A decade (from Ancient Greek δεκάς (dekas) 'a group of ten') is a period of ten years . Decades may describe any ten-year period, such as those of a person's life, or refer to specific groupings of calendar years .
134-687: The 2010s (pronounced "twenty-tens" or "two thousand [and] tens"), variously nicknamed " the '10s " [" the Tens "], " the Tenties ", or more rarely " the Teens "), was a decade that began on January 1, 2010, and ended on December 31, 2019. The decade began with an economic recovery from the Great Recession . Inflation and interest rates stayed low and steady throughout the decade, gross world product grew from 2010 to 2019. Global economic recovery accelerated during
268-445: A 0 to a year ending in a 9 – for example, the period from 1960 to 1969 is the 1960s, and the period from 1970 to 1979 is the 1970s. Sometimes, only the tens part is mentioned ( ' 60s or sixties , and ' 70s or seventies ), although this may leave it ambiguous as to which century is meant. However, this method of grouping decades cannot be applied to the decade immediately preceding AD 10, because there
402-512: A credit card or debit card as their payment method while only 11 percent of respondents preferred cash. Two of the most prominent deaths in the scientific community during the decade were Neil Armstrong in 2012 and Stephen Hawking in 2018. Below are the most significant scientific developments of each year, based on the annual Breakthrough of the Year award of the American Association for
536-454: A degree rare at the time" merely refers to the last ten years of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 's life without regard to which calendar years are encompassed. Also, 'the first decade' of a person's life begins on the day of their birth and ends at the end of their 10th year of life when they have their 10th birthday ; the second decade of life starts with their 11th year of life (during which one is typically still referred to as being "10") and ends at
670-526: A firewall between the different legal systems. Patten also warned that the extradition law would be the "worst thing" to happen in Hong Kong since the 1997 handover. Malcolm Rifkind , former British Foreign Secretary who oversaw the final stages of the handover, also denied that the lack of extradition arrangements between Hong Kong and the Mainland was "a loophole". He stated that "negotiators from both China and
804-522: A group of 39 pro-Beijing legislators called for the bill to be amended. Their two demands—raising the threshold on extraditable crimes and allowing only extradition requests from the mainland's top authority—were both accepted by the government. The government promulgated on 30 May the provision of "additional safeguards" in the following three aspects: Hong Kong's five major business chambers—the Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce (HKGCC),
938-551: A human chain to prevent protesters from entering Harcourt Road , the main road next to government headquarters, while Special Tactical Squad (STS) stood by for potential conflicts. Although the CHRF officially had called an end to the march at 10 pm, around 100 protesters remained at the Civic Square . At 11 pm, the government issued a press statement, saying it "acknowledge[s] and respect[s] that people have different views on
1072-434: A joint statement calling for a complete withdrawal of the extradition bill and an independent inquiry into allegations of police brutality against protesters. As the city marked the 22nd anniversary of its 1997 handover , the annual pro-democracy protest march organised by civil rights groups claimed a record turnout of 550,000 while police placed the estimate around 190,000. Separately, hundreds of young protesters stormed
1206-532: A land deal in Macau in 2014, applied for a judicial review over the bill in court. Lau's lawyers asked the court to make a declaration that the surrender of Lau to Macau would contravene the Hong Kong Bill of Rights . Lau made an abrupt U-turn and dropped his legal challenge on 29 May, saying that he "loves his country and Hong Kong" and that he now supported the legislation. The Hong Kong Bar Association released
1340-499: A marked reemergence in the West due to drastically increased migration and corresponding crime and amongst both the right and left general dissatisfaction with Western government and Media responses to certain issues. There were also increased calls for egalitarianism , including between the sexes, and some scholars assert that a fourth wave of feminism began around 2012, with a primary focus on intersectionality . Populism in politics saw
1474-478: A mechanism for transfers of fugitives not only for Taiwan, but also for Mainland China and Macau , which are currently excluded in the existing laws. The introduction of the bill caused widespread criticism domestically and abroad from the legal profession, journalist organisations, business groups, and foreign governments fearing the erosion of Hong Kong's legal system and its built-in safeguards, as well as damage to Hong Kong's business climate. Largely, this fear
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#17328758067121608-603: A meeting and asked the House Committee for guidance. On 20 May, Secretary for Security John Lee announced that the government would resume the second reading of the bill in a full Legislative Council meeting on 12 June, bypassing the usual practice of scrutinising the bill in the Bills Committee. After a five-hour meeting on 24 May, the House Committee of the Legislative Council dominated by the pro-Beijing camp passed
1742-407: A motion in support of the government's move to resume the second reading of the bill at a full council meeting on 12 June. On 9 November, police arrested and charged six pro-democracy lawmakers (while summoning one more lawmaker) for their roles in a 11 May scuffle over the earlier proposed extradition bill. The lawmakers posted bail and were released. Democratic Party legislator Andrew Wan moved
1876-449: A motion of no-confidence against Carrie Lam on 29 May on the grounds that Lam "blatantly lied" about the extradition bill and misled the public and the international community, as Lam claimed that colonial officials did not deliberately exclude China from extradition laws ahead of the 1997 Handover. It was the first no-confidence vote against her since she took the office in July 2017. Lam survived
