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87-452: Tepalcingo limits to the north with Ayala and Jonacatepec ; to the south with Tlaquiltenango and the State of Puebla ; to the east with Axochiapan and Jonacatepec; to the west with Ayala and Tlaquiltenango. It is 1,160 meters (3,806 ft.) above sea level. The city serves as the municipal seat for the surrounding municipality, with which it shares a name. It reported 27,187 inhabitants in

174-576: A jicara , which is a half of a calabash tree gourd. The bartender is called a jicarero . In a pulquería , cruzado , meaning something like "bottoms up", is a frequent salute. Drinking glasses have colorful names and can reflect a customer's ability to drink pulque. Large two-liter glasses are called macetas (flower pots), one-liter glasses are called cañones (cannons), half–liters are called chivitos (little goats), quarter-liter glasses are catrinas (dandies), and eighth-liter glasses are tornillos (screws). Traditionally, these glasses are made from

261-555: A broad range of ecosystem, including low deciduous forest, gallery vegetation, and pine and oak forests. 939 species of plants, 44 species of butterflies, 71 species of mammals, 208 species of birds, 53 species of reptiles, 18 species of amphibians, and 14 species of fish have been noted. Among the species of animals are jaguars , short-horned Baronia butterfly , beaded lizard , military macaw , roufus-backed robin , Balsas screech owl , Pileated flycatcher , mountain lion , ocelot , margay , bobcat , and jaguarundi . Tourism includes

348-408: A coordinated resistance, and for 350 years they were subjugated by the haciendas. Vicente Guerrero abolished the marquisate in 1829; however, for many years, part of the hacienda properties would remain in the hands of descendants of Hernán and Martín Cortés. The people of Tepalcingo vainly petitioned for restitution of their lands in 1853. Upon independence in 1821, the modern territory of Morelos

435-413: A fermentation process that can start in the plant itself. This liquid is collected twice a day from the plant, yielding about five or six liters per day. Today, this liquid is collected with a steel scoop, but in the past, an elongated gourd was used as a tube to suck the juice out. Between gatherings, the plant's leaves are bent over the center where the juice collects to keep out bugs and dirt. This center

522-423: A greenish, hand blown glass. Pulque can be drunk straight from the barrel or can have a number of additives, such as fruit or nuts, added. Pulque prepared this way is called curado or cured. One of the limitations to pulque's popularity has been the inability to store it for long periods or ship it far. Recently, pulque makers have found a way to preserve the beverage in cans. However, they admit this does change

609-531: A group of fifteen towns south of Yecapixtla. Cortes gained possession of the lands in 1587, after which they passed to the Dukes of Terranova and then the Dukes of Monteleone. The inhabitants of the 15 villages of the Tlalnahuac were decimated by smallpox, plague, measles, and other diseases brought from Europe since they did not have defenses against so many new diseases. Thus the people of the Tlalnahuac could not organize

696-678: A leader of the Mexican War of Independence . Ayala became a Centro de Poblacion (Population Center) on March 17, 1976. The state of Morelos reported 209 cases and 28 deaths due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico , as of April 27, 2020, and five cases were reported in Ayala. Schools and many businesses were closed from mid March until June 1. The municipal president, Isaac Pimentel Mejía, led an effort to distribute 10,000 food baskets to families in remote areas of

783-402: A number of graphic representations from pre-colonial times, beginning with stone carvings from about 200 CE. The first major work involving pulque is a large mural called the "Pulque Drinkers", unearthed in 1968 at the pyramid of Cholula , Puebla . The most likely means of the discovery of aguamiel and fermented pulque was from the observation of rodents who gnaw and scratch at the plant to drink

870-509: A number of uses. Fibers can be extracted from the thick leaves to make rope or fabric, its thorns can be used as needles or punches and the membrane covering the leaves can be used as paper or for cooking. The name maguey was given by the Spanish, who picked it up from the Taíno . This is still its common name in Spanish, with Agave being its scientific generic or technical name. The Nahuatl name of

957-410: A population of 85,521 inhabitants in 2015 and it has an area of 345.69 km (133.47 sq mi) and 89,834 in 2020. The municipality includes towns San Pedro Apatlaco , Anenecuilco , and Tenextepango , which are all larger than Ciudad Ayala. The city was previously known as San Francisco Mapachtlan but was renamed in 1868 to honor Francisco Ayala (1760–1812), who was the first leader in

