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101-563: The name of the river derives from the Ainu tesh・o・pet ( テシ・オ・ペッ ) , meaning "river full of fishing weirs ", perhaps because of rocks dotted across the river in such a shape. Alternatively, there is a locale in Bifuka that has been designated a municipal Historic Site as the "Place of Derivation of the Teshio River" ( 天塩川由来の地 ) on the basis that it was while staying here, during his exploration to

202-476: A tropical depression developed about 1,020 km (635 mi) to the east-southeast of Manila in the Philippines . Over the next day as the system moved north-northwestwards under the influence of a subtropical ridge of high pressure, deep convection started wrapping into the system's low level circulation center. During that day PAGASA assigned the local name Carina. On July 31, Nida made landfall over

303-408: A Category 2-equivalent storm. After two days, early on August 26, it finally completed the eyewall replacement cycle, but slow restrengthening occurred. Another two days passed until it reached its full peak as a Category 4-equivalent storm, which rapid weakening ensued after. On August 29, Lionrock turned towards the northwest due to a high-pressure system located east of Japan, putting it on an towards

404-487: A bit. Restrengthening begun again quickly, with the system already starting to develop an eye in mid-August 23. In the middle of the 24th of August the system reached an initial peak as a Category 3-equivalent storm. Lionrock entered the Philippine Area of Responsibility on August 25, 2016, and PAGASA assigned Dindo as the local name, while Lionrock had begun an eyewall replacement cycle early that day, weakening to

505-466: A cyclone having two names. The Japan Meteorological Agency   (JMA) will name a tropical cyclone should it be judged to have 10-minute sustained wind speeds of at least 65 km/h (40 mph) anywhere in the basin, whilst the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration   (PAGASA) assigns names to tropical cyclones which move into or form as

606-608: A minimal pressure of 980 millibars (28.94 inHg), while east of the Japanese archipelago of Honshu . Shortly thereafter, the JTWC issued its final warning on Chanthu. The JMA issued its final warning a few hours later as it made landfall over Cape Erimo of Hokkaido , Japan, at peak intensity. Agricultural damage in Japan were at ¥ 9.49 billion (US$ 94.7 million). On August 15, a tropical depression developed about 305 km (190 mi) to

707-405: A minimal tropical storm with a minimum barometric pressure of about 994 mbar. Later that day, deep convection of Kompasu had rapidly decreased as it was located in marginally favorable environments with low wind shear and sea-surface temperatures of about 26 degrees Celsius. On August 21, the JTWC downgraded Kompasu to a tropical depression and issued their final bulletin on the system. The JMA did

808-960: A minimum barometric pressure of 900 mbar. Nepartak started weakening during the next day, before making landfall in Taitung City on July 8. Nepartak weakened to a tropical storm as it made its second landfall in Shishi, Fujian . Nepartak rapidly deteriorated over land and fully dissipated on July 10. Two people drowned on July 7 after being washed out to sea by strong winds in Taiwan . A total of seven major highways were damaged in Taiwan, too. At least 10 people were killed and 11 others were reported missing across Fujian and Jiangxi . At least 3,144 homes were destroyed and 15,800 hectares (39,000 acres) of crops were damaged; total economic losses reached ¥ 2.2 billion (US$ 320 million). Overall, Nepartak killed

909-463: A minimum barometric pressure of 955 millibars. By that time, Namtheun was depicted with significantly weakened structure and a dissipation of its eye, therefore the JTWC downgraded Namtheun rapidly to a strong Category 1. On September 4, Namtheun had weakened to a tropical storm due to diminishing convection, caused by high southwesterly wind shear. After making landfall over in Nagasaki , Kyushu , both

1010-456: A need was identified for flood mitigation measures all over the island. After detailed surveying of the river between 1906 and 1908, and further flooding, a flood control plan for the Teshio River was first drafted in Taishō 8 (1919). There ensued a programme of bank reinforcement, embankment construction, and channel switching . After flooding continued to adversely affect the local farmers' potatoes,

1111-407: A phase of rapid intensification and a pinhole eye developed; therefore, the JTWC upgraded Namtheun to a Category 1 typhoon. The JMA, though, upgraded Namtheun only to a severe tropical storm at that time. Later that day, PAGASA had declared that the storm had exited its area of responsibility as a severe tropical storm. By September 2, rapid intensification ensued as it was reported that Namtheun

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1212-521: A season and/or how many tropical cyclones will affect a particular country. These agencies included the Tropical Storm Risk ; (TSR) Consortium of University College London , PAGASA and Taiwan's Central Weather Bureau . Some of the forecasts took into consideration what happened in previous seasons and the El Niño conditions that were observed during the previous year. The first forecast of

1313-606: A severe tropical storm from the JMA, as it was later located over in an area of favorable environments of strengthening. Despite a high chance of strengthening and a well-defined LLCC, Chanthu stopped generating convection as the JMA downgraded it to a tropical storm. Later that day, flaring convection was associated with its LLCC as it was beginning its extratropical transition while interacting with mid-latitude flow. Therefore, early on August 17, Chanthu once again reached severe tropical storm strength as it attained its peak intensity with

