tennis Tournament is one of North America ’s largest amateur tennis tournaments, with 1,500 tennis players, up from

2023-594: Is attributed to their particular brand of twinship: the Bryans are " mirror twins ", where one is right-handed (Mike) and the other left-handed (Bob). This is advantageous for their court coverage. They were coached by David Macpherson between 2005 and 2016. In January 2017 they reunited with coach Phil Farmer, who previously trained them to their first grand slam title, the French Open men's doubles. In October 2017, Macpherson and Dr. Dave Marshall assumed coaching duties, with Marshall handling day-to-day responsibilities, until

2142-446: Is fertilized to form one zygote (hence, "monozygotic") which then divides into two separate embryos . The chances of having identical twins is relatively rare – around 3 or 4 in every 1,000 births. Regarding spontaneous or natural monozygotic twinning, a 2007 theory related to in vitro fertilization (IVF) proposes that monozygotic twins may be formed when a blastocyst contains two inner cell masses (ICM), each of which will lead to

2261-419: Is the most common type of twin. Dizygotic twins, like any other siblings, will practically always have different sequences on each chromosome, due to chromosomal crossover during meiosis . Dizygotic twins share on average 50 percent of each other's genes, the same as siblings that are conceived and born at different times. Like any other siblings , dizygotic twins may look similar , particularly as they are

2380-462: The 1995 US Open , where they lost in the first round to Grant Connell and Patrick Galbraith . Their first tour win came in 1998, at the ATP Washington, D.C. and won two Challenger tournaments , at Aptos and Burbank . In 1999, the twins reached their first ATP final at Orlando , falling in the finals to Jim Courier and Todd Woodbridge . They reached the semi-finals at Scottsdale , and

2499-519: The 2007 French Open and to Knowles and Nestor at Queen's Club. They lost in the Wimbledon finals to Arnaud Clément and Michaël Llodra , but did avenge Dlouhý/Vízner in the quarter-finals and Santoro/Zimonjić in the semi-finals. The seventh title of their season came in Los Angeles when the tandem defeated Scott Lipsky and David Martin in the final. In Washington, D.C., the team defeated Erlich/Ram in

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2618-618: The 2007 Madrid Masters , beating Mariusz Fyrstenberg and Marcin Matkowski in the final. Their tenth title of the season came in Basel , where they beat James Blake and Mark Knowles . The brothers won their eleventh title in 2007 at the 2007 Paris Masters , defeating second seeds Daniel Nestor and Nenad Zimonjić in the final. The Bryans earned the No. 1 spot in the ATP doubles race and thus were entered into

2737-498: The 2007 Tennis Masters Cup . However, Mike had an elbow injury and could not compete. The brothers won the third rubber in the 2007 Davis Cup finals, defeating Igor Andreev and Nikolay Davydenko of Russia, thereby clinching the Davis Cup title over the country that was the reigning title holder. Andy Roddick prevailed over Dmitry Tursunov and James Blake defeated Mikhail Youzhny . Bob lost his first Davis Cup singles match in

2856-453: The 2008 Cincinnati Masters , when they came from behind to beat Bhupathi and Knowles. They won the title with a comeback against Israel 's Erlich and Ram, earning themselves two successive wins coming back from the loss of the first set. The brothers combined at the 2008 Beijing Olympics . After losing to singles specialists and eventual gold medalists Roger Federer and Stanislas Wawrinka , they beat Clément and Llodra 3–6, 6–3, 6–4 to win

2975-563: The 2008 Hamburg Masters , where they only lost one set before reaching the final. However, Nestor and Zimonjić claimed the title. Then, two weeks later, the brothers entered the 2008 French Open . Their second Grand Slam of the year looked to be a strong one, however they fell to Pablo Cuevas and Luis Horna in the quarter-finals. Again, they lost at the 2008 Queen's Club Championships to Marcelo Melo and André Sá , whom they had beaten in Hamburg. Another Grand Slam setback occurred for them at

3094-580: The 2008 Monte-Carlo Masters , however, they then claimed a second title on the 2008 ATP Tour in Barcelona at the 2008 Torneo Godó , beating Mariusz Fyrstenberg and Marcin Matkowski to win the final. At the Rome Masters, they beat Daniel Nestor and Nenad Zimonjić to claim the title. This made the Indian Wells Masters as the only ATP Masters Series to have escaped them. The brothers moved on to

3213-489: The 2008 Wimbledon Championships , when the twins lost in the semi-finals in a tight match against Jonas Björkman and Kevin Ullyett . They played opposite each other at the Wimbledon mixed doubles final. Bob and Samantha Stosur defeated Mike and Katarina Srebotnik . The brothers played their way into tournaments, as they reached the final of the 2008 Canada Masters , where they lost to Nestor and Zimonjić. Their losses ended at

3332-574: The 2010 China Open in Beijing to start their Asian hard-court swing, their first tournament after their Flushing Meadows victory, they extended their winning streak to 18–0 with a victory in the final over Mariusz Fyrstenberg and Marcin Matkowski . It was noted that they won their tenth title of the season on October 10, 2010. After this successful title defense, their next tournament was the 2010 Shanghai Rolex Masters where their winning streak ended at 20 after losing to Jürgen Melzer and Leander Paes in

