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53-461: The Tetrahedron Prize for Creativity in Organic Chemistry or Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry is awarded annually by Elsevier , the publisher of Tetrahedron Publications . It was established in 1980 and named in honour of the founding co-chairmen of these publications, Professor Sir Robert Robinson and Professor Robert Burns Woodward . The prize consists of a gold medal, a certificate, and

106-691: A UK company making software for managing and sharing research papers. Mendeley, previously an open platform for sharing of research, was greatly criticized for the sale, which users saw as acceding to the " paywall " approach to research literature. Mendeley's previously open-sharing system now allows exchange of paywalled resources only within private groups. The New Yorker described Elsevier's reasons for buying Mendeley as two-fold: to acquire its user data, and to "destroy or coöpt an open-science icon that threatens its business model ". During 2018 , researchers submitted over 1.8 million research papers to Elsevier-based publications. Over 20,000 editors managed

159-554: A complaint against Elsevier was filed with the European Commission, alleging anticompetitive practices stemming from Elsevier's confidential subscription agreements and market dominance. The European Commission decided not to investigate. The elevated pricing of field journals in economics, most of which are published by Elsevier, was one of the motivations that moved the American Economic Association to launch

212-737: A million pounds to Elsevier annually. The company has been criticized not only by advocates of a switch to the open-access publication model, but also by universities whose library budgets make it difficult for them to afford current journal prices. For example, in 2004, a resolution by Stanford University 's senate singled out Elsevier's journals as being "disproportionately expensive compared to their educational and research value", which librarians should consider dropping, and encouraged its faculty "not to contribute articles or editorial or review efforts to publishers and journals that engage in exploitive or exorbitant pricing". Similar guidelines and criticism of Elsevier's pricing policies have been passed by

265-544: A monetary award of US $ 15,000. Winners of the prize are: Elsevier Elsevier ( Dutch: [ˈɛlzəviːr] ) is a Dutch academic publishing company specializing in scientific, technical, and medical content. Its products include journals such as The Lancet , Cell , the ScienceDirect collection of electronic journals , Trends , the Current Opinion series, the online citation database Scopus ,

318-589: A peer-reviewed academic journal but in fact contained only articles favourable to Merck drugs. Merck described the journal as a "complimentary publication", denied claims that articles within it were ghost written by Merck, and stated that the articles were all reprinted from peer-reviewed medical journals. In May 2009, Elsevier Health Sciences CEO Hansen released a statement regarding Australia-based sponsored journals, conceding that they were "sponsored article compilation publications, on behalf of pharmaceutical clients, that were made to look like journals and lacked

371-483: A petition advocating noncooperation with Elsevier (that is, not submitting papers to Elsevier journals, not refereeing articles in Elsevier journals, and not participating in journal editorial boards), appeared on the site "The Cost of Knowledge". By February 2012, this petition had been signed by over 5,000 academics, growing to over 17,000 by November 2018. The firm disputed the claims, claiming that their prices are below

424-587: A range of false names to defend his editorial practice in communications with Nature , and described this behavior as "curious" and "bizarre". Elsevier's 'Duties of Authors' states that authors should ensure they have written entirely original works, and that proper acknowledgement of others' work must always be given. Elsevier claims plagiarism in all its forms constitutes unethical behaviour. Some Elsevier journals automatically screen submissions for plagiarism, but not all. Albanian politician Taulant Muka claimed that Elsevier journal Procedia had plagiarized in

477-425: A rate of over 900,000 records. This wide expanse of information is used in both professional and educational environments for retrieving any published biomedical or drug related information. Currently, Embase allows further customization for a personal experience such as implementing a RSS feed and email alert system. With new drug and disease-related information constantly released, Embase is updated daily to provide

530-417: A reported profit before tax of £2.295 billion with an adjusted operating margin of 33.1% in 2023. Much of the research that Elsevier publishes is publicly funded; its high costs have led to accusations of rent-seeking , boycotts, and the rise of alternate avenues for publication and access, such as preprint servers and shadow libraries . Elsevier was founded in 1880 and adopted the name and logo from

583-675: A sanction that hit 34 journals in total. In 2023, the International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, which is published by Elsevier, was criticized for desk-rejecting a submitted article for the main reason that it did not cite enough articles from the same journal. The editorial boards of a number of journals have resigned because of disputes with Elsevier over pricing: Editorial boards have also resigned over open access policies or other issues: In 2003, various university librarians began coordinating with each other to complain about Elsevier's " big deal " journal bundling packages, in which

