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32-1787: Polypetalae. Dome shaped plants with unexpanded flower receptacle (thalamus), polysepalous, hypogynous with a superior ovary Within the dicotyledons ("classis prima Dicotyledoneae ") the systems recognize this as subclass 1. Thalamiflorae. The full Ordo , Tribe and genera are shown below Ordo 1. Ranunculaceae Ordo 2. Dilleniaceae Ordo 3. Magnoliaceae Ordo 4. Annonaceae Ordo 5. Menispermaceae Ordo 6. Berberideae Ordo 7. Podophyllaceae Ordo 8. Nymphaeaceae Ordo 9. Papaveraceae Ordo 10. Fumariaceae Ordo 11. Cruciferae Ordo 12. Capparideae Ordo 13. Flacourtianeae Ordo 14. Bixineae Ordo 15. Cistineae Ordo 16. Violarieae Ordo 17. Droseraceae Ordo 18. Polygaleae Ordo 19. Tremandreae Ordo 20. Pittosporeae Ordo 21. Frankeniaceae Ordo 22. Caryophylleae Ordo 23. Lineae Ordo 24. Malvaceae Ordo 25. Bombaceae Ordo 26. Byttneriaceae Ordo 27. Tiliaceae Ordo 28. Elaeocarpeae Ordo 29. Chlenaceae Ordo 30. Ternstroemiaceae Ordo 31. Camellieae Ordo 32. Olacineae Ordo 33. Aurantiaceae Ordo 34. Hypericineae Ordo 35. Guttiferae Ordo 36. Marcgraviaceae Ordo 37. Hippocrateaceae Ordo 38. Erythroxyleae Ordo 39. Malpighiaceae Ordo 40. Acerineae Ordo 41. Hippocastaneae Ordo 42. Rhizoboleae Ordo 43. Sapindaceae Ordo 44. Meliaceae Ordo 45. Ampelideae Ordo 46. Geraniaceae Ordo 47. Tropaeoleae Ranunculaceae Ranunculaceae ( / r ə n ʌ ŋ k j uː ˈ l eɪ s i ˌ aɪ , - s iː ˌ iː / , buttercup or crowfoot family ; Latin rānunculus "little frog", from rāna "frog")

64-510: A berry in Actaea . Ranunculaceae contain protoanemonin , which is toxic to humans and animals. Contact with plant sap may cause inflammation and blistering of the skin, while ingestion can cause irritation of the mouth, vomiting, and diarrhea. Other poisonous or toxic compounds, alkaloids and glycosides , are also common. Takhtajan (1997) included the Ranunculaceae as the only family in

96-434: A cyme , have usually five (but occasionally as few as three or as many as seven) sepals and usually, five yellow, greenish or white petals that are sometimes flushed with red, purple or pink (but the petals may be absent or have a different, sometimes much higher number). At the base of each petal is usually one nectary gland that is naked or may be covered by a scale. Anthers may be few, but often many are arranged in

128-408: A 2010 classification for the tribe Ranunculeae. The split (and often re-recognized) genera include Arcteranthis Greene, Beckwithia Jeps., Callianthemoides Tamura, Coptidium (Prantl) Beurl. ex Rydb., Cyrtorhyncha Nutt. ex Torr. & A.Gray, Ficaria Guett., Krapfia DC., Kumlienia E. Greene and Peltocalathos Tamura. Not all taxonomists and users accept this splitting of

160-406: A rosette at the base of the stem. In many perennial species runners are sent out that will develop new plants with roots and rosettes at the distanced nodes. The leaves lack stipules , have petioles , are palmately veined , entire, more or less deeply incised, or compound, and leaflets or leaf segments may be very fine and linear in aquatic species. The hermaphrodite flowers are single or in

