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40-403: Terrantez is one of Madeira's five traditional noble white grape varieties (along with Sercial , Verdelho , Bual and Malvasia ). The precise origins of the grapes are unknown; it is thought to have originated from mainland Portugal alongside those varieties. Widely planted in the 18th and early 19th centuries, the variety was nearly wiped out by the oidium epidemic of 1851, and phylloxera, which

80-748: A 12th-century document found in the Cairo Geniza . In Iran, a sour grape vinegar is used for making Shirazi salad . Winemaking from red and white grape flesh and skins produces substantial quantities of organic residues, collectively called pomace (also "marc"), which includes crushed skins, seeds, stems, and leaves generally used as compost . Grape pomace – some 10–30% of the total mass of grapes crushed – contains various phytochemicals , such as unfermented sugars, alcohol, polyphenols , tannins , anthocyanins , and numerous other compounds, some of which are harvested and extracted for commercial applications (a process sometimes called "valorization" of

120-473: A day for women and two for men, may confer health benefits. Alcohol itself may have protective effects on the cardiovascular system. The consumption of grapes and raisins presents a potential health threat to dogs. Their toxicity to dogs can cause the animal to develop acute kidney failure (the sudden development of kidney failure) with anuria (a lack of urine production) and may be fatal. Christians have traditionally used wine during worship services as

160-503: A means of remembering the blood of Jesus Christ which was shed for the remission of sins . Christians who oppose the partaking of alcoholic beverages sometimes use grape juice as the "cup" or "wine" in the Lord's Supper . The Catholic Church continues to use wine in the celebration of the Eucharist because it is part of the tradition passed down through the ages starting with Jesus Christ at

200-568: A moderate amount of vitamin K (14% of the Daily Value ), with no other micronutrients in significant amounts. Most domesticated grapes come from cultivars of Vitis vinifera , a grapevine native to the Mediterranean and Central Asia. Minor amounts of fruit and wine come from American and Asian species such as: According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 75,866 square kilometers of

240-535: A multitude of products such as jams, juices, vinegars and oils. Commercially cultivated grapes are classified as either table or wine grapes. These categories are based on their intended method of consumption: grapes that are eaten raw (table grapes), or grapes that are used to make wine (wine grapes). Table grape cultivars normally have large, seedless fruit and thin skins. Wine grapes are smaller (in comparison to table grapes), usually contains seeds, and have thicker skins (a desirable characteristic in making wine). Most of

280-456: A relatively high phenolic content among dark grapes. In muscadine skins, ellagic acid , myricetin , quercetin , kaempferol , and trans-resveratrol are major phenolics. The flavonols syringetin , syringetin 3-O-galactoside, laricitrin and laricitrin 3-O-galactoside are also found in purple grape but absent in white grape. Muscadine grape seeds contain about twice the total polyphenol content of skins. Grape seed oil from crushed seeds

320-626: A seeded variety as the female parent or rescue embryos early in development using tissue culture techniques. There are several sources of the seedlessness trait, and essentially all commercial cultivators get it from one of three sources: Thompson Seedless , Russian Seedless , and Black Monukka , all being cultivars of Vitis vinifera . There are currently more than a dozen varieties of seedless grapes. Several, such as Einset Seedless, Benjamin Gunnels's Prime seedless grapes, Reliance, and Venus, have been specifically cultivated for hardiness and quality in

360-408: A €1.30 subsidy per kilogram of grapes harvested since 2016. Plantings of Terrantez on the island have gradually increased: in 2012, 1.52 hectares (3.8 acres) of Terrantez was reported to be under vine. This had increased to 4.08 hectares (10.1 acres) by 2019, with 22 registered growers. IVBAM data from 2021 indicates 5.64 hectares (13.9 acres) of Terrantez plantings, split between 36 growers. Terrantez

400-688: Is a low-yielding vine that is most widely associated with the wines of Madeira though its use in the wine and presence on the island had declined until a fairly recent revival. Some plantings of the variety can still be found in the Azores , the Portuguese island chain located northwest of Madeira in the Northern Atlantic Ocean . There is also some plantings of in the Minho province on the Portuguese mainland though ampelographer Paul Truel has speculated that