3451-462: The 2010 French Open , the Bryans suffered their earliest exit at a Grand Slam since the 2001 US Open by losing to Marcelo Melo and Bruno Soares in the second round. They did not compete in any of the warm-up tournaments before Wimbledon. At Wimbledon , however, the defending champions Nestor and Zimonjić made an early exit, creating the possibility for the brothers to regain the No. 1 doubles teaming, but lost to Wesley Moodie and Dick Norman in

3570-593: The 2010 Legg Mason Tennis Classic in Washington, D.C., where they lost in the quarter-finals to Rohan Bopanna and Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi . The brothers continued their ATP World Tour Masters 1000 winning streak by capturing their 63rd title at the 2010 Rogers Cup in Toronto, adding to their titles in 2002 and 2006 and their 64th title at the 2010 Western & Southern Financial Group Masters in Cincinnati, adding to their titles in 2003 and 2008. This ensured their return to

3689-591: The Barclays ATP World Tour Finals but lost in the semi-finals to Mirnyi and Nestor. The brothers began 2012 by participating at the 2012 Apia International Sydney where they reached the final. They went on to win the final by defeating wild cards Matthew Ebden and Jarkko Nieminen to claim their second title in Sydney and their 76th overall without dropping a set. The brothers then aimed to win their sixth Australian Open and reached their eighth final at

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3808-450: The Barclays ATP World Tour Finals . The brothers began 2011 at the 2011 Medibank International Sydney where they reached the final. The pair lost to first-time pairing of Lukáš Dlouhý and Paul Hanley , marking their first final loss since March 2008 to a team other than Nestor/Zimonjic. They next traveled to Melbourne and successfully defended their 2011 Australian Open title, beating Indian duo Mahesh Bhupathi and Leander Paes in

3927-614: The California Community College Athletic Association additionally crowns singles and doubles champions. The Ojai also features CIF Southern Section high school boys' singles and doubles competition as the tournament falls within the association's boys' tennis season. Other divisions include NCAA Division III athletes, men's independent college players (i.e., from non-Pac-12 four-year institutions), and juniors. The Ojai Tennis Tournament can trace its beginnings to 1887, when Sherman Day Thacher arrived in

4046-555: The LA Tennis Open over Benjamin Becker and Frank Moser of Germany. They were the defending champions at the 2009 US Open and lost in the quarter-finals to Lukáš Dlouhý and Leander Paes in a re-match of the 2008 final despite saving five match points. The brothers won their next ATP World Tour 500 title in Beijing . The next week, they competed at the eighth Masters 1000 tournament of

4165-475: The US Open , losing in the first round. This was their first first round exit since the 2001 Australian Open. At the 2011 China Open in Beijing they were, again, unable to defend their title as they were beaten in the semi-finals by Llodra and Zimonjic in three sets. They lost the 2011 Shanghai Rolex Masters quarter-finals to Mariusz Fyrstenberg and Marcin Matkowski . The brothers played their next tournament at

4284-632: The World No. 1 doubles ranking jointly for 438 weeks (Mike has been ranked Men's Doubles World No. 1 for a total of 506 weeks), which is longer than anyone else in doubles history, and have also enjoyed that World No. 1 ranking together for a record 139 consecutive weeks. They have finished as the ATP year-end number 1 doubles team a record 10 times. Between 2005 and 2006, they set an Open Era record by competing in seven consecutive men's doubles Grand Slam finals. They are also well known for celebrating winning points by chest-bumping each other. Some of their success

4403-668: The Yoruba to 10% for Linha São Pedro, a tiny Brazilian settlement which belongs to the city of Cândido Godói . In Cândido Godói, one in five pregnancies has resulted in twins. The Argentine historian Jorge Camarasa has put forward the theory that experiments of the Nazi doctor Josef Mengele could be responsible for the high ratio of twins in the area. His theory was rejected by Brazilian scientists who had studied twins living in Linha São Pedro; they suggested genetic factors within that community as

4522-462: The blastocysts have fused. Monochorionic twins share the same placenta , and thus have a risk of twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome . Monoamniotic twins are always monozygotic . The survival rate for monoamniotic twins is somewhere between 50% and 60%. Monoamniotic twins, as with diamniotic monochorionic twins, have a risk of twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome . Also, the two umbilical cords have an increased chance of being tangled around

4641-660: The 12 players in the initial tournament in 1896 and 500 entrants in 1949. The tournament is played over several days throughout the Ojai Valley and elsewhere in western Ventura County, with final matches and marquee events held at Libbey Park in Ojai. Venues include parks, schools, private clubs, hotels, and even private residences. As of 2021, the event features 27 divisions, including men's and women's open divisions and several dedicated to collegiate and youth players. The Pac-12 Conference conducts its team championships at The Ojai, and

4760-481: The 1992 USTA National Boys' 14 Clay Court doubles title, the 1994 USTA National Boys' 16 Clay Court doubles title, the 1995 USTA National Boys' 18 Clay Courts doubles title, the 1995 USTA National Boys' 18 doubles title, and the first-ever Easter Bowl boys' 18 doubles title. The duo won four consecutive doubles titles at the Ojai Tennis Tournament from 1993 to 1996, including twice in the boys' 16s and twice in