192-551: A spice in Indian and Middle Eastern cuisine. Ranunculus Ranunculus / r æ ˈ n ʌ ŋ k j ʊ l ə s / is a large genus of about 1750 species of flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae . Members of the genus are known as buttercups , spearworts and water crowfoots . The genus is distributed worldwide, primarily in temperate and montane regions. The familiar and widespread buttercup of gardens throughout Northern Europe (and introduced elsewhere)

224-509: A spiral, are yellow or sometimes white, and with yellow pollen . The sometimes few but mostly many green or yellow carpels are not fused and are also arranged in a spiral, mostly on a globe or dome-shaped receptacle . The petals of buttercups are often highly lustrous , especially in yellow species, owing to a special coloration mechanism: the petal's upper surface is very smooth causing a mirror-like reflection. The flash aids in attracting pollinating insects and temperature regulation of

256-559: A third, intermediate leaf type occurs. Ranunculus species are used as food by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the Hebrew character and small angle shades . Some species are popular ornamental flowers in horticulture , with many cultivars selected for large and brightly coloured flowers. Buttercups are found in both hemispheres on all continents aside from Antarctica, and are primarily found in temperate or montane habitats. They likely originated in northern Eurasia during

288-461: Is monophyletic with Glaucidium as sister to the remaining genera. This phylogeny is illustrated in the APG Poster. Early subdivisions of the family, such as Michel Adanson (1763), simply divided it based on one-seeded or many-seeded fruit. Prantl (1887) envisaged three tribes , Paeonieae, Helleboreae and Anemoneae with Paeonia , Glaucidium and Hydrastis forming Paeonieae. By

320-411: Is a family of over 2,000 known species of flowering plants in 43 genera, distributed worldwide. The largest genera are Ranunculus (600 species), Delphinium (365), Thalictrum (330), Clematis (380), and Aconitum (300). Ranunculaceae are mostly herbaceous annuals or perennials, but some are woody climbers (such as Clematis ) or shrubs (e.g. Xanthorhiza ). Most members of

352-409: Is monophyletic. The position of Glaucidium and some of its unique morphological characteristics prompted Stevens to suggest that it be given subfamilial rank as the monotypic Glaucidioideae. Similarly, Hydrastis has been assigned to subfamily Hydrastidoideae. Both genera are represented by a single species, Glaucidium palmatum and Hydrastis canadense respectively. The relationships between

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384-718: Is poisonous to cows and other livestock). A popular children's game involves holding a buttercup up to the chin; a yellow reflection is supposed to indicate a fondness for butter. In ancient Rome, a species of buttercup was held to the skin by slaves attempting to remove forehead tattoos made by their owners. In the interior of the Pacific Northwest of the United States, the buttercup is called "Coyote's eyes"— ʔiceyéeyenm sílu in Nez Perce and spilyaynmí áčaš in Sahaptin . In

416-412: Is the creeping buttercup Ranunculus repens , which has extremely tough and tenacious roots. Two other species are also widespread, the bulbous buttercup Ranunculus bulbosus and the much taller meadow buttercup Ranunculus acris . In ornamental gardens, all three are often regarded as weeds . Buttercups usually flower in the spring, but flowers may be found throughout the summer, especially where

448-536: Is used as a tonic. More than 30 species are used in homeopathy , including Aconitum napellus , Actaea racemosa , Clematis recta , Clematis virginiana , Hydrastis canadensis , Ranunculus bulbosus , Helleborus niger , Delphinium staphisagria , Pulsatilla nigricans . Many genera are well known as cultivated flowers, such as Aconitum (monkshood), Clematis , Consolida (larkspur), Delphinium , Helleborus (Christmas rose), Trollius (globeflower). The seeds of Nigella sativa are used as

480-1022: The Rhön Mountains , central Germany . Achenes labelled Ranunculus cf. tachiroei is known from the Pliocene of the Hengduan Mountains of China. Indeterminate achenes have been found from Neogene strata from the Meyer Desert Formation biota in the Transantarctic Mountains , which appear to have inhabited a periglacial environment. The oldest potential fossil is from the Late Eocene (initially identified as Miocene) Florissant Formation of Colorado , identified by Theodore Dru Alison Cockerell in 1922. Buttercups are mostly perennial , but occasionally annual or biennial , herbaceous , aquatic or terrestrial plants, often with leaves in