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1044-628: A tour called the "Pulque Route", which includes the main haciendas that still make the beverage in this state. It is a two-day route which begins at the Church of La Barca de la Fe in Calpulalpan to the San Bartolo Hacienda, which is the principal exporter of canned pulque. This hacienda was the property of Ignacio Torres Adalid, who was called the "king of pulque". Today, it belongs to Ricardo del Razo. The tour also covers maguey fields like those around

1131-512: A town called Guillermo Ramirez. These old haciendas varied widely. Some were ostentatious with great architectural harmony such as the Montecillos Hacienda, of Spanish colonial style and originally built in the 17th century by the Jesuits or San Antonio Ometusco Hacienda built by architect Antonio Rivas Mercado. However, most haciendas were the result of a constructive process that started in

1218-426: Is ejidal and El Colobri (the hummingbird) which is privately owned. Both have large parking lots and allow camping. San Pedro Apatlaco is an agricultural community with 736 hectares (1,819 acres) belonging to 318 producers. The most important crops are onions, beans, and corn. Dairy cattle are raised. There is small-scale commerce and industry. Apatlaco has a population of 13,032. The distance from Ciudad Ayala

1305-488: Is 6 km. Its fair is July 25 ( James, son of Zebedee ). Ciudad de Ayala is the municipal seat. It has 6,335 inhabitants and is located 60 km (37.3 miles) from Cuernavaca and 6 km (3.7 miles) from Cuautla . It is primarily an agricultural community; the most important crops are sugar cane, corn, sorghum, rice, onions, and vegetables, grown on 2,002.4 hectares (4,948 acres). Cattle, goats, horses, and poultry are raised. Commerce and tourism are also important to

1392-622: Is March 15, and the kiosk. Zapata was born in Anencuilco on August 8, 1879, and his boyhood home is now a museum. San Miguel Arcangel is venerated at the parish church on September 29. There is a statue of Zapata in the town square. There is an old parish church dedicated to Santiago Apostol in Tenextepango. His feast is July 25. There are two small water parks, El Axocoche or El Axochochetl , located in Rafael Merino neighborhood, which

1479-734: Is a dam in Palo Blanco. Ayala has a warm subhumid climate. Its average annual rainfall is 800 mm. (31") and it has an average annual temperature of 24 °C (75 °F). Prevailing winds blow from northeast to southwest. The rainy season is June to October, and the dry season is October to June. April and May are the hottest months. The vegetation consists of low deciduous forest, mainly cubatas , casahuates , tulips , amates ( Acacia ), framboyanes , guamuchil (a thorny tree with red fruit), guaje colorado , mesquite , palo dulce , bonnet, tepejuaje , and fruit trees such as Annona , cherimoya , mamey , plum , and guava . Animal life

1566-465: Is a saying that pulque "sólo le falta un grado para ser carne" – "it is only a bit shy of being meat", referring to the purported nutritional value of the drink. Mesoamericans allowed pregnant women and the elderly to imbibe what was normally reserved only for priests and nobility. Modern analysis of the liquid has found that it contains carbohydrates; vitamins C , B-complex, D, and E; and amino acids and minerals such as iron and phosphorus . From

1653-478: Is added to "jump start" the process. Unlike beer, the fermenting agent present in pulque is a bacterium of the species Zymomonas mobilis (syn. Thermobacterium mobile ) rather than yeast. Those in charge of the fermentation process guard their trade secrets, passing them on from father to son. Fermentation takes from seven to 14 days, and the process seems to be more art than science. A number of factors can affect fermenting pulque, such as temperature, humidity and

1740-582: Is also important. The archaeological ruins of Olintepec in Ciudad Ayala date from 1500 BCE to 1610 CE, although its peak was from 1200 to 1610 CE. The people paid tribute to Huaxtepec (Oaxtepec), the Mexicas , and the Texcocanos . Tlayecac has Prehispanic paintings and a small pyramid. The novel Tiro al vuelo by Alejandro Volnie is set in the village. The 1962 movie Pueblito, directed by Emilio Fernández

1827-411: Is also very varied. Mammals include raccoon , badger , rabbit , skunk , armadillo , tlacuache , and coyote . Birds include magpie , buzzard , owl , and sparrowhawk . There are iguanas and scorpions . Fish include catfish and mojarra . Pulque Pulque ( Spanish: ['pulke] ; Classical Nahuatl : metoctli ), occasionally known as octli or agave wine ,