1414-405: A significant amount of dry air over the disturbance, conditions were assessed to be marginally favorable for further development of the system. Over the next couple of days the system gradually developed further as it moved north-westwards and was classified as a tropical depression by the JMA during July 15. After the system had consolidated further, it was classified as Tropical Depression 03W by

1515-448: A subsequent survey of 472 respondents in 2023, these figures had shifted to 0.8%, 8.9%, 19.3%, and 69.3% respectively. The Japanese government made a decision to recognize Ainu as an indigenous language in June 2008. The Japanese government approved and passed a bill officially recognising the indigeneity of the Ainu people in 2019. On 12 July 2020, the Japanese government opened

1616-479: A syllable in the stem. This will typically fall on the first syllable if that is long (has a final consonant or a diphthong), and will otherwise fall on the second syllable, though there are exceptions to this generalization. Typologically , Ainu is similar in word order (and some aspects of phonology) to Japanese . Ainu has a canonical word order of subject, object, verb , and uses postpositions rather than prepositions . Nouns can cluster to modify one another;

1717-435: A total of 86 people, mostly from Fujian Province , and caused a total of ¥ 9.99 billion (US$ 1.49 billion) of damage. During July 14, a tropical disturbance developed about 400 km (250 mi) to the west-northwest of Guam. At this time atmospheric convection surrounding the system was flaring, over the system's weak but developing low level circulation center. However, as a subtropical ridge of high pressure extended

1818-585: A total of US$ 209 million of damage. Later, Typhoon Sarika became a powerful typhoon, and affected the Philippines, China and Vietnam, causing severe damage as well as severe flooding in southern China. After Sarika, Typhoon Haima reached Category 5 super typhoon strength before impacting the Philippines and China, causing a total of US$ 1.93 billion in damages. Haima was the most severe tropical cyclone to affect Hong Kong in October since 1995. In early November,

1919-572: A total of US$ 334 million of damage in Hainan and Vietnam. Later, Nida reached near typhoon strength; it affected the Philippines , South China and Vietnam , but its damage was lower than that of Mirinae. The season became more active in August, with 7 named storms. Except Dianmu, which affected South China , Indochina , all of the tropical cyclones in August affected Japan and the Russian Far East . By

2020-486: A tributary of the Teshio. Ainu language Ainu ( アイヌ イタㇰ , aynu itak ), or more precisely Hokkaido Ainu ( Japanese : 北海道アイヌ語 ), is a language spoken by a few elderly members of the Ainu people on the northern Japanese island of Hokkaido . It is a member of the Ainu language family , itself considered a language family isolate with no academic consensus of origin. It is classified as Critically Endangered by

2121-459: A tropical depression made landfall in Southern Vietnam and caused heavy flooding throughout central and southern Vietnam, causing moderate damage. In late December, Nock-ten became the strongest Christmas tropical cyclone on record anywhere in the world since at least 1960 in terms of 1-minute sustained winds, before impacting the Philippines. The Accumulated Cyclone Energy (ACE) index for

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2222-585: A tropical depression in the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR) located between 135°E and 115°E and between 5°N–25°N regardless of whether or not a tropical cyclone has already been given a name by the JMA. Tropical depressions that are monitored by the United States' Joint Typhoon Warning Center   (JTWC) are given a number with a "W" suffix. During the year several national meteorological services and scientific agencies forecast how many tropical cyclones, tropical storms, and typhoons will form during

2323-570: A weak tropical storm before it made landfall in Vietnam , Laos and Thailand in mid-September, causing flooding and moderate damage. Typhoon Malakas impacted Japan with a total of nearly $ 740 million of damage as a Category 4 typhoon. In late September and early October, Typhoon Chaba reached Category 5 super typhoon intensity and became the strongest tropical cyclone to make landfall in South Korea since Sanba in 2012. Chaba also caused 7 deaths in

2424-408: A weakly-defined center due to strong northerly wind shear; the JTWC assessed 14W's winds only at 25 knots. Due to a rapidly decaying LLCC with minor bursts of convection, both the JMA and the JTWC issued its final warning on 14W later that same day. A low-pressure area developed into a tropical depression southeast of Taiwan early on August 31. Later that day, the JTWC began issuing advisories on

2525-470: Is a low rate of self-identification as Ainu among people with Ainu ethnic roots. Knowledge of the language was already endangered by the 1960s and has continued to decline since. In 2011 , just 304 people within Japan were reported to understand the Ainu language to some extent. As of 2016 , Ethnologue listed Ainu as "nearly extinct" (class 8b). In 2017, 671 people participated in a Hokkaido government survey on

2626-552: Is an annual race " Daun za Tesshi o pet " ( ダウン・ザ・テッシ・オ・ペッ ) . The mountainous area upstream extends to the Daisetsuzan National Park , while Teshiodake Prefectural Natural Park has many alpine plants . Nearer the river mouth is Rishiri-Rebun-Sarobetsu National Park , with more than a hundred species of flora including hamanasu , the Siberian lily , Japanese irises , and Hemerocallis esculenta ( エゾカンゾウ ) . Fauna of

