26-481: Tetrigidae is an ancient family in the order Orthoptera , which also includes similar families such as crickets , grasshoppers , and their allies. Species within the Tetrigidae are variously called groundhoppers , pygmy grasshoppers , pygmy devils or (mostly historical) "grouse locusts". Tetrigidae are typically less than 20 mm in length and are recognizable by a long pronotum . This pronotum extends over
52-536: A hemimetabolous development, in which eggs hatch into nymphs . Unlike other temperate Orthoptera, however, temperate Tetrigidae generally overwinter as adults. Some subfamilies within the Tetrigidae, such as the Batrachideinae , are sometimes elevated to family rank besides the Tetrigidae. Arulenus miae is a pygmy grasshopper species from the tropical mountainous rainforests of the Philippines. The species
78-431: A 'cf.' (from Latin confer , compare, before a taxon name); such a convention is especially widespread in palaeontology. In zoological nomenclature, " incertae sedis " is not a nomenclatural term at all per se , but is used by taxonomists in their classifications to mean "of uncertain taxonomic position". In botany, a name is not validly published if it is not accepted by the author in the same publication. In zoology,
104-529: A 2007 scientific paper about crustaceans of the Kuril–Kamchatka Trench and the Japan Trench describes typical circumstances through which this category is applied in discussing: ...the removal of many genera from new and existing families into a state of incertae sedis. Their reduced status was attributed largely to poor or inadequate descriptions but it was accepted that some of the vagueness in
130-412: A family— or whether a described family should be acknowledged— is established and decided upon by active taxonomists . There are not strict regulations for outlining or acknowledging a family, yet in the realm of plants, these classifications often rely on both the vegetative and reproductive characteristics of plant species. Taxonomists frequently hold varying perspectives on these descriptions, leading to
156-554: A lack of widespread consensus within the scientific community for extended periods. The continual publication of new data and diverse opinions plays a crucial role in facilitating adjustments and ultimately reaching a consensus over time. The naming of families is codified by various international bodies using the following suffixes: The taxonomic term familia was first used by French botanist Pierre Magnol in his Prodromus historiae generalis plantarum, in quo familiae plantarum per tabulas disponuntur (1689) where he called
182-429: A name proposed conditionally may be available under certain conditions. For uncertainties at lower levels, some authors have proposed a system of "open nomenclature", suggesting that question marks be used to denote a questionable assignment. For example, if a new species was given the specific epithet album by Anton and attributed with uncertainty to Agenus , it could be denoted " Agenus ? album Anton (?Anton)";
208-406: A taxon, uncertainty about its taxonomic classification can be problematic. The International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants , stipulates that "species and subdivisions of genera must be assigned to genera, and infraspecific taxa must be assigned to species, because their names are combinations", but ranks higher than the genus may be assigned incertae sedis . This excerpt from
234-402: A taxon, which may be expressed, among others, by using a question mark after or before a taxon name. This should be distinguished from the situation where either it is uncertain how to use a name, often because the types have been lost ( nomen dubium , species inquirenda ), or whether a poorly preserved specimen should be included within a given species or genus, which is often expressed using
260-448: Is a term used for a taxonomic group where its broader relationships are unknown or undefined. Alternatively, such groups are frequently referred to as "enigmatic taxa". In the system of open nomenclature , uncertainty at specific taxonomic levels is indicated by incertae familiae (of uncertain family), incerti subordinis (of uncertain suborder), incerti ordinis (of uncertain order) and similar terms. When formally naming
286-431: Is classified between order and genus . A family may be divided into subfamilies , which are intermediate ranks between the ranks of family and genus. The official family names are Latin in origin; however, popular names are often used: for example, walnut trees and hickory trees belong to the family Juglandaceae , but that family is commonly referred to as the "walnut family". The delineation of what constitutes
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#1732884709698312-414: Is conducted that does not include a certain taxon, the authors might choose to label the taxon incertae sedis instead of guessing its placement. This is particularly common when molecular phylogenies are generated, since tissue for many rare organisms is hard to obtain. It is also a common scenario when fossil taxa are included, since many fossils are defined based on partial information. For example, if
338-513: The Genera Plantarum of George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker this word ordo was used for what now is given the rank of family. Families serve as valuable units for evolutionary, paleontological, and genetic studies due to their relatively greater stability compared to lower taxonomic levels like genera and species. Incertae sedis Incertae sedis ( Latin for 'of uncertain placement') or problematica
364-480: The "(?Anton)" indicates the author that assigned the question mark. So if Anton described Agenus album , and Bruno called the assignment into doubt, this could be denoted " Agenus ? album (Anton) (?Bruno)", with the parentheses around Anton because the original assignment (to Agenus ) was modified (to Agenus ?) by Bruno. This practice is not included in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature , and