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1914-476: Is an alcoholic beverage made from the fermented sap of the maguey (agave) plant. It is traditional in central Mexico , where it has been produced for millennia. It has the color of milk, a rather viscous consistency and a sour yeast-like taste. The drink's history extends far back into the Mesoamerican period, when it was considered sacred, and its use was limited to certain classes of people. After

2001-423: Is approximately two kilometers. Its holidays are February 2 ( Candlemas ) and June 29 ( Saint Peter ). Anenecuilco is an agricultural community with 1,328 hectares (3,283 acres) and 507 farmers who grow sugarcane, corn, sorghum, onions, and gladiolus. There is also trade and to a lesser extent, tourism. Its holidays are the fifth Friday of Lent , August 8 (birth of Emiliano Zapata); September 29 ( Saint Michael

2088-537: Is located in Tlayecac, which is 13 km from Ciudad Ayala. April 25 ( Mark the Evangelist ) is its local holiday. Its 2020 population was 2,879. Other communities are: The municipality of Ayala is located in the central part of the state, between 18°46'North and 98°59'West, at an altitude of 1,220 meters (4,000 ft.) above sea level. To the north are the municipalities of Yautepec , Cuautla . and Yecapixtla , to

2175-422: Is low and continues to fall. Before 1992 about 20 trucks would come every three days to Xochimilco (in southern Mexico City) to deliver pulque, but by 2007 it was down to one or two. Only five pulquerias remained in this district, where there used to be 18. The situation is similar in most other parts of Mexico. The remaining pulquerias are very small establishments, selling a product made by small producers. In

2262-426: Is much more common for the establishment to provide a separate seating area for them. Intermingling of the sexes is not permitted. In the more rural areas of Hidalgo and Tlaxcala, where most pulque is made, the pulque is fresher and better. A vendor usually displays a white flag over the door when a fresh shipment has arrived. Traditionally, pulque is served from large barrels on ice. and served into glasses, using

2349-535: Is regularly scraped out to keep the plant's production of sap active. Most maguey plants produce this aguamiel for about four to six months before they finally die. Some plants can yield up to 600 L of pulque. The collected juice is placed into 50-liter barrels and carried from the field to the fermentation vats. These vats, called tinas , are located in a special building called a tinacal . This word derives from Spanish tina and Nahuatl calli that means house of vats. When pulque haciendas reached their peak in

2436-513: Is still consumed in Mexico, mostly in the central highlands and predominantly in rural and poor areas. It has acquired a general connotation of being something for the lower class, while consumption of European-style beer flourished throughout the 20th century. The complex and delicate fermentation process of pulque had always limited the product's distribution, as it does not keep long and agitation during transport speeds degradation. Since pre-Hispanic times, its consumption has mostly been limited to

2523-418: Is the fourth most important fair of Mexico and the largest popular fair in Mexico type Tiaquixtli . There are three types of music: Tecuanes , Tlatenquiza , and Cañeros . Cuisine includes green mole of pepita (pipián) with tamales of cenizas, red turkey mole, cecina with cheese, cream, and green sauce with guaje; barbecue of kid and wild pigeons stewed in pipián or in green sauce. Established in 2006,

2610-473: Is the second largest in Morelos. Most of the companies are related to the automotive industry. The largest employers are Saint-Gobainl , (glass), Sekurit (windshields), and Continental Automotive Temic (industrial parts and transmissions). Agriculture is the dominant occupation. Crops include sugar cane, corn, sorghum, rice, onions, zucchini, and gladiolas. Cattle, sheep, horses, and poultry are raised. Tourism

2697-588: The Centzon Totochtin (400 rabbits) are associated with it, by representing the drink's effects, and are the children of Mayahuel. Another version involving Mayahuel has her as a mortal woman who discovered how to collect aguamiel but someone named Pantecatl [panˈtekat͡ɬ] discovered how to make pulque. According to another story, pulque was discovered by the Tlacuache [t͡ɬaˈkʷat͡ʃe] ( opossum ), who used his human-like hands to dig into

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2784-512: The Conquest of Mexico , Tepalcingo paid tribute directly to the Spanish crown until 1532 when it was incorporated in the lands of Hernán Cortés when it became subject to Yecapichtlan ( Yecapixtla ). Martín Cortés, son of the conquistador, faced an independence struggle of people who did not want to be subjects of the marquisate , and from 1565 Tepalcingo was included in what is called the Tlalnahuac ,