2727-488: Is considered to have been the fourth-latest start for a Pacific typhoon season since reliable records began. It was an average season, with a total of 26 named storms, 13 typhoons, and six super typhoons. The season ran throughout 2016, though typically most tropical cyclones develop between May and October. The season's first named storm, Nepartak , developed on July 3, while the season's last named storm, Nock-ten , dissipated on December 28. The development of Nepartak made

2828-404: Is in fact mandatory for incorporating oblique nouns. Like incorporation, applicatives have grown less common in the modern language. Ainu has a closed class of plural verbs , and some of these are suppletive . Ainu has a system of verbal affixes (shown below) which mark agreement for person and case. The specific cases that are marked differ by person, with nominative–accusative marking for

2929-523: Is one of the most threatened elements of Ainu culture ". Announcements on some bus routes in Hokkaido can since be heard in Ainu, efforts are being undertaken to archive Ainu speech recordings by the Agency for Cultural Affairs , and there is a popular educational YouTube channel which teaches conversational Ainu. While these measures have been praised for taking steps to protect the Ainu language and culture,

3030-475: The Gulf of Tonkin . The system reached its peak intensity as a severe tropical storm on July 27, with 10-minute sustained winds of 95 km/h (59 mph). The system made landfall about 110 km (70 mi) to the south of Hanoi in northern Vietnam later that day. Mirinae subsequently weakened gradually over northern Vietnam, before it dissipated to the north of Hanoi. In Hainan, economic losses caused by

3131-787: The Kitami Mountains . Flowing down through the mountain valleys from its origins in Shibetsu , it is fed by tributaries (of which it has some 160) including the Nayoro River ( 名寄川 ) , then crosses the mountain plains, passing next through the more-constricted topography of Otoineppu before entering the Teshio Plain, where it meanders until flowing into the Sea of Japan at Teshio . The lower 158 kilometres (98 mi) are, unusually, unbroken by dams and weirs and can be navigated uninterrupted. In

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3232-589: The National Ainu Museum in Shiraoi , Hokkaido . It forms one of three institutions named Upopoy (which means 'singing in a large group' in the Ainu language) alongside the National Ainu Park and a memorial site on high ground on the east side of Lake Poroto (ポロト湖) where Ainu services are held. Its director, Masahiro Nomoto, says that "One of our main objectives is to preserve and revive the language, as this

3333-504: The Philippine Sea , about 555 km (345 mi) to the east of Manila on the island of Luzon in the Philippines. The system was located within an environment that was thought to be favourable for further development, with low vertical wind shear and a fair outflow. However, the depression's broad low level circulation centre was moving north-westwards quickly, which meant that the circulation's southern edge could not close off and

3434-473: The Ryukyu Islands , before it was last noted by the JMA during July 20. During July 21, a subtropical disturbance developed at the tailend of a mid-latitude trough of low pressure, about 775 km (480 mi) to the east of Iwo-To . Over the next day, deep atmospheric convection developed over the system's elongated low level circulation center, before it was classified as a tropical depression by

3535-543: The Saffir–Simpson scale . Meranti gradually reached its peak intensity on September 13 while passing through the Luzon Strait . The JMA estimated peak 10-minute sustained winds of 220 km/h (140 mph) and a minimum barometric pressure of 890  hPa ( mbar ; 26.28  inHg ), while the JTWC estimated peak 1-minute sustained winds of 315 km/h (195 mph). Based on the JMA pressure estimate, Meranti

3636-567: The Sea of Okhotsk . Mirinae was first noted as a tropical depression during July 25, as it moved off the west coast of Luzon into the South China Sea , about 300 km (185 mi) to the east of the Paracel Islands . The next day, it was named Mirinae after it became a tropical storm. Mirinae subsequently weakened slightly as it made landfall later that day, near Wanning and crossed Hainan Island . It re-intensified on moving into

3737-613: The Shōwa era saw further channel switching and the excavation of new waterways. A typhoon in 1981 and the heaviest rainfall since the war saw an area of 156 square kilometres (60 sq mi) inundated, with damage to 546 houses, while the typhoons of 2016 left 72 homes flooded. The river's history is documented at the Teshio River Historical Museum ( 天塩川歴史資料館 ) in Teshio . In the upstream areas of Shibetsu and Shimokawa ,

3838-635: The UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger . Until the 20th century, the Ainu languages – Hokkaido Ainu and the now-extinct Kuril Ainu and Sakhalin Ainu – were spoken throughout Hokkaido, the southern half of the island of Sakhalin and by small numbers of people in the Kuril Islands . Due to the colonization policy employed by the Japanese government, the number of Hokkaido Ainu speakers decreased through

3939-905: The Zoku-Jōmon period as well as of the Satsumon and Okhotsk cultures. Opening of the Teshio Trading Station ( 天塩場所 ) , similarly at the mouth of the river, in Tenmei 6 (1786) marked the advent of the Wajin and their trade with the Ainu of the interior. The first survey of the river was conducted by three men under Takahashi Sōshirō ( 高橋壮四郎 ) , retainer of the Matsumae Domain , in Kansei 9 (1797), from its lower stretches as far as Otoineppu . In Ansei 4 (1857), Matsuura Takeshirō spent twenty-four days exploring