4879-514: The 1996 US Open junior boys' doubles title, defeating Daniele Bracciali of Italy and Jocelyn Robichaud of Canada 5–7, 6–3, 6–4 in the final. They won the bronze medal in men's doubles at the 1999 Pan American Games held in Winnipeg, Manitoba , Canada, where they represented the United States for the first time as professionals. Both were awarded full-ride tennis scholarships to Stanford University in fall 1996, and played there through 1998, helping

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4998-686: The 2009 Davis Cup 1st round. Mike Bryan got one more win in Davis cup doubles (total 16) with Mardy Fish when his brother Bob was out of play due to injury in the 2008 semi-finals. At the U.S. Men's Clay Court Championships in Houston, they beat fellow Americans Jesse Levine and Ryan Sweeting to win their fourth title of the year. At the Barcelona Open Banco Sabadell and Internazionali BNL d'Italia , they failed to defend their titles as they lost to Bhupathi and Knowles and to Nestor and Zimonjic in

5117-467: The 4th dead rubber, falling to Andreev; and Blake defeated Tursunov in the 5th dead rubber to end the tie at 4–1. Thus, the United States earned its record 32nd title. The brothers started their season on the 2008 ATP Tour by entering the 2008 Medibank International in Sydney. They survived a quarter-final match against Jonathan Erlich and Andy Ram and later entered the final, falling to Richard Gasquet and Jo-Wilfried Tsonga . The Bryans again made

5236-469: The Best of Three Sets format, and each was won in straight sets. The ATP classified all three of these matches as "Qualifying, Challenger And Futures Matches," meaning they do not count towards their overall singles records, but the matches were still recorded. Bob won the first match 6–4, 6–3; Mike won the second and third matches 6–4, 6–4, and 6–3, 6–4, respectively. 2001 was the first really successful season for

5355-539: The Bryans as they captured four titles ( Memphis , Queen's Club, Newport, Los Angeles) in five finals (were finalists at Washington losing to Martin Damm and David Prinosil ). The first ATP doubles title came at Memphis, by defeating Alex O'Brien and Jonathan Stark in the final. They became the first brothers combination to win four titles in a season ( Tim and Tom Gullikson won three in 1978 and 1982). They reached their first Grand Slam semi-final at Wimbledon and finished

5474-519: The Bryans became the only doubles pairing in the Open Era to hold all four major titles at once (but not in a single season). They also won Olympic Gold during this period. They are also the only doubles team in history to have won every major title, having won all four Grand Slams, Olympic Gold, every (12 versions of the 9 tournaments) ATP World Tour Masters 1000 title, the ATP World Tour Finals and

5593-452: The Bryans set the record for most doubles titles by a brothers team, breaking Tim and Tom Gullikson's mark of 10. They reached the finals of three other tournaments, including the US Open, became the first brothers duo to finish number 1 in the ATP race, and closed the season by winning the title at Tennis Masters Cup, Houston. They also made their Davis Cup debut' for the United States in 2003, in

5712-641: The CIF Interscholastic division. The brothers won the USTA National Boys' 18 Clay Court Championships again in 1996, becoming the first team in 30 years to repeat as doubles champions at that event. Bob and Mike became the first repeat doubles champions in 50 years at the 1996 USTA National Boys' 18 Championships in Kalamazoo, Michigan , defeating Michael Russell and Kevin Kim in the final. The Bryans then won

5831-470: The Challenger Circuit they won the title at Aptos and were losing finalists at San Antonio , Burbank and Rancho Mirage . The brothers have only played each other in three professionally recognized matches, once each in 1998, 1999, and 2000, playing at U.S.A. F12, Hong Kong, and Armonk, respectively. Mike leads the series 2–1, coming back after losing to Bob in the 1998 match. Each match was played in

5950-407: The Davis Cup during their careers. The two have won a record 119 tour titles, surpassing The Woodies (Todd Woodbridge and Mark Woodforde) who won 61, and have been finalists on 59 other occasions. They have a career "Super Slam" with 16 Grand Slam titles overall, which is more than any men's team in the Open Era. These include victories at the Australian Open (2006, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2011 and 2013),

6069-590: The Erste Bank Open in Vienna (their first appearance there since 2002) where they re-gained some form by saving a match point in a tight first round before going on to reach the final where they defeated Max Mirnyi and Daniel Nestor in straight sets to claim their first Vienna title and their 7th title of the year (which was also their first title since Wimbledon). They then competed in the Valencia Open 500 event in

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6188-551: The French Open (2003, 2013), Wimbledon (2006, 2011, 2013), and the US Open (2005, 2008, 2010, 2012 and 2014). They are the only doubles pairing in history to have completed the "Double Career Grand Slam", having won all four Grand Slam titles at least twice as a team. They won the ATP World Tour Finals doubles tournament four times (2003, 2004, 2009 and 2014). They won the gold medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London and

6307-518: The No. 1 spot in the team rankings. This marked their wins in four consecutive Masters 1000 tournaments. Their winning streak continued as they won the 2010 US Open , giving the brothers a ninth major title, just two shy from the Woodies, by beating Bopanna and Qureshi in the final. On September 6, 2010, they were ranked number one in doubles based on the ATP ranking system for 205 weeks, surpassing Todd Woodbridge 's previous record of 204 weeks. Playing in