2871-617: The Mexican Revolution . Although the epicenter of the September 19, 2017 earthquake was in Axochiapan , the municipality of Tepalcingo was among the most severely affected. Public, private, and religious buildings were seriously damaged; there was structural damage to the Sanctuary of Jesus of Nazareth, which nearly collapsed; all the other churches of the municipality were damaged as well as

2958-456: The Mexican state of Morelos . It is named for Coronel Francisco Ayala who fought with José María Morelos during the 1812 Siege of Cuautla . The town's previous name was Mapachtlan . Ayala became a municipality on April 17, 1869. Ciudad Ayala had a population of 6,190 inhabitants in 2005, and 6335 in 2020. The city serves as the municipal seat for the surrounding municipality of Ayala, had

3045-563: The Sierra de Huautla Biosphere Reserve (REBIOSH) covers 59,031 hectares (145,869 acres) in the Balsas River Basin of the municipalities of Tlaquiltenango , Amacuzac , Tepalcingo, Jojutla , and Puente de Ixtla . Its rough topology varies from 700 to 2,240 meters (2,297 to 7,349 feet) above sea level in the Balsas Basin and constitutes a rich reservoir of endemic species to Mexico. There is

3132-544: The Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire , the drink became secular and its consumption rose. The consumption of pulque reached its peak in the late 19th century. In the 20th century, the drink fell into decline, mostly because of competition from beer , which became more prevalent with the arrival of European immigrants, but pulque remains popular in many parts of Central Mexico, however, and there have been some efforts to revive

3219-457: The blue agave . About six varieties of maguey are best used for the production of pulque. The name pulque is derived from Nahuatl . The original name of the drink was iztāc octli [ˈistaːk ˈokt͡ɬi] (white pulque), the term pulque was probably mistakenly derived by the Spanish from the octli poliuhqui [ˈokt͡ɬi poˈliwki] , which meant "spoiled pulque". It is one of two types of fermented agave drink known from Mexico at

3306-452: The 16th century, with mixed architectural styles and methods of both Mexico and Europe. One characteristic feature is Neo-Gothic towers. The Santiago Tetlapayac Hacienda has murals related to charreada and attributed to the painter Icaza. The Zotoluca Hacienda has an octagonal floorplan in Neo-Moorish style and was restored in the 1950s. But the center of each of these pulque haciendas is

3393-568: The 18th century, a craftsman from Puebla was commissioned to make a larger sculpture of the Patron Saint, but, unlike the Lord of the Column, he was asked to change the figure to Jesus of Nazareth with a cross. The figure was brought to Tepalcingo and the men who were carrying it said, "it became heavy". A church made of yellow stone from Chalcatcingo was built in that exact place. Agustín Pila Dreinhofer, in

3480-514: The 2015 census. It is believed that in 1272, Mixtec women, men, and children who broke away from Iloala (present-day Iguala Guerrero founded the town of Tepalcingo. Ruins believed to belong to the Pueblo Viejo , located in the hills of Zopiloapan, west of modern Tepalcingo, have been found. Tepalcingo was later conquered by the Aztecs in 1445, when it was subject to Huaxtepec ( Oaxtepec ). After

3567-480: The Archangel ). The population is 11,227. Tenextepango is an agricultural community. Principal crops are vegetables such as beans, corn, and zucchini, as well as sugar cane. 1,039 hectares are cultivated by 456 producers. Trade is another important activity, as well as tourism since its annual fair is one of the most important in the area. It has a population of 8,835 inhabitants and its distance to Ciudad Ayala head

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3654-471: The Hacienda de San Nicolás Tolentino are also popular with tourists. According to legend, in the 16th century, a girl found a small [30 centimeter tall] wooden figure in the river. The figure represented Jesus Christ tied by his arms to a column. A small hermitage was built where the figure was venerated. Over the years, the sculpture was moved, first to the chapel of Santa Cruz, and then to that of San Martín. In

3741-466: The Last Supper; made in stucco, similar to a technique used in pyramids and pre-Hispanic buildings. Tepalcingo is divided into 20 localities; the most important are: Tepalcingo (the municipal seat), Huitchila, Ixtlilco El Chico, Ixtlilco, Ixtlilco El Grande, Los Sauces, El Tepehuaje, El Limón, Pitzotlán, El Pastor, and Zacapalco. Ciudad Ayala Ciudad Ayala is a city in the east-central part of