4040-401: The lumber industry exploits the abundant forests of the interior. The Nayoro basin between Nayoro and Bifuka marks the northern limit of rice cultivation . Downstream, on the Teshio Plain, there is dairy farming, while near the river mouth there is salmon and trout fishing and also the prefecture 's most intensive harvesting of shijimi clams . Water sports include canoeing —there

4141-541: The river basin , which has an area of 5,590 square kilometres (2,160 sq mi), there are twelve municipalities : As of the 2010 census, some 122,000 people lived in the basin. It is believed the first humans arrived in the Teshio River system approximately fifteen thousand years ago. At the Kawaguchi Site ( 川口遺跡 ) in Teshio , where the river enters the Sea of Japan , remains of some two hundred and thirty pit dwellings have been discovered, with deposits of

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4242-559: The 2016 Pacific typhoon season as calculated by Colorado State University using data from the Joint Typhoon Warning Center was 261.9 units. Broadly speaking, ACE is a measure of the power of a tropical or subtropical storm multiplied by the length of time it existed. It is only calculated for full advisories on specific tropical and subtropical systems reaching or exceeding wind speeds of 39 miles per hour (63 km/h). During May 25, Tropical Depression 01W developed over

4343-440: The 20th century, and it is now moribund . A very low number of elderly people still speak the language fluently, though attempts are being made to revive it. The term "Ainu" comes from the endonym of the Ainu people , aynu ( アイヌ ), meaning "people" or "human". According to UNESCO , Ainu is an endangered language with few native speakers. Although there are estimated to be at least 30,000 Ainu people in Japan, there

4444-432: The JMA and JTWC issued its final advisory as a tropical depression early on September 5. On September 5, the JMA started to monitor a tropical depression, that had developed over the Japanese prefecture of Okinawa. The depression was located within a favourable environment for further development, with very warm sea surface temperatures and low vertical wind shear. Over the next day the system moved north-eastwards towards

4545-887: The JMA declared that 19W had strengthened into a tropical storm, the JTWC deemed the system to not have reached tropical storm intensity. Rai made landfall over Central Vietnam , about 94 km (58 mi) southeast of the city of Da Nang . Rai degraded to a tropical depression six hours later. Heavy rains in Central Vietnam and Northern Thailand caused flooding and the bursting of the Bung River 2 hydroelectricity plant in Quảng Nam province of Vietnam, which released 28 million cubic meters of water and washed away 2 workers. Four ships were sunk along central Vietnam's coastline and 2 others were left stranded, while 5 houses were completely destroyed and 275 others had their roofs torn off. Most of

4646-623: The JMA during July 22. Over the next day, as the storm moved north-northeastwards around a subtropical ridge of high pressure, its structure improved as it developed a warm core and consolidated. The hybrid system was subsequently classified as Tropical Storm 04W by the JTWC during July 23, before the JMA named it Lupit later that day. Over the next day, Lupit peaked with sustained winds of 75 km/h (47 mph), as it went through an extratropical transition and took on frontal characteristics. Lupit subsequently became extratropical during July 24, before it dissipated during July 26, as it moved into

4747-465: The JMA started to track a tropical depression, whereas the JTWC issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert , as it was located about 695 km (432 mi) west-northwest of Guam . After meandering eastwards, the JTWC designated the system as 09W , while the JMA immediately upgraded 09W to a tropical storm and assigned it the name Chanthu on August 13. The JTWC followed suit early on August 14. With an improving LLCC, Chanthu rapidly developed into

4848-511: The JTWC classified it as Tropical Depression 08W during August 8. Later that day, the JMA upgraded 08W to a tropical storm, naming it Conson . Despite some moderate wind shear, Conson slowly intensified and later reached severe tropical storm strength on August 10. The JTWC later stated that deep convection was forming near the center of Conson, however shortly thereafter, convection became disorganized. By August 11, convection once re-intensified again, however its LLCC became exposed, causing

4949-411: The JTWC during July 17. However, the system weakened during that day as it moved polewards, along the western edge of the subtropical ridge of high pressure, into an area of increasing vertical wind shear. As a result, the JTWC expected the system to quickly dissipate and issued their final advisory later that day. However, over the next couple of days the system continued to move northwards and impacted

5050-473: The JTWC to lower its intensity to lower-end of tropical storm strength. The JMA also downgraded Conson to a tropical storm. During the next day, satellite image showed that the convective structure of Conson was beginning to deteriorate as it started to interact with drier air, suppressing convection. The center of Conson became much broader and exposed early on August 13. While moving northwestward, Conson became better defined than before, however its convection

5151-480: The Japanese Mainland, before it was classified as a tropical storm and named Malou by the JMA during September 6. However, the JTWC classified Malou as a hybrid system, with both subtropical and tropical characteristics. They also noted that the convective development around the system's low level circulation centre was being hindered, as the subtropical westerlies were located over the system. During September 7,

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5252-697: The Pearl River Delta, including parts of Hong Kong, Macau and Guangdong province, where a bridge was destroyed by flooding and two people were injured. At the Macau Ferry Terminal , two passengers were injured as a vessel collided with the terminal, while there was no significant damage reported within Hong Kong. Damage in China were at CN¥ 60 million (US$ 9.14 million). Early on June 26, the JMA and PAGASA reported that Tropical Depression Ambo had developed over