6426-492: The Ojai Valley to pursue citrus farming. To raise funds for his enterprise, he started tutoring students on his 160-acre (65 ha) ranch known as Casa de Piedra. With the later arrival of his brother William Thacher , a collegiate tennis champion at Yale, the ranch became home to the valley's first tennis court in 1892 and hosted Ojai's first tennis tournament the following year. (Casa de Piedra evolved into The Thacher School ,

6545-590: The Summer Olympics Tennis Tournament. They beat Bellucci/Sa of Brazil in the first round, Davydenko/Youzhny of Russia in the second round, Erlich/Ram of Israel in the quarterfinals, and Benneteau/Gasquet of France in the semi-finals. They entered the Gold Medal Match assured of at least a silver medal, but defeated Llodra/Tsonga of France to win the Olympic gold medal on August 4, 2012. This completed

6664-667: The Women's Doubles title at the Australian Open the previous night. At the Delray Beach International Tennis Championships , they defeated second seeds Marcelo Melo and André Sá for their third title of the year and to win the tournament for the first time ever. The broke the US record for most wins in Davis Cup doubles as a pair with 15 wins when they beat the Swiss team of Stanislas Wawrinka and Yves Allegro in

6783-465: The Woodies' record of 11, giving the brothers the most major titles in men's doubles in the Open Era. In November, Bob Bryan, who had missed a Davis Cup match due to the birth of his daughter, during which Mike had played with Mardy Fish , slipped behind Mike in the world rankings. This was the first time since August 2003 that the pair had had different rankings. This meant Mike Bryan finished 2012 as world No. 1 on his own. They returned to Wimbledon for

6902-668: The World Group Playoff tie in Slovak Republic , beating Karol Beck / Dominik Hrbatý in straight sets and helping the US to a 3–2 victory. In 2004, they won a career-best seven titles, the victories coming at Adelaide, Memphis, Acapulco, Queen's Club, Los Angeles, Basel and Tennis Masters Cup Houston. They also reached four other finals. They were part of the US Tennis Team at the Athens Olympics in 2004, where they lost in

7021-519: The Year-end championships for the third time. The year 2009 was the first year since 2004 where the brothers did not win any ATP World Tour Masters 1000 tournaments. The brothers began 2010 playing at the 2010 Heineken Open in Auckland. However, the pair lost in the first round. They then went on successfully defending their title at the 2010 Australian Open , beating Daniel Nestor and Nenad Zimonjić in

7140-462: The article. Fraternal twins can be any of the following: Among non-twin births, male singletons are slightly (about five percent) more common than female singletons. The rates for singletons vary slightly by country. For example, the sex ratio of birth in the US is 1.05 males/female, while it is 1.07 males/female in Italy. However, males are also more susceptible than females to die in utero , and since

7259-473: The babies. Because of this, there is an increased chance that the newborns may be miscarried or suffer from cerebral palsy due to lack of oxygen. When the division of the developing zygote into 2 embryos occurs, 99% of the time it is within 8 days of fertilization. Mortality is highest for conjoined twins due to the many complications resulting from shared organs. A 2006 study has found that insulin-like growth factor present in dairy products may increase

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7378-518: The bronze medal at the 2008 Beijing Olympics . They won the 2007 Davis Cup , along with Andy Roddick and James Blake . The brothers were named ATP Team of the Decade for 2000–2009 and for 2010–2019. The twins were part of the United States Davis Cup team, with a 25–5 record in doubles matches, the most wins ever by a USA doubles team. Both brothers have played Davis Cup singles matches (Bob

7497-457: The bronze medal. The brothers did not appear again until the 2008 US Open , where they won the title. They then lost in the quarter-finals of the 2008 Madrid Masters to Björkman and Ullyett. At the 2008 Tennis Masters Cup in Shanghai, they reached the final, only to be defeated by Nestor and Zimonjić and so to lose their positions as world Number 1s for the first time in three years. In January,

7616-527: The brothers entered the Medibank International , in Sydney, Australia, defeating Simone Bolelli and Andreas Seppi , and in the quarter-final, Tommy Robredo and Feliciano López in straight sets. They survived a semi-final match against Mahesh Bhupathi and Mark Knowles . They avenged their Tennis Masters Cup doubles final loss with a win over Daniel Nestor and Nenad Zimonjić to win their first Medibank International doubles title in 10 years. At

7735-552: The brothers played the 2012 Open de Nice Côte d'Azur – Doubles tournament which they won for the first time by beating Oliver Marach and Filip Polášek in the final. It was their 78th title and third of the year. They then enjoyed a good run at the 2012 French Open before losing in the final to Mirnyi and Nestor. They immediately found form on the grass, reaching the final at the Queen's Club but failed to defend their title and were again defeated by Mirnyi and Nestor. The brothers reached

7854-492: The career Golden Slam in men's doubles for the brothers, having won the Australian Open, French Open, Wimbledon, US Open and the Olympic gold medal. The brothers started 2013 by participating at the 2013 Apia International Sydney which they won by defeating Max Mirnyi and Horia Tecău in the final to claim their third title in Sydney and their 83rd overall. The Bryans then aimed to win their sixth Australian Open. They did just that by emerging victorious in their ninth final at