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636-463: A subscription or pay-per-view purchase. In 2019, Elsevier published 49,000 free open access articles and 370 full open access journals. Moreover, 1,900 of its journals sold hybrid open access options. The subscription rates charged by the company for its journals have been criticized; some very large journals (with more than 5,000 articles) charge subscription prices as high as £9,634, far above average, and many British universities pay more than

689-725: A total of £982 million. the first half of 2019, RELX reported the first slowdown in revenue growth for Elsevier in several years: 1% vs. an expectation of 2% and a typical growth of at least 4% in the previous 5 years. Overall for 2019, Elsevier reported revenue growth of 3.9% from 2018, with the underlying growth at constant currency at 2%. In 2019, Elsevier accounted for 34% of the revenues of RELX (£2.637billion of £7.874billion). In adjusted operating profits , it represented 39% (£982m of £2.491bn). Adjusted operating profits (with constant currency) rose by 2% from 2018 to 2019. In 2019, researchers submitted over two million research papers to Elsevier-based publications. Over 22,000 editors managed

742-489: A way to deliver scientific articles to libraries electronically, and would continue for over a decade. In 1991, in conjunction with nine American universities, Elsevier's The University Licensing Project (TULIP) was the first step in creating published, copyrighted material available over the Internet. It formed the basis for ScienceDirect , launched six years later. In 1997, after almost two decades of experiments, ScienceDirect

795-509: Is Elsevier's platform for online electronic access to its journals and over 40,000 e-books, reference works, book series, and handbooks. The articles are grouped in four main sections: Physical Sciences and Engineering , Life Sciences , Health Sciences , and Social Sciences and Humanities . For most articles on the website, abstracts are freely available; access to the full text of the article (in PDF, and also HTML for newer publications) often requires

848-447: Is Kumsal Bayazit, who was appointed on 15 February 2019. In 2018, it reported a mean 2017 gender pay gap of 29.1% for its UK workforce, while the median was 40.4%, the highest yet reported by a publisher in UK. Elsevier attributed the result to the under-representation of women in its senior ranks and the prevalence of men in its technical workforce. The UK workforce consists of 1,200 people in

901-603: Is the official journal of the International Society for Intelligence Research , which organizes the controversial series of conferences London Conference on Intelligence , described by the New Statesman as a forum for scientific racism. In response to a 2019 open letter, efforts by Retraction Watch and a petition signed by over 1000 people, on 17 June 2020 Elsevier announced it was retracting an article that J. Philippe Rushton and Donald Templer published in 2012 in

954-566: The American Economic Journal in 2009. RELX Group has been active in mergers and acquisitions . Elsevier has incorporated other businesses that were either complementing or competing in the field of research and publishing and that reinforce its market power , such as Mendeley (after the closure of 2collab ), SSRN , bepress / Digital Commons , PlumX , Hivebench, Newsflo, Science-Metrix, and Interfolio . Elsevier also conducts conferences, exhibitions, and workshops around

1007-466: The Australasian Journal of Neurology ( Australas. J. Neurol. ), the Australasian Journal of Cardiology ( Australas. J. Cardiol. ), the Australasian Journal of Clinical Pharmacy ( Australas. J. Clin. Pharm. ), and the Australasian Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine ( Australas. J. Cardiovasc. Med. ). Excerpta Medica was a "strategic medical communications agency" run by Elsevier, according to

1060-599: The Dutch publishing house Elzevir that was an inspiration but has no connection to the contemporary Elsevier. The Elzevir family operated as booksellers and publishers in the Netherlands ; the founder, Lodewijk Elzevir (1542–1617), lived in Leiden and established that business in 1580. As a company logo, Elsevier used the Elzevir family's printer's mark , a tree entwined with a vine and

1113-678: The Nazis occupied the Netherlands for the duration of five years from May 1940, he had just founded a second international office, the Elsevier Publishing Company Inc. in New York . In 1947, Elsevier began publishing its first English-language journal, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta . In 1971 the firm acquired Excerpta Medica ,a small medical abstract publisher based in Amsterdam . As

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1166-431: The R package "statcheck". Elsevier is one of the most prolific publishers of books aimed at expanding the production of fossil fuels . Since at least 2010 the company has worked with the fossil fuel industry to optimise fossil fuel extraction. It commissions authors, journal advisory board members and editors who are employees of the largest oil firms. In addition it markets data services and research portals directly to