5353-485: The Philippine Area of Responsibility between October and December. TSR issued their final forecast for the season on August 8, sustaining the tropical cyclone numbers, however its ACE was slightly lowered than the previous forecast. Despite the season's late start, the 2016 season was a normal and active season with a total of 53 tropical depressions, of which 26 became tropical storms. After five months of inactivity,

5454-572: The Teshio River, starting from its mouth; he subsequently wrote up his account of the river and those who lived along it in his Teshio Diaries ( 天塩日誌 ) . It was from the tales he heard from an Ainu elder living in the area of Otoineppu that Matsuura conceived of the name "Hokkaidō". Following the establishment of the Hokkaidō Development Commission ( 開拓使 ) in Meiji 2 (1869), settler-farmers began to arrive. After major floods in 1898,

5555-555: The Thai Meteorological Department predicted that two tropical cyclones would move near Thailand during 2016. They predicted that there was a high chance that the first tropical cyclone would move past northern and north-eastern Thailand during August or September. The second tropical cyclone was predicted to move past Southern Thailand during October and November. On June 28, Taiwan's Central Weather Bureau predicted that between 19 and 23 tropical storms would develop over

5656-643: The area between Baggao and Gattaran of the Cagayan province in the Philippines at 13:20 PST (05:20 UTC ) as a severe tropical storm. At 03:35 CST on August 2 (19:35 UTC on August 1), Nida made landfall over Dapeng Peninsula of Shenzhen , Guangdong , China as a severe tropical storm. While it lashes the Northeastern part of the Philippines, the provinces of Isabela , Cagayan , Quirino Province , Abra , Mt. Province , Benguet , Kalinga Province , and Ifugao Province reported that some of their major roads

5757-517: The area near Tateyama, Chiba . The system that was to become Typhoon Lionrock was first noted as a hybrid disturbance on August 15, while it was located about 585 km (365 mi) to the west of Wake Island . It developed into a tropical depression about 690 km (430 mi) northwest of Wake Island on August 16. At this time the disturbance had a broad and poorly organized low level circulation centre, which had some shallow bands of atmospheric convection wrapping loosely around it. Over

5858-563: The basin, while two — four systems were expected to affect Taiwan itself. On July 6, TSR released their second forecast for the season. They predicted mostly the same numbers as the previous forecast, but raised the number of intense typhoons to 7. PAGASA issued their second and final forecast for the year on July 15, within its seasonal climate outlook for the period July – December. The outlook noted that between five and eleven tropical cyclones were expected between July and September, while four to nine were expected to develop or enter

5959-590: The country. A tropical depression formed east of the International Date Line on October 3, and entered the basin before developing into Typhoon Songda . Songda struck the Pacific Northwest region of the United States and Canada as a powerful extratropical cyclone . Severe Tropical Storm Aere affected parts of Southeast Asia in mid-October, including the worst flooding in Vietnam since 2010, causing

6060-421: The depression as it was now firmly embedded with the west-southwesterly flow ahead of the mid-latitude frontal zone. The JTWC issued their final advisory on 17W on September 12, as the system was rapidly deteriorating due to vertical wind shear, and weakened into a remnant low. Its remnants was later absorbed by a front near the International Date Line , late on September 14. In the JMA's post-analysis, 17W

6161-498: The distance between their centers was only about 600 km (370 mi) at that time. With warm sea surface temperatures of between 30 and 31  °C (86 and 88 °F), good equatorward and poleward outflow channels, as well as low vertical wind shear , Mindulle became a typhoon at around 03:00 JST on August 22 (18:00 UTC on August 21), when the center was located about 40 km (25 mi) east of Hachijō-jima . At around 12:30 JST (03:30 UTC), Mindulle made landfall over

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6262-475: The end of August, three storms (Chanthu, Lionrock and Kompasu) had hit the Japanese island of Hokkaidō , the most since 1951. Lionrock was a large, powerful, long-lived and erratic tropical cyclone which caused significant flooding and casualties in North Korea and Japan in late August. In September, Typhoon Meranti became the strongest typhoon in terms of pressure since Typhoon Megi in 2010 , as well as

6363-403: The end of syllables. /h/ is heard as [ ɸ ] when occurring before /u/ . /n/ is heard as [ ŋ ] when before /k/ , as well as in final position. A glottal stop [ ʔ ] is often inserted at the beginning of words, before an accented vowel, but is non-phonemic. The Ainu language also has a pitch accent system. Generally, words containing affixes have a high pitch on

6464-687: The first person singular, tripartite marking for the first person plural and indefinite (or 'fourth') person, and direct or 'neutral' marking for the second singular and plural, and third persons (i.e. the affixes do not differ by case). クイタㇰ。 Ku-itak. 1SG -speak クイタㇰ。 Ku-itak. 1SG-speak 'I spoke.' エイタㇰ。 E-itak. 2SG -speak エイタㇰ。 E-itak. 2SG-speak You (SG) spoke.' イタㇰ。 Itak. speak イタㇰ。 Itak. speak 'He spoke.' クアニ Kuani I クイタㇰ。 ku-itak. 1SG -speak クアニ クイタㇰ。 Kuani ku-itak. I 1SG-speak 'I spoke.' 2016 Pacific typhoon season The 2016 Pacific typhoon season