7973-450: The chance of dizygotic twinning. Specifically, the study found that vegan mothers (who exclude dairy from their diets) are one-fifth as likely to have twins as vegetarian or omnivore mothers, and concluded that "Genotypes favoring elevated IGF and diets including dairy products, especially in areas where growth hormone is given to cattle, appear to enhance the chances of multiple pregnancies due to ovarian stimulation." From 1980 to 1997,

8092-406: The deactivation of different X chromosomes in female monozygotic twins, and in some extremely rare cases, due to aneuploidy , twins may express different sexual phenotypes , normally from an XXY Klinefelter syndrome zygote splitting unevenly. Monozygotic twins, although genetically very similar, are not genetically exactly the same. The DNA in white blood cells of 66 pairs of monozygotic twins

8211-413: The death rate in utero is higher for twins, it leads to female twins being more common than male twins. Zygosity is the degree of identity in the genome of twins. Dizygotic ( DZ ) or fraternal twins (also referred to as "non-identical twins", "dissimilar twins", "biovular twins", and, informally in the case of females, "sororal twins") usually occur when two fertilized eggs are implanted in

8330-408: The differences detected in this study would have occurred during embryonic cell-division (after the point of fertilization). If they occur early in fetal development, they will be present in a very large proportion of body cells. Another cause of difference between monozygotic twins is epigenetic modification , caused by differing environmental influences throughout their lives. Epigenetics refers to

8449-519: The duo retired. Turning pro in 1998, the brothers retired in August 2020, having played (and won) their final match as a team in March of that year. On October 28, 2016, they recorded their all-time record 1000th match win, as a team, by defeating Pablo Cuevas and Viktor Troicki in the quarter-finals of the 2016 Erste Bank Open, in Vienna, Austria. Following their triumph at the 2013 Wimbledon Championships ,

8568-405: The early stages of embryonic development. A 1981 study of a deceased XXX twin fetus without a heart showed that although its fetal development suggested that it was an identical twin, as it shared a placenta with its healthy twin, tests revealed that it was probably a polar body twin. The authors were unable to predict whether a healthy fetus could result from a polar body twinning. However,

8687-682: The epigenetic difference of three-year-old twins. Twins who had spent their lives apart (such as those adopted by two different sets of parents at birth) had the greatest difference. However, certain characteristics become more alike as twins age, such as IQ and personality. In January 2021, new research from a team of researchers in Iceland was published in the journal Nature Genetics suggesting that identical twins may not be quite as identical as previously thought. The four-year study of monozygotic (identical) twins and their extended families revealed that these twins have genetic differences that begin in

8806-486: The event after three consecutive three-setters which included saving a match point and overcoming a 2–5 deficit in the final set tie-break in an epic semi-final against Robert Lindstedt and Horia Tecău . However, the brothers played Leander Paes and Radek Štěpánek in the final and were upset in straight sets. They were forced to withdraw from Indian Wells at the quarter-final stage with illness and were beaten in Miami at

8925-560: The event by beating the Dutch team of Robin Haase and Igor Sijsling . This gave the brothers an all-time record 13 Grand Slam titles. They surpassed the pre-Open Era record of 12 titles held by John Newcombe and Tony Roche . Identical twin In contrast, a fetus that develops alone in the womb (the much more common case in humans) is called a singleton , and the general term for one offspring of

9044-406: The final to Julien Benneteau and Michaël Llodra . The brothers lost in the quarter-finals of the 2008 Indian Wells Masters to Mirnyi and Murray once more. The brothers captured their first title of the season at the 2008 Miami Masters , beating Bhupathi and Knowles. After this, they lost in their Davis Cup match to Arnaud Clément and Llodra. They lost to Jeff Coetzee and Wesley Moodie at

9163-509: The final, thus claiming their fourth Australian Open title and eighth major title. They also defended their titles at the 2010 Delray Beach International Tennis Championships (where they earned their 600th victory as a team) and the U.S. Men's Clay Court Championships in Houston. The brothers participated in the first round of Davis Cup , where they were drawn to face Serbia in Belgrade on clay courts. Mike had to withdraw due to food poisoning and

9282-458: The final. At the Rome Masters , however, the brothers lost to Fabrice Santoro and Nenad Zimonjić . It was the first Masters Series match that the Bryans lost in 2007. The Hamburg Masters saw the Bryans beat Paul Hanley and Kevin Ullyett in the final for a sixth title on the 2007 ATP Tour and third Masters Series event of the year. The brothers lost to Lukáš Dlouhý and Pavel Vízner at

9401-468: The final. The brothers did not reach the finals in the 2007 Rogers Masters , which is the second time that the Bryans did not reach a 2007 Masters Series final. They lost in the finals of the 2007 Cincinnati Masters to Erlich/Ram and their next event was the 2007 US Open , which the brothers lost in the quarter-finals to Simon Aspelin and Julian Knowle . Each brother lost in the second round of mixed doubles competition. The brothers' ninth title came at

9520-735: The final. This was the Bryans' third straight title at the Australian Open (and their fifth overall), and their tenth Grand Slam title (just one shy from the Woodies). They suffered early exits in Acapulco , Indian Wells and Miami but bounced back to win their 69th title in Houston . They followed this victory with their 70th title in Monte Carlo the week after. This was their 18th Masters 1000 title, tying them with Todd Woodbridge and six shy of all-time Masters 1000 leader Daniel Nestor . Their next tournament