440-433: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Portugal -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Grape A grape is a fruit , botanically a berry , of the deciduous woody vines of the flowering plant genus Vitis . Grapes are a non- climacteric type of fruit, generally occurring in clusters . The cultivation of grapes began approximately 8,000 years ago, and

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480-704: Is believed that the most widely planted variety is Sultana , also known as Thompson Seedless, with at least 3,600 km (880,000 acres) dedicated to it. The second most common variety is Airén . Other popular varieties include Cabernet Sauvignon , Sauvignon blanc , Cabernet Franc , Merlot , Grenache , Tempranillo , Riesling , and Chardonnay . Commercially cultivated grapes can usually be classified as either table or wine grapes, based on their intended method of consumption: eaten raw (table grapes) or used to make wine (wine grapes). The sweetness of grapes depends on when they are harvested, as they do not continue to ripen once picked. While almost all of them belong to

520-515: Is not yet any conclusive evidence. These include Folgasao which has the synonyms of Terrantez da Madeira and Terrantez de Madere and Donzelinho Branco which has the synonym of Terrantez and Terrantes . The Portuguese red grape Alicante Bouschet also shares the Pe de Perdiz synonym with Terrantez and the French / Argentine grape Malbec is also known as Pied de Perdix . Sercial Sercial

560-632: Is the name of a white grape grown in Portugal , especially on the island of Madeira . It has given name to the dryest of the four classic varieties of Madeira fortified wine . The grape is grown in diminishing quantities at the southern end of the island. After phylloxera devastated Madeira's vineyards, the grape became more common on the mainland, where it is known as Esgana or Esgana Cão, meaning respectively Strangler or Dog Strangler. Its late ripening allows it to retain its characteristic acidity. The anglicised name Sercial came to be associated with

600-692: Is used in cosmeceuticals and skincare products. Grape seed oil, including tocopherols ( vitamin E ) and high contents of phytosterols and polyunsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic acid , oleic acid , and alpha-linolenic acid . Resveratrol, a stilbene compound, is found in widely varying amounts among grape varieties, primarily in their skins and seeds. Muscadine grapes have about one hundred times higher concentration of stilbenes than pulp. Fresh grape skin contains about 50 to 100 micrograms of resveratrol per gram. Comparing diets among Western countries, researchers have discovered that, although French people tend to eat higher levels of animal fat,

640-536: The Last Supper , where Catholics believe the consecrated bread and wine become the body and blood of Jesus Christ, a dogma known as transubstantiation . Wine is used (not grape juice) both due to its strong Scriptural roots, and also to follow the tradition set by the early Christian Church. The Code of Canon Law of the Catholic Church (1983), Canon 924 says that the wine used must be natural, made from grapes of

680-617: The Machico municipality had no Terrantez plantings at all. Terrantez can be produced in medium dry (meio seco) or medium sweet (meio doce) styles. The grape has the potential to make rich full-bodied wines with highly perfumed bouquet. According to wine expert Oz Clarke , in older bottles of Madeira Terrantez has shown an ability to age well in developing wines with long finishes and layers of complexity. Commercial and grower interest in Terrantez has increased in recent years, partly due to

720-465: The wine industry, grape juice that contains 7–23% of pulp, skins, stems and seeds is often referred to as " must ". In North America, the most common grape juice is purple and made from Concord grapes , while white grape juice is commonly made from Niagara grapes , both of which are varieties of native American grapes, a different species from European wine grapes. In California, Sultana (known there as Thompson Seedless) grapes are sometimes diverted from

760-538: The 19th century, Ephraim Bull of Concord, Massachusetts , cultivated seeds from wild Vitis labrusca vines to create the Concord grape , which would become an important agricultural crop in the United States. Grapes are a type of fruit that grow in clusters of 15 to 300 and can be crimson, black, dark blue, yellow, green, orange, and pink. "White" grapes are actually green in color and are evolutionarily derived from