390-420: The analysis was due to insufficient character states. It is also evident that a proportion of the characters used in the analysis, or their given states for particular taxa, were inappropriate or invalid. Additional complexity, and factors that have misled earlier authorities, are intrusion by extensive homoplasies , apparent character state reversals and convergent evolution . If a formal phylogenetic analysis
416-530: The family as a rank intermediate between order and genus was introduced by Pierre André Latreille in his Précis des caractères génériques des insectes, disposés dans un ordre naturel (1796). He used families (some of them were not named) in some but not in all his orders of "insects" (which then included all arthropods ). In nineteenth-century works such as the Prodromus of Augustin Pyramus de Candolle and
442-547: The lack of an arolium between the claws, the first thoracic sternite being modified into collar-like structure called sternomentum, a tarsal formula of 2-2-3, scaly fore -wings , and developed hindwings. In temperate regions, Tetrigidae are generally found along streams and ponds, where they feed on algae and diatoms . The North American species Paratettix aztecus and Paratettix mexicanus , for example, depend on aquatic primary production for between 80% and 100% of their diet. Riparian species are capable of swimming on
468-400: The length of the abdomen , sometimes to the tip of the wings, and ends in a point. In other Orthoptera , the pronotum is short and covers neither the abdomen nor the wings. Tetrigidae are generally cryptic in coloration. Some species have enlarged pronota that mimic leaves , stones or twigs . Other characteristics pygmy grasshoppers exhibit in comparison to other Orthoptera families are
494-478: The phylogeny was constructed using soft tissue and vertebrae as principal characters and the taxon in question is only known from a single tooth, it would be necessary to label it incertae sedis . If conflicting results exist or if there is not a consensus among researchers as to how a taxon relates to other organisms, it may be listed as incertae sedis until the conflict is resolved. The term incertae sedis refers to uncertainty about phylogenetic position of
520-1244: The preoccupation by the cicadas' family name, the second 't' in 'tt' was changed into 'r', resulting in the word Tetrigidae. Approximately 2,000 species have been described; according to the Orthoptera Species File the following genera are included: Auth.: Bolívar, 1887; selected genera: Auth.: Bolívar, 1887; selected genera: Tribe Cladonotini Bolívar, 1887 Tribe Choriphyllini Cadena-Castañeda & Silva, 2019 Tribe Valalyllini Deranja, Kasalo, Adžić, Franjević & Skejo, 2022 Tribe Xerophyllini Günther, 1979 SE Asia - selected genera: Tribe Unassigned Auth.: Hancock, 1909 Auth.: Bolívar, 1887; selected genera: Tribe Amorphopini Günther, 1939 Tribe Cleostratini Hancock, 1907 Tribe Clinophaestini Storozhenko, 2013 Tribe Miriatrini Cadena-Castañeda & Cardona, 2015 (monotypic) Tribe Ophiotettigini Tumbrinck & Skejo, 2017 Tribe Unassigned Auth.: Hancock, 1907 Tribe Scelimenini Hancock, 1907; selected genera: incertae sedis Auth.: Serville, 1838 Tribe Dinotettigini Günther, 1979 Tribe Tetrigini Serville, 1838 Tribe unassigned: Auth.: Bolívar, 1887 Tripetalocerinae
546-567: The seventy-six groups of plants he recognised in his tables families ( familiae ). The concept of rank at that time was not yet settled, and in the preface to the Prodromus Magnol spoke of uniting his families into larger genera , which is far from how the term is used today. In his work Philosophia Botanica published in 1751, Carl Linnaeus employed the term familia to categorize significant plant groups such as trees , herbs , ferns , palms , and so on. Notably, he restricted
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#1732884709698572-479: The subfamily included two tribes - Tripetalocerini and Clinophaestini (including Clinophaestus and Birmana ), but the later was moved to the subfamily Metrodorinae due to similarity to Ophiotettigini . Auth. Kevan, 1966 Auth. Kevan, 1966 Family (biology) Family ( Latin : familia , pl. : familiae ) is one of the eight major hierarchical taxonomic ranks in Linnaean taxonomy . It
598-439: The surface of the water, and readily leap into the water when alarmed Some species in the tribe Scelimenini are fully aquatic and capable of swimming underwater. The highest biodiversity of Tetrigidae is found in tropical forests . Some tropical species are arboreal and live among mosses and lichens in tree buttresses or in the canopy , while others live on the forest floor. Like other Orthoptera , Tetrigidae have
624-541: The use of this term solely within the book's morphological section, where he delved into discussions regarding the vegetative and generative aspects of plants. Subsequently, in French botanical publications, from Michel Adanson 's Familles naturelles des plantes (1763) and until the end of the 19th century, the word famille was used as a French equivalent of the Latin ordo (or ordo naturalis ). In zoology ,
650-471: Was firstly discovered in Facebook post. Origin of the name of the family is not completely clear as there are different sources on its etymology. The name may be derived from Latin tetricus or taetricus , meaning harsh, sour, severe. The name may also originate from the earlier name 'Tettigidae', based on Tettix (synonym of Tetrix ), which was preoccupied by Tettigidae (synonym of Cicadidae ). Because of
676-578: Was originally described by Bolívar in 1887 to gather all the Tetrigidae genera of the old world with widened antennae (e.g. Arulenus, Discotettix, Hirrius, Ophiotettix, Tripetalocera ). This subfamily today includes only two species in two genera - Tripetalocera (with one species) from India and Borneo and Tripetaloceroides (with one species) from Vietnam and PR China . Members of the subfamily are characteristic within Tetrigidae by massive antennae built up of only eight segments (other Tetrigidae have usually 11-16, Batrachideinae 18-22). Until recently,
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