9639-491: The finals at Memphis, Monte Carlo TMS and Rome TMS. In 2006, the twins won the first Grand Slam of the season, the 2006 Australian Open , where they beat Leander Paes of India and Martin Damm of the Czech Republic in the final. They completed the career slam a few months later at Wimbledon, beating Fabrice Santoro and Nenad Zimonjić in four sets in the final. 2007 saw the Bryans win 11 titles. They started losing in

9758-470: The first round of their first tournament, but entered the 2007 Australian Open and won it defeating Jonas Björkman and Max Mirnyi in the final. Björkman and Mirnyi had defeated the Bryans for two years running in the French Open finals. The brothers only lost one set. Their second title of the season came in Las Vegas where the outstanding team beat Jonathan Erlich / Andy Ram . At the 2007 Miami Masters ,

9877-475: The globe. In a study on the maternity records of 5750 Hausa women living in the Savannah zone of Nigeria , there were 40 twins and 2 triplets per 1000 births. Twenty-six percent of twins were monozygotic. The incidence of multiple births, which was about five times higher than that observed in any western population, was significantly lower than that of other ethnic groups, who live in the hot and humid climate of

9996-536: The level of activity of any particular gene. A gene may become switched on, switched off, or could become partially switched on or off in an individual. This epigenetic modification is triggered by environmental events. Monozygotic twins can have markedly different epigenetic profiles. A study of 80 pairs of monozygotic twins ranging in age from three to 74 showed that the youngest twins have relatively few epigenetic differences. The number of epigenetic differences increases with age. Fifty-year-old twins had over three times

10115-406: The lowest mortality risk at about 9 percent, although that is still significantly higher than that of singletons. Monochorionic twins generally have two amniotic sacs (called Monochorionic–Diamniotic "MoDi"), which occurs in 60–70% of the pregnancies with monozygotic twins, and in 0.3% of all pregnancies. Monochorionic-Diamniotic twins are almost always monozygotic, with a few exceptions where

10234-525: The number of twin births in the United States rose 52%. This rise can at least partly be attributed to the increasing popularity of fertility drugs and procedures such as IVF, which result in multiple births more frequently than unassisted fertilizations do. It may also be linked to the increase of growth hormones in food. About 1 in 90 human births (1.1%) results from a twin pregnancy. The rate of dizygotic twinning varies greatly among ethnic groups , ranging as high as about 45 per 1000 births (4.5%) for

10353-414: The occurrence of complications "was found to be more likely with increasing twin-to-twin delivery time interval" and suggested that the interval be kept short, though it noted that the study did not examine causes of complications and did not control for factors such as the level of experience of the obstetrician, the wish of the women giving birth, or the "management strategies" of the procedure of delivering

10472-561: The oldest boarding school in California still in operation.) William Thacher established the Ojai Valley Tennis Club in 1895. The inaugural Ojai Tennis Tournament matched the Ojai Valley and Ventura tennis clubs, with the pool of eligible entrants later expanding to include neighboring counties and eventually all of California. By 1912, it was the largest amateur tennis tournament in the US with 272 competitors in 12 events. The Ojai

10591-473: The pregnancy. The timing of this separation determines the chorionicity (the number of placentae) and amniocity (the number of sacs) of the pregnancy. Dichorionic twins either never divided (i.e.: were dizygotic) or they divided within the first 4 days. Monoamnionic twins divide after the first week. In very rare cases, twins become conjoined twins . Non-conjoined monozygotic twins form up to day 14 of embryonic development, but when twinning occurs after 14 days,

10710-477: The quarter-finals and comfortably beaten Max Mirnyi and Daniel Nestor in the final. However, their momentum was halted at the 2012 Barcelona Open Banc Sabadell , with their withdrawal due to illness. They took to the new blue clay of the Madrid Masters as the defending champions but lost early. Their next tournament was the Rome Masters , where they lost in the quarter-finals. Keen to regain some momentum,

10829-540: The quarter-finals at Indian Wells and Key Biscayne . The brothers were successful on the Challenger Circuit, winning three tournaments ( Amarillo , Birmingham , Burbank ), and reaching the finals in four others. The next season saw the brothers win their first match at a Grand Slam when they reached the quarter-finals of the US Open (1st round, beat David Adams and John-Laffnie de Jager ). They reached three ATP semi-finals ( San Jose , Orlando, Newport ), and two other quarter-finals ( Queen's Club , Washington, D.C.). On

10948-586: The quarter-finals to eventual gold medalists Fernando González and Nicolás Massú of Chile . They finished another successful season by winning the Tennis Masters Cup for the second year running. In 2005, the Bryans reached all four Grand Slam finals, and though they lost in the first three (Australian Open, Roland Garros and Wimbledon), they won the second Grand Slam of their career at the US Open in front of cheering home fans. They also won tournaments at Scottsdale, Queen's Club and Washington, and made it to

11067-545: The quarter-finals. To start their 2010 North American summer hard-court swing, the brothers won their 62nd career doubles title at their hometown tournament in Los Angeles , where they were the defending champions. They reached the final and became the first team in the Open Era to reach 100 doubles finals. The win surpassed the Woodies record of 61 wins as a team. Their next target is the all-time record of 79 set by Pam Shriver and Martina Navratilova . They next participated in