6565-427: The first tropical depression developed on May 26, making it the fifth-latest season for a system to form. According to existing records only four other seasons started later—the 1973 , 1983 , 1984 , and 1998 seasons. Tropical activity throughout the basin became marginally favorable for development, and two tropical depressions developed during June. On July 3, Nepartak became the first named tropical storm, making it

6666-629: The head comes at the end. Verbs, which are inherently either transitive or intransitive, accept various derivational affixes . Ainu does not have grammatical gender . Plurals are indicated by a suffix. Classical Ainu, the language of the yukar , is polysynthetic , with incorporation of nouns and adverbs; this is greatly reduced in the modern colloquial language. Applicatives may be used in Ainu to place nouns in dative , instrumental , comitative , locative , allative , or ablative roles. Besides freestanding nouns, these roles may be assigned to incorporated nouns, and such use of applicatives

6767-445: The heat index climbed well into the 40s. On August 9, Omais transitioned to an extratropical cyclone as it moved over cooler waters of the northwestern Pacific Ocean, Omais fully dissipated on August 10. On August 7, the JMA started to monitor a tropical depression that had developed about 390 km (240 mi) to the west of Wake Island. Over the next day the system gradually developed further as it moved south-westwards, before

6868-472: The intensification of Mindulle was limited on August 20, owing to modest dry air entrainment resulting in flaring convection near and surrounding the LLCC. Although Mindulle became a severe tropical storm when it was approximately 380 km (240 mi) northwest of Chichi-jima at around 15:00 JST (06:00 UTC ) on August 21, outflow from Tropical Storm Lionrock to the west was inhibiting further development, as

6969-489: The lives of Ainu people. Participants were believed to be descendants of Ainu people or those who joined Ainu families by marriage or adoption. In response to survey questions about fluency in the Ainu language, 0.7% of participants answered that they "would be able to have a conversation" in Ainu, 3.4% answered that they "would be able to converse a little", 44.6% answered they "could barely converse at all", and 48.1% answered that they "would not be able to converse at all". In

7070-415: The most since 1951. In September, Typhoon Meranti reached peak intensity with a minimum pressure of 890 hPa, becoming one of the most intense tropical cyclones on record. Typhoon Chaba became the strongest typhoon to strike South Korea since 2012 . Tropical Storm Aere and a tropical depression brought the worst flooding in Vietnam since 2011. The last storm of the season, Typhoon Nock-ten , became

7171-777: The museum and related government efforts have been criticised for failing to acknowledge the history of Japanese discrimination against the Ainu people, and for the government's refusal to apologise for past misdeeds against the Ainu. Ainu syllables are (C)V(C); they have an obligatory vowel, and an optional syllable onset and coda consisting of one consonant. There are few consonant clusters . There are five vowels in Ainu: Obstruents /p t ts~tʃ k/ may be voiced [b d dz~dʒ ɡ] between vowels and after nasals. /t͡s/ can be heard as [ t͡ʃ ] in free variation among speakers. Both /ti/ and /tsi/ are realized as [t͡ʃi] , and /s/ becomes [ ʃ ] before /i/ and at

7272-501: The name Nepartak . By July 4, organization increased and Nepartak intensified into a severe tropical storm. At that time, PAGASA assigned the local name Butchoy as it entered their area of responsibility. Early on July 5, Nepartak started to undergo rapid intensification , reaching typhoon strength. Nepartak soon reached Category 5 super typhoon intensity. During the course of July 6, Nepartak reached its peak intensity with 10-minute sustained winds of 205 km/h (125 mph) and

7373-428: The name Meranti. Rainbands and a central dense overcast continued to evolve as the wind shear decreased. By early on September 12, Meranti reached typhoon status. A small eye 9 km (5.6 mi) across developed within the spiraling thunderstorms, and Meranti started rapidly intensifying . Meranti quickly attained estimated 1-minute sustained winds of 285 km/h (180 mph), equivalent to Category 5 on

7474-461: The next day, the system moved northwards, while a TUTT cell created subsidence and high vertical windshear over the system. The JTWC considered the system to be subtropical at this time, as its structure was asymmetric, with deep convection displaced to the north and east of the system's low level circulation centre. From late August 20 to early August 22, the system had at least somewhat an interaction with Mindulle, taking an erratic and slow path for

7575-531: The northeast of Hagåtña , Guam . The system had a broad and weak low level circulation centre, which had atmospheric convection flaring around the system's outer edge. Over the next couple of days the system slowly moved north-eastwards, before it was classified as Tropical Storm 07W by the JTWC and named Omais by the JMA during August 4. A high-pressure system kept Omais to the east of Japan producing hot and steamy conditions across Japan approximately about 1000 people were taken to hospital due to heat stroke as