1219-527: The University of California , Harvard University , and Duke University . In July 2015, the Association of Universities in the Netherlands threatened to boycott Elsevier, which refused to negotiate on any open access policy for Dutch universities. After a year of negotiation, Elsevier pledged to make 30% of research published by Dutch researchers in Elsevier journals open access by 2018. In October 2018,

1272-505: The journal impact factor . The impact factor, which is often used as a proxy of prestige , can influence revenues, subscriptions, and academics' willingness to contribute unpaid work. However, there's evidence suggesting that reliability of published research works in several fields may decrease with increasing journal rank. Nine Elsevier journals, which exhibited unusual levels of self-citation , had their journal impact factor of 2019 suspended from Journal Citation Reports in 2020,

1325-541: The EMBASE user community, EMBASE Classic was created as a separate database to supplement EMBASE as a backfile of medical journals from 1947-1973 which provides valuable documentation of drugs, adverse effects, endogenous compounds, etc. found at the time. In 2010, Excerpta Medica, excluding EMBASE, was sold by Elsevier to the Omnicom Group . In addition to the 28 million reports, Embase's database steadily rises each year at

1378-614: The Elsevier journal Personality and Individual Differences . The article had claimed that there was scientific evidence that skin color was related to aggression and sexuality in humans. One of their journals, Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis , was involved in the manipulation of the peer review report. According to the signatories of the San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment (see also Goodhart's law ), commercial academic publishers benefit from manipulation of bibliometrics and scientometrics , such as

1431-529: The Research Works Act. Although the Cost of Knowledge movement was not mentioned, the statement indicated the hope that the move would "help create a less heated and more productive climate" for ongoing discussions with research funders. Hours after Elsevier's statement, the sponsors of the bill, US House Representatives Darrell Issa and Carolyn Maloney , issued a joint statement saying that they would not push

1484-943: The SciVal tool for measuring research performance, the ClinicalKey search engine for clinicians, and the ClinicalPath evidence-based cancer care service. Elsevier's products and services include digital tools for data management , instruction, research analytics, and assessment. Elsevier is part of the RELX Group , known until 2015 as Reed Elsevier, a publicly traded company. According to RELX reports, in 2022 Elsevier published more than 600,000 articles annually in over 2,800 journals; as of 2018 its archives contained over 17 million documents and 40,000 e-books , with over one billion annual downloads. Researchers have criticized Elsevier for its high profit margins and copyright practices . The company had

1537-562: The UK, and represents 16% of Elsevier's global employee population. Elsevier's parent company, RELX, has a global workforce that is 51% female to 49% male, with 43% female and 57% male managers, and 29% female and 71% male senior operational managers. In 2018, Elsevier accounted for 34% of the revenues of RELX group (£2.538 billion of £7.492 billion). In operating profits , it represented 40% (£942 million of £2,346 million). Adjusted operating profits (with constant currency) rose by 2% from 2017 to 2018. Profits grew further from 2018 to 2019, to

1590-622: The abstract of one of its articles. It is unclear whether or not Muka had access to the entirety of the article. Angela Saini has criticized the two Elsevier journals Intelligence and Personality and Individual Differences for having included on their editorial boards such well-known proponents of scientific racism as Richard Lynn and Gerhard Meisenberg ; in response to her inquiries, Elsevier defended their presence as editors. The journal Intelligence has been criticized for having "occasionally included papers with pseudoscientific findings about intelligence differences between races". It

1643-667: The beginnings of Embase was created as Excerpta Medica (EM) Abstract Journals by a group of Dutch physicians who promoted the flow of medical knowledge and reports post World War II . Included in EM were 13 journal sections which categorized the medical school curriculum by anatomy , pathology , physiology , internal medicine , and other basic clinical specialties. This database lasted until 1972 when it merged with Elsevier . In 1972, EM had joined with Elsevier and later, in 1975, formed EMBASE (Excerpta Medica database) which had released electronic access to abstract journals. Following feedback from

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1696-647: The bill in Congress. The Plan S open-access initiative, which began in Europe and has since spread to some US research funding agencies, would require researchers receiving some grants to publish in open-access journals by 2020. A spokesman for Elsevier said "If you think that information should be free of charge, go to Misplaced Pages ". In September 2018, UBS advised to sell Elsevier (RELX) stocks, noting that Plan S could affect 5-10% of scientific funding and may force Elsevier to reduce pricing. Excerpta Medica In 1946,