800-547: The EU to use the term "dried vine fruit" in official documents. A raisin is any dried grape. While raisin is a French loanword , the word in French refers to the fresh fruit; grappe (from which the English grape is derived) refers to the bunch (as in une grappe de raisins ). A raisin in French is called raisin sec ("dry grape"). A currant is a dried Zante Black Corinth grape,

840-577: The Madeira style rather than the grape variety, being the lightest, most acidic and delicate expression of Madeira that takes the longest to mature. EU rules for varietal names on wine labels now require Madeiras labelled Sercial to be made from minimum 85% Sercial. For obscure reasons, Sercial was the name given to the Gascony grape Ondenc when it was planted in Australia. This wine grape –related article

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880-531: The United States), but the word is now applied to raisins made from either white grapes or red grapes that are bleached to resemble the traditional sultana. Grape juice is obtained from crushing and blending grapes into a liquid. The juice is often sold in stores or fermented and made into wine , brandy , or vinegar . Grape juice that has been pasteurized, removing any naturally occurring yeast, will not ferment if kept sterile, and thus contains no alcohol. In

920-577: The ancient Greeks , Cypriots , Phoenicians , and Romans growing purple grapes both for eating and wine production. The growing of grapes would later spread to other regions in Europe, as well as North Africa, and eventually in North America . In 2005, a team of archaeologists concluded that Chalcolithic wine jars discovered in Cyprus in the 1930s dated back to 3500 BC, making them the oldest of their kind in

960-492: The aroma in wine is from the skin. Wine grapes tend to have a high sugar content. They are harvested at peak sugar levels (approximately 24% sugar by weight.) In comparison, commercially produced "100% grape juice" made from table grapes are normally around 15% sugar by weight. In most of Europe and North America, dried grapes are referred to as "raisins" or the local equivalent. In the UK, three different varieties are recognized, forcing

1000-509: The cultivation of this plant began there 6,000–8,000 years ago. Yeast , one of the earliest domesticated microorganisms , occurs naturally on the skins of grapes, leading to the discovery of alcoholic drinks such as wine. The earliest archeological evidence for a dominant position of wine-making in human culture dates from 8,000 years ago in Georgia . The oldest known winery, the Areni-1 winery ,

1040-405: The fruit has been used as human food throughout its history. Eaten fresh or in dried form (as raisins , currants and sultanas ), grapes also hold cultural significance in many parts of the world, particularly for their role in winemaking . Other grape-derived products include various types of jam , juice , vinegar and oil. The Middle East is generally described as the homeland of grapes and

1080-515: The grape's scarcity. Low production volumes mean that Terrantez is generally bottled as a single-vintage wine (garrafeira/frasqueira), though both Henriques & Henriques and Blandy's produce age-dated (20 year old) expressions. In addition to Cascal, Terrantez has been known under a variety of a synonyms including: Morrao, Murrao, Pe de Perdiz, Pe de Perdrix, Pied de Perdix and Terrantes. Several other white Portuguese grape varieties share synonyms with Terrantez and may be related though there

1120-560: The incidence of heart disease remains low in France. This phenomenon has been termed the French paradox and is thought to occur due to the protective benefits of regularly consuming red wine, among other dietary practices. Alcohol consumption in moderation may be cardioprotective by its minor anticoagulant effect and vasodilation . Although adoption of wine consumption is generally not recommended by health authorities, some research indicates moderate consumption, such as one glass of red wine

1160-587: The mainland variety (known most often as Cascal ) may actually be a different variety, though this has not been conclusively determined. As of 2021, plantings of the variety on Madeira were mainly split between the Câmara de Lobos (2.02 hectares (5.0 acres)), Calheta (1.11 hectares (2.7 acres)), and Santa Cruz (1.15 hectares (2.8 acres)) municipalities. All other municipalities ( Funchal , Ponta do Sol , Porto Moniz , Ribeira Brava , Santana , São Vicente ) each had less than 0.4 hectares (0.99 acres) of plantings, and

1200-470: The name being a corruption of the French raisin de Corinthe ( Corinth grape). The names of the black and red currant, now more usually blackcurrant and redcurrant , two berries unrelated to grapes, are derived from this use. Some other fruits of similar appearance are also so named, for example, Australian currant, native currant, Indian currant. A sultana was originally a raisin made from Sultana grapes of Turkish origin (known as Thompson Seedless in