3828-619: The Pre-Hispanic Pueblo Viejo , Las Termas thermal water park of Atotonilco, with 29 °C (84 °F) water and the Los Delfines water park. There is Ecotourism- in the Sierra de Huatla , the scenic view of the Cerrito Tepactzin , and the dam. The sanctuary of the Lord of Tepalcingo, the churches of Santa Mónica, Holy Cross, and Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe, and the parish of San Martín Obispo (feast November 11), as well as

3915-459: The beginning of the 20th century was to put sawdust on the floor. The tradition at that time was to begin a pulque-drinking session by spilling a little on the floor or ground as an offering to Mother Earth. Traditional pulquerías tend to be like clubs with closed membership, with casual visitors ignored or sometimes stared at. Frequent visits and large consumption of the drink tends to win acceptance. While some establishments may forbid women, it

4002-609: The book Arquitectura Barroca (UNAM, 2013), highlights the Shrine of Tepalcingo as the best example of popular baroque in New Spain. The most striking aspect of this temple is its main façade or doorway, in pink - "a true theological treatise", according to Pila Dreinhofer -, with elements, twisted columns, animals, characters and scenes from the Old and New Testaments, from the Creation of the world until

4089-498: The capital with an offering of aguamiel , honey of the agave plant. The emperor and princess wed, and their son was named Meconetzin [mekoˈnet͡sin] (maguey son). In other versions of the story, Xochitl is credited with discovering pulque. The maguey was one of the most sacred and important plants in ancient Mexico. It had a privileged place in mythology, religious rituals and the Mesoamerican economy. Pulque appears in

4176-441: The central highlands of Mexico. The decline of pulque began in the first decade of the 20th century, when the Mexican Revolution caused a decline in its production. In the 1930s, the government of Lázaro Cárdenas campaigned against pulque, as part of an effort to reduce alcoholic consumption in general. But the most decisive factor to the decline of pulque has been the introduction of beer. European immigrant beer brewers in

4263-459: The co-mingling of the sexes were prohibited. However, pulque continued to play a major role in the socioeconomic history of Mexico during colonial times and in the early years of Independence . Through this period, it was the fourth largest source of tax revenue. At the end of the 17th century, the Jesuits began large-scale production of the drink to finance their educational institutions. In this way,

4350-529: The drink's popularity elsewhere through tourism. Similar drinks exist elsewhere in Latin America, such as guarango in Ecuador (see miske ). Pulque is a milk-colored, somewhat viscous liquid that produces a light foam. It is made by fermenting the sap of certain types of maguey (agave) plants. In contrast, mezcal is made from the cooked heart of certain agave plants, and tequila is made all or mostly from

4437-418: The early 20th century had their own campaign against the native pulque, claiming that pulque producers used a muñeca (doll), a textile bag containing human or animal feces which was placed in the aguamiel to hasten the fermentation process. Some pulque producers have insisted that the muñeca is completely a myth, but modern historians suggest that it did happen, although only rarely. Beer producers promoted

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4524-439: The economy. Holidays are March 19 ( Saint Joseph ) and December 12 ( Our Lady of Guadalupe ). Jaloxtoc has 4,026 inhabitants. Onions, corn, and sorghum are grown on 1,195 hectares by 295 farmers. Cattle, goats, and horses are raised. It is 15 km (9.3 miles) from Ciudad Ayala. Tlayecac is agricultural with sorghum and corn grown on 1,234 hectares by 195 producers. Cattle, pigs, and goats are raised. The industrial park

4611-464: The edible white grubs or ant eggs that can inhabit them. A recent series of PBS travel shows feature pulque and say that it is once again a very popular drink and that there is a retro movement leading younger people seeking to establish their Mexican heritage to drink this beverage in large quantities. It has become a trendy drink among youth and back-to-your-roots types. The prohibition on female drinkers has also been lifted and co-ed pulquerias are now

4698-462: The election of July 1, 2018. Violence is a major concern; 400 people tried to lynch four men suspected of kidnapping a child on January 22, 2019. The state of Morelos reported 209 cases and 28 deaths due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico as of April 27, 2020; two cases were reported in Tepalcingo. Schools and many businesses were closed from mid March until June 1. Ninety-five cases were reported in