512-615: The Yixian Formation in China was described as belonging to the "compare Family stem lineage to the Ranunculaceae". The oldest confirmed representative of the family is Paleoactaea nagelii Pigg & DeVore described on the basis of fruits coming from the Upper Paleocene of North Dakota . Some Ranunculaceae are used as herbal medicines because of their alkaloids and glycosides, such as Hydrastis canadensis (goldenseal), whose root

544-695: The Ranuculaceae, together with the Eupteleaceae , Lardizabalaceae , Menispermaceae , Berberidaceae , and Papaveraceae in the Ranunculales, the only order in the superorder Ranunculanae. This follows the work of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group . The family Ranunculaceae sensu stricto is one of seven families included in the order Ranunculales within the eudicots according to the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) classification. The family

576-691: The Ranunculales which he placed in a subclass, the Ranunculidae, instead of a superorder. Previously, Thorn (1992) placed the Ranunculaceae in the Berberidales, an order within the Superorder Magnolianae. Earlier Cronquist in 1981 included the Ranunculaceae along with seven other families in the Rancunculales which was included in the Magnoliidae, which he regarded as a subclass. David, (2010) placed

608-499: The blistering of the mouth caused by their poison means they are usually left uneaten. Poisoning in livestock can occur where buttercups are abundant in overgrazed fields where little other edible plant growth is left, and the animals eat them out of desperation. Symptoms of poisoning include bloody diarrhea , excessive salivation , colic , and severe blistering of the mouth, mucous membranes and gastrointestinal tract. When Ranunculus plants are handled, naturally occurring ranunculin

640-653: The family have bisexual flowers which can be showy or inconspicuous. Flowers are solitary, but are also found aggregated in cymes , panicles , or spikes . The flowers are usually radially symmetrical but are also found to be bilaterally symmetrical in the genera Aconitum and Delphinium . The sepals , petals , stamens and carpels are all generally free (not fused), the outer flower segments typically number four or five. The outer stamens may be modified to produce only nectar, as in Aquilegia , Helleborus and Delphinium . In some genera, such as Thalictrum ,

672-441: The flower's reproductive organs. The fruits (in this case called achenes ) may be smooth or hairy, winged, nobby or have hooked spines. The genus name Ranunculus is Late Latin for "little frog", the diminutive of rana . This probably refers to many species being found near water, like frogs. The common name buttercup may derive from a false belief that the plants give butter its characteristic yellow hue (in fact it

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704-452: The genera suggest the existence of three major clades corresponding to Coptidoideae, Thalictroideae (clade A) and Ranunculoideae (clade F). The latter is the largest with four subclades (B–E). Of these, C corresponds to Delphineae, D to Cimicifugae and E to Ranunculoideae. Consequently, Wang and colleagues (2009) proposed a new classification with five subfamilies, and further subdividing Ranunculoideae into ten tribes. The relationship between

736-568: The genus, and it can alternatively be treated in the broad sense. The most common uses of Ranunculus species in traditional medicines are as an antirheumatic , as a rubefacient , and to treat intermittent fever . The findings in some Ranunculus species of, for example, protoanemonin , anemonin , may justify the uses of these species against fever, rheumatism and rubefacient in Asian traditional medicines. All Ranunculus (buttercup) species are poisonous when eaten fresh, but their acrid taste and

768-476: The late Eocene or Oligocene and rapidly radiated up to the present, dispersing worldwide. Fossil evidence suggests that despite no longer occurring there, they inhabited Antarctica up to the mid-late Pliocene , even while glaciations were rapidly altering the landscape. Ranunculus gailensis and Ranunculus tanaiticus seed fossils have been described from the Pliocene Borsoni Formation in