11186-408: The rate of monozygotic twins) to 14 and more per thousand in some African countries. Dizygotic twins are also more common for older mothers, with twinning rates doubling in mothers over the age of 35. With the advent of technologies and techniques to assist women in getting pregnant, the rate of fraternals has increased markedly. Monozygotic ( MZ ) or identical twins occur when a single egg

11305-444: The same age. However, dizygotic twins may also look very different from each other (for example, be of opposite sexes). Studies show that there is a genetic proclivity for dizygotic twinning. However, it is only the mother who has any effect on the chances of having such twins; there is no known mechanism for a father to cause the release of more than one ovum . Dizygotic twinning ranges from six per thousand births in Japan (similar to

11424-527: The season's first Grand Slam, in Melbourne, the Australian Open, the brothers won the men's Doubles final, on Saturday, January 31, defeating India's Mahesh Bhupathi and Mark Knowles from the Bahamas in three sets. The outcome was historical in that it was the first time in tennis history that siblings had won both categories of Doubles titles – men's and women's – at a Major, as Venus and Serena Williams had won

11543-452: The second twin. There have also been cases in which twins are born a number of days apart. Possibly the worldwide record for the duration of the time gap between the first and the second delivery was the birth of twins 97 days apart in Cologne, Germany, the first of which was born on November 17, 2018. Ojai Tennis Tournament The Ojai Tennis Tournament , often shortened to The Ojai ,

11662-494: The semi-final stage by Paes and Štěpánek for the second time in 2012. They skipped Houston despite being the defending champions and instead secured a doubles rubber point in the USA-France Davis Cup tie at Monte-Carlo by defeating Julien Benneteau and Michaël Llodra . They then went on to win their 20th Masters 1000 title and 77th title overall at Monte Carlo without dropping a set. They had thrashed Paes and Štěpánek in

11781-440: The semi-finals and final respectively. They exited the French Open in the semi-finals to South African-Belgian pair Wesley Moodie and Dick Norman after losing three match points. They were seeded first at Wimbledon , where they reached the final without dropping a set. however, they lost the final against arch-rivals Nestor and Zimonjic in four sets. They started their US Open Series and North American hard-court season by winning

11900-441: The semi-finals at Wimbledon for the second straight year. Also, the brothers reached the semi-finals at the US Open (where they lost to Mahesh Bhupathi / Max Mirnyi ), Washington, and the Madrid Masters . They finished the season with a 54–19 match record and in third place in the doubles race. The brothers faced each other at the US Open mixed doubles final, with Mike and Lisa Raymond defeating Bob and Katarina Srebotnik . 2003

12019-489: The semi-finals of Wimbledon but, after a tight match, were defeated by eventual first-time wildcard titlists Jonathan Marray and Frederik Nielsen . After winning the Olympic gold medal at the Summer Olympics in London (see the '2012 Olympics' section below), the brothers played the 2012 Rogers Cup in Toronto. They maintained their fine form by winning their 21st Masters 1000 title and their 80th title overall after saving

12138-504: The semi-finals. The Bryans then participated at the 2010 Davidoff Swiss Indoors where the clinched the year-end no.1 ranking by reaching the semi-finals. They ended up winning their 11th title of the year in their 11th final by beating defending champions Nestor and Zimonjić in the final. They capped up their season by losing to Mark Knowles and Andy Ram in the semi-finals of the 2010 BNP Paribas Masters in Paris, and to Nestor and Zimonjić in

12257-455: The southern part of the country. The incidence of multiple births was related to maternal age but did not bear any association to the climate or prevalence of malaria . Twins are more common in people of African descent. The predisposing factors of monozygotic twinning are unknown. Dizygotic twin pregnancies are slightly more likely when the following factors are present in the woman: Women undergoing certain fertility treatments may have

12376-414: The splitting of a zygote or embryo is unknown. IVF techniques are more likely to create dizygotic twins. For IVF deliveries, there are nearly 21 pairs of twins for every 1,000. Monozygotic twins are genetically nearly identical and they are the same chromosomal sex unless there has been a mutation during development. The children of monozygotic twins test genetically as half-siblings (or full siblings, if

12495-446: The team to an NCAA team title both years. They won the NCAA doubles title in 1998, defeating Kelly Gullet and Robert Lindstedt of Pepperdine University in the final, becoming the first brothers to win the NCAA doubles title since Robert and Tom Falkenberg of USC in 1946. They finished the year ranked No. 1 in the collegiate doubles rankings. The Bryans made their Grand Slam debut at

12614-613: The tie. The Bryans lost to Max Mirnyi and Jamie Murray in the 2008 Delray Beach International Tennis Championships final, and to fellow Stanford Alumni Scott Lipsky and David Martin in the final of the 2008 SAP Open in San Jose, California . The Bryans made it to the final of the Tennis Channel Open in Las Vegas , producing wins over Xavier Malisse and Hugo Armando , Chris Guccione and Lleyton Hewitt , and Marcos Baghdatis and Konstantinos Economidis , but went down in