4785-498: The first railway between Veracruz and Mexico City began operations, crossing through Hidalgo. This line was soon known as the "Pulque Train" because it brought supplies of the drink daily to the capital. This production and easy shipment of the drink made Hidalgo rich, and gave rise to a "pulque aristocracy" made up of some of the most powerful families of this time: Torres Adalid, Pimenta y Fagoaga, Macedo and others. At its peak, there were about 300 pulque haciendas. Some still remain in

4872-484: The flavor. The hope is that with this innovation, pulque can regain its lost market in Mexico and even achieve success as an export item, like tequila. It is already being offered in the United States by Boulder Imports, selling the brand "Nectar del Razo". The original market was Mexican-American men, but the company reports the product is having success as a health food, sought out by athletes and body builders. There

4959-428: The glory days of pulque, the state of Hidalgo has about 250 pulque haciendas, many of which have been abandoned or converted to other uses, such as ranching. Their tinacals have either disappeared or been converted into storage or party rooms. A few remaining ones continue to make pulque, but use more modern and sanitary facilities. In Tlaxcala, the federal Secretariat of Tourism and the state government have organized

5046-541: The hacienda of San Francisco Mapachtlan in 1603. Twelve years later this was elevated to a congregación. In 1750, supported by Dominican friars, the people built their own church, called San José de Mapachtlan. This was dependent upon Cuautla, Morelos , (formally called Cuautla de Ampilas ) and in 1834 it became a pueblo. In 1868 it became a municipalidad of the State of Mexico , district of Cuernavaca , and changed its name to Villa de Ayala in honor of Francisco Ayala,

5133-458: The hacienda's patron saint and the Virgin of Guadalupe . Inside were the vats, which were cowhide stretched over wooden frames lined up against the walls. In larger tinacals , there were three or four rows of vats. Today, the tinas are made of oak, plastic or fiberglass and hold about 1,000 liters each. After placing the juice in the fermentation vats, mature seed pulque ( semilla or xanaxtli )

5220-424: The idea that pulque was generally made this way, generally by word of mouth and insinuation. This was done to inhibit pulque sales and to promote the consumption of beer, which they claimed was "rigorously hygienic and modern". In part because of this strategy, pulque now generally looked down upon, and imbibed by relatively few people, with Mexican-brewed beer ubiquitous and extremely popular. Pulque's popularity

5307-405: The images of Mexican types." As late as 1953, Hidalgo and Tlaxcala still obtained 30 and 50% respectively of their total revenues from pulque. This has diminished since then since irrigation, roads and other infrastructure has made possible other, more lucrative enterprises. In spite of its former popularity, pulque represents only 10% of the alcoholic beverages consumed in Mexico today. Pulque

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5394-410: The late 19th century, hacienda life revolved around these tinacals . It typically was a rectangular shed of stone with a wooden roof. The upper parts of the walls opened for air circulation and the façades were sometimes decorated with indigenous designs or other images associated with the making of pulque. One popular motif was the discovery of pulque by Xochitl. Other popular elements were the images of

5481-513: The maguey and extract the naturally fermenting juice. He became the first drunk. Tlacuache was thought to set the course of rivers. The rivers he set were generally straight except when he was drunk. Then they follow Tlacuache's meandering path from cantina to cantina. Another account traces the discovery of aguamiel to the Toltec Empire , when a noble named Papantzin was trying to get the emperor to marry his daughter Xochitl . He sent her to

5568-416: The maguey sap, known as aguamiel (honeywater), collects. It takes a maguey plant 12 years to mature enough to produce the sap for pulque. Pulque has been drunk for at least 2000 years, and its origins are the subject of various stories and myths. Most involve Mayahuel , the goddess of the maguey. It was thought that the aguamiel collecting in the center of the plant was her blood. Other deities, such as

5655-545: The making of pulque passed from being a home brew to one commercially produced. The casta system of racial hierarchy was created in Spanish America for elites to classify individuals into groups based on phenotype and perceived social class, and give them characteristics that were supposedly inherent to their group. Often artists portrayed mixed-race castas. This form of Mexican art portrayed castas in settings that were typical of their social group. The portrayal of pulque

5742-735: The modern state of Morelos to join the Cry of Dolores in 1810. The town of Anenecuilco , birthplace of Emiliano Zapata , is within this municipality; as is the Hacienda de San Juan , near the town of Chinameca , where he was betrayed and assassinated. Ayala itself is best known for giving the name to Emiliano Zapata's manifesto: the Plan of Ayala . Prehispanic ruins at Olintepec date back to 1500 BCE , where they reached their peak between 1200 and 1610 CE. The people of Olintepec were Tlahuicas . Other ruins have been found at Tlayecac. In 1603 Don Nicolas Abad built