1749-511: The company offered a group of journal subscriptions to libraries at a certain rate, but in which librarians claimed no economical option was available to subscribe to only the popular journals at a rate comparable to the bundled rate. Librarians continued to discuss the implications of the pricing schemes, many feeling pressured into buying the Elsevier packages without other options. On 21 January 2012, mathematician Timothy Gowers publicly announced he would boycott Elsevier, noting that others in

1802-487: The field have been doing so privately. The reasons for the boycott are high subscription prices for individual journals, bundling subscriptions to journals of different value and importance, and Elsevier's support for SOPA , PIPA , and the Research Works Act , which would have prohibited open-access mandates for U.S. federally-funded research and severely restricted the sharing of scientific data. Following this,

1855-605: The first and only company in the world that employed a database for the production of journals, it introduced computer technology to Elsevier. In 1978 Elsevier merged with Dutch newspaper publisher NDU, and devised a strategy to broadcast textual news to people's television sets through Viewdata and Teletext technology. In 1979 Elsevier Science Publishers launched the Article Delivery Over Network Information System (ADONIS) project in conjunction with four business partners. The project aims to find

1908-463: The fossil fuel industry to help "increase the odds of exploration success". In 2013, one of Elsevier's journals was caught in the sting set up by John Bohannon , published in Science , called "Who's Afraid of Peer Review?" The journal Drug Invention Today accepted an obviously bogus paper made up by Bohannon that should have been rejected by any good peer-review system. Instead, Drug Invention Today

1961-447: The imprint's web page. In October 2010, Excerpta Medica was acquired by Adelphi Worldwide. There was speculation that the editor-in-chief of Elsevier journal Chaos, Solitons & Fractals , Mohamed El Naschie , misused his power to publish his own work without appropriate peer review. The journal had published 322 papers with El Naschie as author since 1993. The last issue of December 2008 featured five of his papers. The controversy

2014-461: The industry average, and stating that bundling is only one of several different options available to buy access to Elsevier journals. The company also claimed that its profit margins are "simply a consequence of the firm's efficient operation". The academics replied that their work was funded by public money, thus should be freely available. On 27 February 2012, Elsevier issued a statement on its website that declared that it has withdrawn support from

2067-453: The norm in scholarly publishing, nor is it wrong to offer to nominally compensate people for their time. But in all instances the request should be unbiased, with no incentives for a positive review, and that's where this particular e-mail went too far", and that it was a mistake by a marketing employee. Elsevier seeks to regulate text and data mining with private licenses, claiming that reading requires extra permission if automated and that

2120-1460: The peer review and selection of these papers, resulting in the publication of about 500,000 articles in over 2,500 journals. In 2020 Elsevier was the largest academic publisher, with approximately 16% of the academic publishing market and more than 3000 journals. Products and services include electronic and print versions of journals, textbooks and reference works , and cover the health , life, physical, and social sciences . The target markets are academic and government research institutions, corporate research labs, booksellers, librarians, scientific researchers, authors, editors, physicians, nurses, allied health professionals, medical and nursing students and schools, medical researchers, pharmaceutical companies , hospitals, and research establishments. It publishes in 13 languages including English, German, French, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Polish, Japanese, Hindi, and Chinese. Flagship products and services include VirtualE, ScienceDirect , Scopus , Scirus , EMBASE , Engineering Village, Compendex , Cell , Knovel, SciVal, Pure, and Analytical Services, The Consult series (FirstCONSULT, PathCONSULT, NursingCONSULT, MDConsult, StudentCONSULT), Virtual Clinical Excursions, and major reference works such as Gray's Anatomy , Nelson Pediatrics , Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary , Netter 's Atlas of Human Anatomy , and online versions of many journals including The Lancet . ScienceDirect

2173-459: The peer review and selection of these papers, resulting in the publication of more than 470,000 articles in over 2,500 journals. Editors are generally unpaid volunteers who perform their duties alongside a full-time job in academic institutions, although exceptions have been reported. It is Elsevier's policy not to pay any fees to reviewers. Whilst the majority of the academic work itself is done under research grants, essentially funded by taxation,