12733-436: The twins will likely be conjoined. Furthermore, there can be various degrees of shared environment of twins in the womb, potentially leading to pregnancy complications . It is a common misconception that two placentas automatically implies dizygotic twins, but if monozygotic twins separate early enough, the arrangement of sacs and placentas in utero is in fact indistinguishable from that of dizygotic twins. DiDi twins have

12852-535: The twins won the Masters Series title, defeating Martin Damm and Leander Paes . Their fourth title came without a set's loss in Houston , defeating Mark Knowles and Daniel Nestor in the final. The pair won their fifth title on the 2007 ATP Tour and second Masters Series title of the year at the Monte-Carlo Masters - they missed Indian Wells . The team defeated Julien Benneteau and Nicolas Mahut in

12971-466: The uterus wall at the same time. When two eggs are independently fertilized by two different sperm cells , fraternal twins result. The two eggs, or ova , form two zygotes , hence the terms dizygotic and biovular . Fraternal twins are, essentially, two ordinary siblings who happen to develop in the womb together and who are born at the same time, since they arise from two separate eggs fertilized by two separate sperm , just like ordinary siblings. This

13090-489: The very next week and rode their momentum without dropping a set into their first final there against Eric Butorac and Jean-Julien Rojer . They went on to win the final in straight sets to earn their first Valencia title and 8th title of the season. However, they were unable to make it three titles in three weeks at the 2011 BNP Paribas Masters as they were upset in the second round by Julien Benneteau and Nicolas Mahut . The brothers looked to finish their season strongly at

13209-496: The year at No. 7 in the ATP Doubles Race, with a 45–23 match record. The next season saw the Bryans win a career-high five ATP doubles titles, including their first ATP Masters Series title. They won that AMS title at Toronto , where they beat Mark Knowles and Daniel Nestor in the final. They won titles at Acapulco , Scottsdale, Newport, and Basel , and were runners-up at Adelaide , Memphis and Washington. They advanced to

13328-508: The year, the Shanghai Masters , but lost in the quarter-finals. They then competed in Basel as a warm-up tournament before Paris and London . They reached the final but lost to Daniel Nestor and Nenad Zimonjić. At Paris, they lost at the quarter-finals. However, they captured the Barclays ATP World Tour Finals to end the year as the World No. 1 Doubles Team for the fifth time and capture

13447-440: Was a landmark season for the Bryans. They reached their first Grand Slam final at Roland Garros , where they also won their first Grand Slam title, beating Paul Haarhuis and Yevgeny Kafelnikov in the final, and did not drop a set all through the tournament. They won five titles for the second successive year ( Barcelona , Roland Garros , Nottingham , Cincinnati Masters , Tennis Masters Cup ). With their win at Roland Garros,

13566-420: Was analyzed for 506,786 single-nucleotide polymorphisms known to occur in human populations. Polymorphisms appeared in 2 of the 33 million comparisons, leading the researchers to extrapolate that the blood cells of monozygotic twins may have on the order of one DNA-sequence difference for every 12 million nucleotides, which would imply hundreds of differences across the entire genome. The mutations producing

13685-497: Was forced to move to the YMCA courts in Los Angeles because of World War I and two big fires in 1918, and to Santa Barbara in 1919. In 1922, tournament entrance fees were $ 1 ($ 18 in current dollar terms), and grounds admission (including afternoon tea ) was $ .50 ($ 9 in current dollar terms) on the first day and $ .75 ($ 14 in current dollar terms) on the last day. In 1924, an outbreak of a cattle disease called hoof-and-mouth disease led to

13804-793: Was replaced by John Isner . Bob and Isner won the doubles rubber in five sets against Janko Tipsarević and Zimonjić. However, the US lost the tie 3–2 (with the last rubber being a dead rubber). The brothers then won two back to back Masters Series titles during the European clay tour at the 2010 Internazionali BNL d'Italia in Rome and the 2010 Mutua Madrileña Madrid Open . They defeated compatriots Isner and Sam Querrey in Rome, and co-world No. 1s Nestor and Zimonjić in Madrid. This ended their ATP World Tour Masters 1000 title drought since August 2008 and equalled The Woodies ' record of 61 doubles titles. Seeded first at

13923-428: Was the 2011 Barcelona Open Banco Sabadell , where they ended as runners-up to first time pairing of Santiago González and Scott Lipsky after missing four match points in a closely fought final. They continued their clay court dominance by winning (and defending) their fourth Madrid Masters title beating Michaël Llodra and Nenad Zimonjić in the final. It was the Bryans' 19th Masters title. Their next tournament

14042-508: Was the Rome Masters , where they lost in the quarter-finals to compatriots Mardy Fish and Andy Roddick . They lost in the 2011 French Open semi-finals to first-time pairing of Juan Sebastián Cabal and Eduardo Schwank . They bounced back, clinching their fourth Queen's Club title, beating fellow Australian Open finalists Bhupathi/Paes in the final in a tough three-setter. They followed this up winning Wimbledon on July 2, defeating Robert Lindstedt and Horia Tecău in straight sets. This

14161-510: Was their second Wimbledon title and tied The Woodies ' record of 11 Grand Slam titles. The brothers failed to defend their title at the Rogers Cup although they reached the final and lost to Llodra and Zimonjic in three sets. Their next stop was at the Cincinnati where they again failed to defend their title by falling to Bhupathi/Paes in the semi-finals. Their late season struggles continued at

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