800-530: The leaf axils. Some members of the genus Thalictrum utilize anemophily while others utilize entomophily . Flowers of the entomophilous genus Papaver , also of the Ranunculales order, produce only pollen . Until recently, it was believed that the species of the genus Anemone also lack nectar . The fruits are most commonly free, unfused achenes (e.g. Ranunculus , Clematis ) or follicles (e.g. Helleborus , Eranthis , Nigella ), but

832-539: The legend, Coyote was tossing his eyes up in the air and catching them again when Eagle snatched them. Unable to see, Coyote made eyes from the buttercup. Molecular investigation of the genus has revealed that Ranunculus is not monophyletic with respect to a number of other recognized genera in the family—e.g. Ceratocephala , Halerpestes , Hamadryas , Laccopetalum , Myosurus , Oxygraphis , Paroxygraphis and Trautvetteria . A proposal to split Ranunculus into several genera has thus been published in

864-716: The phylogenetic relationships of the Ranunculaceae family, and their findings are consistent with those of Wang and colleagues (2009). However, this study indicates that the ancestors of the Ranunculaceae family experienced multiple whole-genome duplication (WGD) events, which may be related to the longstanding prosperity of this ancient group. Glaucidoideae [REDACTED] Hydrastidoideae [REDACTED] Coptidoideae [REDACTED] Ranunculoideae [REDACTED] Thalictroideae [REDACTED] Ranunculaceae contains approximately 43 genera. Previous genera Contrary to earlier data, there are no confirmed pre- Tertiary ranunculacean fossils. The Early Cretaceous Leefructus mirus from

896-424: The plants are growing as opportunistic colonizers, as in the case of garden weeds. The water crowfoots ( Ranunculus subgenus Batrachium ), which grow in still or running water, are sometimes treated in a separate genus Batrachium (from Greek βάτραχος bátrakhos , "frog"). They have two different leaf types, thread-like leaves underwater and broader floating leaves. In some species, such as R. aquatilis ,

928-512: The sepals are colorful and appear petal-like (petaloid) and the petals can be inconspicuous or absent. The stems are unarmed. The leaves are variable. Most species have both basal and cauline (stem) leaves, which are usually compound or lobed but can be simple. They are typically alternate, or occasionally opposite or even whorled. Many species, especially the perennials, form rhizomes that develop new roots each year. Ficaria verna can reproduce vegetatively by means of root tubers produced in

960-556: The subfamilies is shown in the cladogram (see below). In addition to the two monotypic subgenera, Coptoideae has 17 species and Thalictroideae has 450, including Thalictrum and Aquilegia . The other genera (2025 species, 81% of the family) belong to Ranunculoideae. Kingdonia had been included by Tamura in Anemoneae, but is now added to Circaeasteraceae. In recent years, researchers have used nuclear genes (obtained through transcriptome sequencing technology) to further investigate

992-591: The twentieth century Langlet (1932) used chromosome types to create two subfamilies , Ranunculoideae and Thalictroideae. In 1966, Tamura further developed Langlet's system by adding floral characteristics with six subfamilies; but by 1988 he had reduced Coptidoideae to a tribe within Isopyroideae, leaving five subfamilies, an arrangement he continued in his 1993 monograph, dividing the larger subfamilies into tribes, though by then Paeonia and Glaucidium were no longer considered to belong to Ranunculaceae. Paeonia

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1024-484: Was separated from Ranuculaceae and placed in its own family of Paeoniaceae (order Saxifragales ). Other genera originally included in Ranunculaceae include Circaeaster , which was placed in its own family Circaeasteraceae . Tamura's complete system was structured as follows; The genus Glaucidium , having been moved to its own family ( Glaucidiaceae ), has since been restored to Ranuculaceae. When subjected to molecular phylogenetic analysis, only Thalictroideae

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