1240-574: The pomace). Anthocyanins tend to be the main polyphenolics in purple grapes, whereas flavan-3-ols (i.e. catechins ) are the more abundant class of polyphenols in white varieties. Total phenolic content is higher in purple varieties due almost entirely to anthocyanin density in purple grape skin compared to absence of anthocyanins in white grape skin. Phenolic content of grape skin varies with cultivar , soil composition, climate, geographic origin, and cultivation practices or exposure to diseases, such as fungal infections. Muscadine grapes contain

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1280-633: The purple grape. Mutations in two regulatory genes of white grapes turn off production of anthocyanins , which are responsible for the color of purple grapes. Anthocyanins and other pigment chemicals of the larger family of polyphenols in purple grapes are responsible for the varying shades of purple in red wines. Grapes are typically an ellipsoid shape resembling a prolate spheroid . Raw grapes are 81% water, 18% carbohydrates , 1% protein , and have negligible fat (table). A 100-gram ( 3 + 1 ⁄ 2 -ounce) reference amount of raw grapes supplies 288 kilojoules (69 kilocalories) of food energy and

1320-552: The raisin or table market to produce white juice. Husrum , also known as verjuice , is a type of vinegar made from sour grapes in the Middle East. It is produced by crushing unripened grapes, collecting and salting the juice, simmering it to remove foam, and then storing it with a layer of olive oil to prevent contamination and oxidation. It is then used as an acidic ingredient in salads and stuffed vegetables. Unripened husrum grapes sent from Ashkelon to Egypt are mentioned in

1360-452: The relatively cold climates of northeastern United States and southern Ontario . An offset to the improved eating quality of seedlessness is the loss of potential health benefits provided by the enriched phytochemical content of grape seeds (see Health claims , below). Grapes are eaten raw, dried (as raisins, currants and sultanas), or cooked. Also, depending on grape cultivar, grapes are used in winemaking. Grapes can be processed into

1400-461: The same species, Vitis vinifera , table and wine grapes have significant differences, brought about through selective breeding . Table grape cultivars tend to have large, seedless fruit (see below) with relatively thin skin. Wine grapes are smaller, usually seeded, and have relatively thick skins (a desirable characteristic in winemaking, since much of the aroma in wine comes from the skin). Wine grapes also tend to be very sweet: they are harvested at

1440-443: The time when their juice is approximately 24% sugar by weight. By comparison, commercially produced "100% grape juice", made from table grapes, is usually around 15% sugar by weight. Seedless cultivars now make up the overwhelming majority of table grape plantings. Because grapevines are vegetatively propagated by cuttings, the lack of seeds does not present a problem for reproduction. It is an issue for breeders, who must either use

1480-434: The world are dedicated to grapes. Approximately 71% of world grape production is used for wine, 27% as fresh fruit, and 2% as dried fruit . A portion of grape production goes to producing grape juice to be reconstituted for fruits canned "with no added sugar " and "100% natural". The area dedicated to vineyards is increasing by about 2% per year. There are no reliable statistics that break down grape production by variety. It

1520-413: The world. Commandaria , a sweet dessert wine from Cyprus, is the oldest manufactured wine in the world with origins as far back as 2000 BC. In North America, native grapes belonging to various species of the genus Vitis proliferate in the wild across the continent and were a part of the diet of many Native Americans , but they were considered by early European colonists to be unsuitable for wine. In

1560-506: Was found in Armenia and dated back to around 4000 BC. By the 9th century AD, the city of Shiraz was known to produce some of the finest wines in the Middle East. Thus it has been proposed that Syrah red wine is named after Shiraz , a city in Persia where the grape was used to make Shirazi wine . Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics record the cultivation of purple grapes, and history attests to

1600-404: Was introduced to the island in 1872. As late as 2006, it was declared that there were "practically no Terrantez vines left at all on the island (Madeira)". In recent years, commercial interest in the variety has slowly increased. To encourage new plantings of the variety, the government Wine, Embroidery and Handicraft Institute of Madeira (IVBAM) has since offered growers free viticultural advice and

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