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2226-520: The peer-reviewed literature. At that time, Elsevier accounted for 16% of the world market in science, technology, and medical publishing. In 2019, Elsevier accounted for the review, editing and dissemination of 18% of the world's scientific articles. About 45% of revenue by geography in 2019 derived from North America, 24% from Europe, and the remaining 31% from the rest of the world. Around 84% of revenue by format came from electronic usage and 16% came from print. The firm employs 8,100 people. The CEO

2279-521: The proper disclosures". The statement acknowledged that it "was an unacceptable practice". The Scientist reported that, according to an Elsevier spokesperson, six sponsored publications "were put out by their Australia office and bore the Excerpta Medica imprint from 2000 to 2005", namely the Australasian Journal of Bone and Joint Medicine ( Australas. J. Bone Joint Med. ), the Australasian Journal of General Practice ( Australas. J. Gen. Pract. ),

2332-404: The publisher holds copyright on output of automated processes . The conflict on research and copyright policy has often resulted in researchers being blocked from their work. In November 2015, Elsevier blocked a scientist from performing text mining research at scale on Elsevier papers, even though his institution already pays for access to Elsevier journal content. The data was collected using

2385-435: The results in Elsevier's journals sit behind an expensive paywall - typically tens of dollars for a single article. As such, the publisher relies on public funds and voluntary labour whilst reaping the entirety of the profits for themselves as gatekeepers. In 2013, the five editorial groups Elsevier, Springer , Wiley-Blackwell , Taylor & Francis , and SAGE Publications published more than half of all academic papers in

2438-404: The words Non Solus , which is Latin for "not alone". According to Elsevier, this logo represents "the symbiotic relationship between publisher and scholar". The expansion of Elsevier in the scientific field after 1945 was funded with the profits of the newsweekly Elsevier , which published its first issue on 27 October 1945. The weekly was an instant success and very profitable. The weekly

2491-546: The world, with over 50 conferences a year covering life sciences, physical sciences and engineering, social sciences, and health sciences. According to the BBC , in 2009, the firm [Elsevier] offered a £17.25 Amazon voucher to academics who contributed to the textbook Clinical Psychology if they would go on Amazon.com and Barnes & Noble (a large US books retailer) and give it five stars. Elsevier responded by stating "Encouraging interested parties to post book reviews isn't outside

2544-702: Was a continuation, as is stated in its first issue, of the monthly Elsevier , which was founded in 1891 to promote the name of the publishing house and had to stop publication in December 1940 because of the German occupation of the Netherlands . In May 1939 Klautz established the Elsevier Publishing Company Ltd. in London to distribute these academic titles in the British Commonwealth (except Canada). When

2597-402: Was also launched in 2004). Scopus covers journals, some conference papers and books from various publishers, and measures performance on both author and publication levels. In 2009 SciVal Spotlight was released. This tool enabled research administrators to measure their institution's relative standing in terms of productivity, grants, and publications . In 2013, Elsevier acquired Mendeley ,

2650-517: Was among many open-access journals that accepted the fake paper for publication. As of 2014, this journal had been transferred to a different publisher. At a 2009 court case in Australia where Merck & Co. was being sued by a user of Vioxx , the plaintiff alleged that Merck had paid Elsevier to publish the Australasian Journal of Bone and Joint Medicine , which had the appearance of being

2703-674: Was covered extensively in blogs. The publisher announced in January 2009 that El Naschie had retired as editor-in-chief. As of November 2011 the co-Editors-in-Chief of the journal were Maurice Courbage and Paolo Grigolini. In June 2011, El Naschie sued the journal Nature for libel, claiming that his reputation had been damaged by their November 2008 article about his retirement, which included statements that Nature had been unable to verify his claimed affiliations with certain international institutions. The suit came to trial in November 2011 and

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2756-478: Was dismissed in July 2012, with the judge ruling that the article was "substantially true", contained "honest comment", and was "the product of responsible journalism". The judgement noted that El Naschie, who represented himself in court, had failed to provide any documentary evidence that his papers had been peer-reviewed. Judge Victoria Sharp also found "reasonable and serious grounds" for suspecting that El Naschie used

2809-473: Was launched as the first online repository of electronic (scientific) books and articles. Though librarians and researchers were initially hesitant regarding the new technology, more and more of them switched to e-only subscriptions. In 2004 Elsevier launched Scopus - a multidisciplinary metadata database of scholarly publications, only the second of such kind (after the Web of Science , although free Google Scholar

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