7676-452: The northeast of Guam. The JTWC started issuing advisories by the next day as it was immediately classified as a tropical storm and the identifier of 13W . The JMA followed suit early on August 20, and was named Kompasu . Despite wind shear and an exposed LLCC, tightly curved banding was reported embedded within the northern extent of a very broad "monsoon gyre" circulation. Both agencies reported that Kompasu had reached its peak strength as

7777-654: The northeastern region of the country. Lionrock made landfall near Ōfunato , a city in Iwate Prefecture , Japan. This made Lionrock the first tropical cyclone to make landfall over the Pacific coast of the Tōhoku region of Japan since the Japan Meteorological Agency began record-keeping in 1951. On August 18, the JMA started to monitor a tropical depression that had developed, about 1,300 km (810 mi) to

7878-460: The northern South China Sea, about 600 km (375 mi) to the south of Hong Kong, China. The system subsequently moved north-westwards and slightly developed further, before it made landfall near Yangjiang in Guangdong , China during the next day. The system subsequently quickly weakened and degenerated into an area of low pressure during May 27. The system brought squally and heavy rain to

7979-592: The province of Hainan , China, Dianmu's heavy rains brought the water level at the Longtang Dam on the Nandu River to a ten-year high of 13.35 metres. Hainan's capital, Haikou , experienced flooding in some areas. Over in Quảng Ninh , a total of 11 houses were collapsed and total damages in the city amounted to 3.5 billion VND (US$ 157,000). A tropical depression formed northwest of Guam on August 17. On August 19,

8080-584: The river system include the Tōkyō lesser pigmy shrew , migratory White-tailed eagle (a Natural Monument ), Steller's sea eagle (Natural Monument), Taiga bean goose (Natural Monument), and Sakhalin taimen . The Penke ( ペンケ沼 ) and Panke ( パンケ沼 ) marshes are an important resting place for migratory waterfowl, and the Sarobetsu wetlands have been designated a Ramsar Site , the Sarobetsu River ( サロベツ川 ) being

8181-530: The same and issued its final advisory on Kompasu as it transitioned into an extratropical system. Floods in Hokkaidō killed one person when a driver was stranded in his flooded car. During August 23, Tropical Depression 14W developed about 75 km (45 mi) to the east of Andersen Air Force Base , Guam . Moving northward on the next day, the LLCC of 14W became exposed with a deteriorating convective signature. Flaring deep convection became disorganized into

8282-623: The second-latest first named storm on record. Nepartak's naming ended a 199-day period (from December 17, 2015, to July 2, 2016) during which no named storm was active within the basin; this period tied the 199-day period from December 22, 1997, to July 8, 1998. Nepartak reached Category 5 super typhoon intensity before making landfall in Taiwan and East China , causing a total of US$ 1.52 billion of damage. In late July, Tropical Storm Mirinae reached its peak intensity while making landfall over Red River Delta in Northern Vietnam. The storm caused

8383-476: The second-latest time within a season for the first named storm to develop and ended a 199-day period (from December 17, 2015 – July 3, 2016) during which no named storm was active in the basin. Tropical Storm Mirinae reached peak intensity while making landfall over the Red River Delta , causing very severe damage in Northern Vietnam. By the end of August, three storms had hit the Japanese island of Hokkaidō ,

8484-417: The source of the river, on the seventh day of the sixth month of Ansei 4 (1857), there being a fishing weir at the spot, that Matsuura Takeshirō ( 松浦武四郎 ) recorded the river's name. Due to works on the river in recent years the rocks in its middle course that perhaps inspired the name themselves largely no longer exist. The river's source is at Mount Teshio (1,558 metres (5,112 ft)), highest of

8585-484: The southeast of Hong Kong. During the course of August 17, enhanced satellite imagery showed that Dianmu was rapidly organizing with deep flaring convection surrounding its LLCC. Dianmu made landfall in Haiphong and Thái Bình Province in northern Vietnam . While overland, the system gradually weakened into a tropical depression, before it degenerated into an area of low pressure during August 20 while over Myanmar. In

8686-463: The storm reached 300 million yuan (US$ 45 million). By July 29, the storm had left five people dead and five others missing in Vietnam. Severe damage to infrastructure was reported in Northern Vietnam, with damage to power lines causing blackouts and power cuts in some areas. Mirinae also sank 12 boats, destroyed the roofs of 1,425 houses and uprooted about 5,000 trees. Damages in Vietnam amounted to ₫7.229 trillion ($ 323.9 million). During July 28,

8787-472: The strongest tropical cyclone ever recorded worldwide on Christmas Day (December 25) since at least 1960, in terms of 1-minute maximum sustained winds. The scope of this article is limited to the Pacific Ocean to the north of the equator between 100°E and 180th meridian . Within the northwestern Pacific Ocean, there are two separate agencies that assign names to tropical cyclones which can often result in

8888-468: The strongest typhoon in terms of sustained winds since Typhoon Haiyan in 2013, and the second-strongest tropical cyclone worldwide in 2016, only behind Cyclone Winston , in terms of pressure. Typhoon Megi reached its peak intensity as a Category 3 typhoon while making landfall over Taiwan . Both Meranti and Megi made landfall in Fujian , China, and they caused a total of US$ 3.6 billion of damage. Rai became