5829-409: The municipal presidency, the market, and other buildings. Municipal President Alfredo Sánchez Vélez said that 700 homes could not be used, while others had cracks. No lives were reported lost. The Secretary of Health reported that 486 homes were destroyed and 2,263 were damaged, more than in any other municipality. Alfredo Sánchez Velez of PVEM (Green Party) was elected Presidente Municipal (mayor) in

5916-550: The municipality on December 27, 2020. Vaccinations for senior citizens (60+) are scheduled to begin on March 12, 2021. Fifteen people died in Axochiapan , Jantetelco , and Tepalcingo due to adulterated alcohol on Mother's Day . The oldest fair in Morelos is held in Tepelcingo on the third Friday of Lent . Visitors come from all over Morelos and nearby states; they enjoy pulque , and traditional dances. Cattle and handicrafts, including boxes of Olinalá aromatic wood are sold. This

6003-421: The municipality. On June 2, Ayala reported 44 confirmed cases and five deaths from the virus; the reopening of the state was pushed back until at least June 13. Ayala reported 264 cases, 205 recuperations, and 34 deaths as of August 31. There were 373 cases reported on December 27, 2020. Presidents of Ciudad Ayala, 1922–present The Cuautla Industrial Park, located in Ayala, covers 130 ha (320 acres) and

6090-405: The norm. Also flavored syrups, seasonings and so on are now common with one pulqueria featured in the special offering 48 separate flavors. The production process is long and delicate. The maguey plant needs 12 years of maturation before the sap, or aguamiel , can be extracted, but a good plant can produce for up to one year. This aguamiel can be drunk straight, but it is alcoholic only after

6177-618: The peak of fermentation, the pulque is quickly shipped to market in barrels. The fermentation process is continuous, so the pulque must be consumed within a certain time before it spoils. Most pulque is consumed in bars called pulquerías . At the beginning of the 20th century, more than 1,000 were located in Mexico City alone. By the early 20th century, pulquerías became socially accepted, and some were places of great elegance. But whether for rich or poor, two features stood out among these establishments: odd or catchy names, and murals decorating

6264-486: The plains of Apan and Zempoala , in Hidalgo. Pulque hit its peak of popularity during the late 19th century, when it was enjoyed by rich and poor alike. Depictions of tlaquicheros , pulquerías, and pulque haciendas were the subject of photographers in the late Porfiriato , including photographers C. B. Waite , Hugo Brehme , and Sergei Eisenstein . The tlaquichero "was perhaps the most widely known and successful of

6351-447: The plant is metl . The manufacturing process of pulque is complex and requires the death of the maguey plant. As the plant nears maturity, the center begins to swell and elongate as the plant gathers stored sugar to send up a single flower stalk, which may reach up to 20 feet in height. However, plants destined for pulque production have this flower stalk cut off, leaving a depressed surface 12-18 inches in diameter. In this center,

6438-577: The priests' enthusiasm and to ease the suffering of the victim. There are many references in Aztec codices, such as the Borbonicus Codex, of pulque's use by nobility and priesthood to celebrate victories. Among commoners, it was permitted only to the elderly and pregnant women. Production of pulque was ritualized and the brewers were superstitious. They would abstain from sex during the fermentation period because they believed that sexual intercourse would sour

6525-582: The process. After the Conquest, pulque lost its sacred character, and both natives and Spanish people began to drink it. The Spanish initially made no laws regarding its use. It became a lucrative source of tax revenue, but by 1672, public drunkenness had become enough of a problem that the viceregal government created regulations to curtail its consumption. A maximum of 36 " pulquerías " were permitted for Mexico City, which had to be located in open areas, be without doors and close at sundown. Food, music, dancing and

6612-401: The quality of the aguamiel . Finished pulque usually reaches 2–7% alcohol by volume (ABV). The process is complex and delicate, and can go sour at any point. For this reason, and perhaps due to its ancient "sacred" character, there are rituals and prohibitions. Religious songs and prayers may be offered, and women, children and strangers are not allowed inside the tinacal . Just before

6699-414: The seeping sap. Fermentation of the aguamiel can take place within the plant itself. For the indigenous peoples of the central highlands of Mexico, the imbibing of pulque was done only by certain people, under certain conditions. It was a ritual drink, consumed during certain festivals, such as that of the goddess Mayahuel, and the god Mixcoatl . It was drunk by priests and sacrificial victims, to increase