8989-493: The strongest typhoon to ever make landfall in China's Fujian Province . During September 8, the JTWC started to monitor a tropical disturbance that had developed about 1,210 km (750 mi) to the west of Iwo To . Moving northward in a few days, the JTWC assessed that the system had strengthened into Tropical Depression 17W. Despite its LLCC remaining small, satellite imagery showed that 17W produced persistent convection and some spiral banding. Later, drier air surrounded

9090-409: The system became a tropical storm and was named Mindulle early on August 19. However, an upper-level low to the north and the predecessor of Tropical Storm Kompasu to the northeast were stifling the development of poleward outflow . Moving on the eastern edge of a relatively high-latitude monsoon gyre and being steered by the southern extension of the subtropical ridge anchored east of Japan,

9191-428: The system started to accelerate northwards, before the JMA issued their final advisory on the system as Malou became an extratropical cyclone. On September 8, a tropical depression formed in a region of low wind shear , steered by ridges to the north and southwest, with warm water temperatures and outflow from the south. The system reached tropical storm strength by 06:00 UTC on September 10, receiving

9292-439: The system, assigning the designation of 15W . Early the next day, 15W had intensified into a tropical storm by both agencies, with the JMA prompting the name Namtheun . The PAGASA however started issuing advisories on Namtheun and considered it as a tropical depression and gave the local name Enteng . Despite the overall structure of the storm being described to be "midget" with a very small but compact LLCC, Namtheun had begun

9393-470: The territory compared to an average of six, which was revised to five to eight tropical cyclones in August. On May 7, Tropical Storm Risk issued its first forecast for the season and predicted that it will be a quiet season, with 22 tropical storms, 13 typhoons, and 6 intense typhoons developing during the year, while an ACE Index of 217 was also forecast. Ahead of the Thailand rainy season starting during May,

9494-590: The year was released by PAGASA during January 2016, within its seasonal climate outlook for the period January – June. The outlook noted that one to two tropical cyclones were expected between January and March, while one to three were expected to develop or enter the Philippine Area of Responsibility between April and June. During March the Hong Kong Observatory predicted that the typhoon season in Hong Kong would be near-normal, with four to seven tropical cyclones passing within 500 km (310 mi) of

9595-805: Was among the most intense tropical cyclones . The JTWC wind estimate made Meranti the strongest tropical cyclone worldwide in 2016, surpassing Cyclone Winston , which had winds of 285 km/h (180 mph) when it struck Fiji in February. Late on September 13, the storm made landfall on the 83 km (32 sq mi) island of Itbayat in the Philippine province of Batanes while near its peak intensity. At around 03:05 CST on September 15 (19:05 UTC on September 14), Meranti made landfall over Xiang'an District , Xiamen in Fujian , China with measured 2-minute sustained winds of 173 km/h (107 mph), making it

9696-498: Was exposed. The system subsequently made landfall on Luzon in Philippines later that day, where according to PAGASA it quickly weakened into a low-pressure area. However, the JMA continued to monitor the system as a tropical depression throughout June 27, as it emerged into an unfavourable environment for further development in the South China Sea. The depression subsequently made landfall on China's Guangdong Province , before it

9797-424: Was last noted during June 28, as it dissipated over land. Several sea-trips in the Philippine island province of Catanduanes were cancelled with a total of seven passengers, three rolling cargoes and a sea vessel stranded at the port of Virac . On July 2, a tropical depression formed 780 km (480 mi) to the southeast of Yap State . The following day, the depression became a tropical storm, receiving

9898-441: Was located over a region of warm sea surface temperatures of 30 degrees Celsius with high ocean heat content, therefore prompting the JMA to classify it to a typhoon. Namtheun developed a pinhole eye 8 nmi (15 km; 9.2 mi) across and reached its peak strength as a Category 3 typhoon with 1-minute sustained winds of 185 km/h (115 mph); the JMA though declared its 10-minute peak strength early on September 3 with

9999-517: Was more shallow as it started to interact will cooler sea-surface temperatures and drier air. By August 14, the JTWC issued their final warning on Conson as it started to undergo its extratropical transition with a result of a strong wind shear and the interaction of the mid-latitude baroclinic zone. The JMA tracked Conson until it fully transitioned into an extratropical cyclone on August 15 and made landfall near Nemuro Peninsula . Its remnants were tracked until midday of August 16. During August 11,

10100-502: Was not passable due to landslides. Despite the local governments of the said areas reported that there are no casualties, they still reported that some of them are injured during the typhoon. Damages in Ilocos Norte were estimated at ₱ 19.38 million (US$ 411,000). During August 2, the JMA started to monitor a tropical depression that had developed within a favourable environment for further development, about 565 km (350 mi) to

10201-472: Was recognized as a tropical depression, and the system was first noted on September 10. On September 11, a tropical depression formed within an unfavourable environment for further development, about 860 km (535 mi) to the northeast of Ho Chi Minh City , Vietnam . Satellite imagery then showed that the LLCC of 19W was broad and defined with some deep convective banding. Its LLCC became exposed, though its deep convection remained in place. Although

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