6786-667: The south Tepalcingo and Tlaquiltenango ; to the east Temoac , Jantetelco , and Jonacatepec ; while to the west are Tlaltizapán and Yautepec. It is approximately 60 km from Cuernavaca . and 117 km (73 miles) south of Mexico City. Ayala is part of the fertile valley of the Plain of Amilpas . The most important hills are El Tenayo, El Aguacate, El Jimil and Cerro Prieto each has an altitude of about 1,500 meters (4920 ft.) above sea level. The Ayala River receives water from El Hospital and Calderón ravines, flowing south past Abelardo L. Rodríguez, Olintepec, and Moyotepec, where

6873-403: The state of Hidalgo, in which most maguey is grown, fields of this plant are disappearing, with barley taking its place. Most maguey plants here serve as boundary markers between properties. Many of these plants do not survive long, as they are often vandalized. An estimated 10,000 plants are mutilated each week by cutting off the lower leaves for barbacoa or destroying them completely to look for

6960-481: The streets and incapacitated, which as a result required their families to escort them home. In one of his 1828 depictions, Italian lithographer Claudio Linati showed two Indigenous women engaged in a dispute outside of a pulquería. Production of pulque exploded after Independence, when the regulation of pulque producers ended, and Mexican nationalism increased. From then until the 1860s, pulque haciendas multiplied, especially in Hidalgo and Tlaxcala states. In 1866,

7047-655: The time of European contact: pulque is made with sap taken from the stem, while the other was made with pit roasted stems and leaf bases. The maguey plant, also called a "century plant" in English, is native to Mexico. It grows best in the cold, dry climates of the rocky central highlands to the north and east of Mexico City , especially in the states of Hidalgo and Tlaxcala . Maguey has been cultivated at least since 200 CE in Tula , Tulancingo and Teotihuacan , and wild plants have been used for far longer. The plant historically has had

7134-528: The tinacal. They were planned and decorated befitting their importance. Almost all have interesting architectural details, such as a specially decorated main doorway, murals or sculpted windows. Some are considered works of art, such as the tinacal at the Montecillos Hacienda or the one at the San Antonio Ometusco Hacienda, which also has an elegant canopy covering the shipping dock with moulded iron columns and walls decorated with murals relating to

7221-663: The walls. Names included (translated) "My Office", "Memories of the Future", "Drink and Go", "I'm Waiting for You Here at the Corner", and, across the street from the National Chamber of Deputies , "The Recreation Center of Those Across the Street". Diego Rivera once said one of the most important manifestations of Mexican painting was the murals that decorated the facades and interiors of pulquerías . One tradition maintained at all pulquerias at

7308-793: The waters of the Ahuehueyo ravine join it. In the east, it crosses the Barranca de la Cuera, the Papayos, the Guayabos, and Tlayecac, then continues south through Jaloxtoc. Downstream it joins the Cuautla River , which continues through San Vicente de Juárez and Tecomalco, to flow into the Amacuzac River , a branch of the Balsas River . There are also small springs such as Axocoche, El Colibrí, and El Platanal. There

7395-535: Was filmed there. There are ex-haciendas in Tenextepango and Coahuixtla as well as Chinameca. General Emiliano Zapata and three of his men were assassinated in Chinameca on April 10, 1919, and the hacienda has been transformed into the National Museum of Agrarian Reform Movement . There is also a large statue of Zapata on the property. Other attractions in Ayala include the parish church of San José , whose feast

7482-470: Was part of the State of Mexico . In 1869 the state of Morelos was founded, and Tepalcingo, including Huautla, became a municipality on June 14, 1872. A smallpox epidemic decimated the area between 1895 and 1910; between August 1903 and January 1904, 573 of 574 children in Tepelcingo died. Local residents Dionisio Gómez, Severiano Pérez, Claudio Pérez, Isabel X., Macedonio Coyote, Martín Barba, Epifanio Vázquez, Severiano Pariente, and Severiano Trejo died during

7569-561: Was used to show polarization between different castas. Before the Spanish colonization of the Americas , pulque was used for religious ceremonies in Mesoamerica , but after the Spanish conquest, pulque consumption lost its ritual meanings. In some casta paintings, pulque consumption was depicted. Some casta painters depicted different castas safely consuming and selling pulque. Other casta painters depicted Indigenous Americans intoxicated in

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