2010-590: A part of the U.S.'s continued military involvement in many parts of the world. The rise of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant extremist organization in 2014 erased the Syria-Iraq border, resulting in a multinational intervention against it . In Africa, South Sudan broke away from Sudan , and mass protests and various coups d'état saw longtime strongmen deposed. In the U.S., celebrity businessman Donald Trump
2144-482: A period seen by some economists as being the new peak of a " goldilocks economy ". The International Monetary Fund's April 2019 World Economic Outlook stated, "After peaking at close to 4 percent in 2017, global [economic] growth remained strong, at 3.8 percent in the first half of 2018, but dropped to 3.2 percent in the second half of the year." In 2018, United States President Donald Trump announced he would put into place new tariffs on some Chinese products, starting
2278-455: A pro-democrat. To claimed that the move was illegitimate, adding that the secretariat had abused its power in issuing the circular without having any formal discussion. The pro-democrats insisted on going ahead with a 6 May meeting as planned which was rescheduled by Shek with only 20 members present. To and Civic Party 's Dennis Kwok were elected chair and vice chair of the committee. Attempts to hold meetings on 11 May descended into chaos as
2412-556: A regional phenomenon that was commonly referred to as the Arab Spring . Meanwhile, Europe had to grapple with a debt crisis that was pronounced early in the decade. Shifting social attitudes saw LGBT rights make substantial progress throughout the decade, particularly in developed countries . The decade saw the musical and cultural dominance of dance-pop , electronic dance music , hipster culture and electropop . Globalization and an increased demand for variety and personalisation in
2546-480: A report which concluded that the use of force by police against the largely peaceful protest was unnecessary and excessive and that police had "violated international human rights law and standards." Lo's declaration and police behaviour gave rise to new demands in later protests: to retract the characterisation of the clashes as a "riot" and to establish an independent commission of inquiry into police brutality . On 15 June, Carrie Lam announced that it would suspend
2680-448: A result, for example, United States stock prices reached record highs. Another consequence has been the rise in housing prices in many major world cities . Some of the cities which recorded the most dramatic rises included Sydney , San Francisco , Vancouver , and Auckland . In 2010, China became the second largest global economy, surpassing Japan. Japan also saw a rating downgrade the following year due to debt burden. In August 2011,
2814-611: A series of conflicts around its frontiers. Within its border, China enhanced its suppression and control of Hong Kong , Xinjiang , and Tibet . These developments led the United States to implement a containment policy and initiate a trade war against China. Elsewhere in Asia, the Koreas improved their relations after a prolonged crisis between the two countries , and the War on Terror continued as
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#17328758067122948-403: A statement expressing its reservations over the bill, saying that the restriction against any surrender arrangements with mainland China was not a "loophole", but existed in light of the fundamentally different criminal justice system operating in the Mainland, and concerns over the Mainland's track record on the protection of fundamental rights. The association also questioned the accountability of
3082-474: A wide range of issues", but insisted the second reading debate on the bill would resume on 12 June. Around midnight, tensions escalated and clashes broke out between protesters and officers at the Legislative Council Complex. Protesters threw bottles and metal barricades at police and pushed barricades while officers responded with pepper spray. Riot police pushed back against the crowd and secured
3216-711: A widespread surge throughout the decade, with many politicians and various political movements expressing populist sentiments and utilising populist rhetoric. This included conservative wave phenomenon in Latin America and neo-nationalist fervor in Europe and North America. The 2019 European Parliament election saw the highest voter turnout in two decades and saw relatively moderate centre-right and centre-left parties suffer significant losses to less moderate far-right, environmentalist, and both pro-EU and eurosceptic parties, who made gains. Examples of 2010s populist movements included
3350-425: Is attributed to China's newfound ability through this bill to arrest voices of political dissent in Hong Kong. There have been multiple protests against the bill in Hong Kong and other cities abroad. On 9 June, protesters estimated to number from hundreds of thousands to more than a million marched in the streets and called for Chief Executive Carrie Lam to step down. On 15 June, Lam announced she would 'suspend'
3484-1260: Is the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party ( de facto leader ). Sitting world leaders such as Hugo Chávez of Venezuela, Muammar Gaddafi of Libya, Kim Jong-il of North Korea, Abdullah of Saudi Arabia , Lech Kaczyński of Poland, Zillur Rahman of Bangladesh, Islam Karimov of Uzbekistan and Beji Caid Essebsi of Tunisia, all died in office , as did former leaders Fidel Castro , Lee Kuan Yew , Nelson Mandela , Margaret Thatcher , Robert Mugabe , Giulio Andreotti , Francesco Cossiga , Oscar Luigi Scalfaro , Carlo Azeglio Ciampi , Jacques Chirac , Helmut Schmidt , Helmut Kohl , Hussain Mohammad Ershad , Mohamed Morsi , Ariel Sharon , Shimon Peres , Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani , Zine El Abidine Ben Ali , Václav Havel , Malcolm Fraser , Bob Hawke , B. J. Habibie , Yasuhiro Nakasone , Alan García , Jorge Rafael Videla , Néstor Kirchner , Fernando de la Rúa , Patricio Aylwin , Itamar Franco , A. P. J. Abdul Kalam , Atal Bihari Vajpayee and George H. W. Bush . Coups d'état against ruling governments during
3618-466: The 1890s as the " Gay Nineties " or "Naughty Nineties". A rarer approach groups years from the beginning of the AD calendar era to produce successive decades from a year ending in a 1 to a year ending in a 0, with the years 1–10 described as "the 1st decade", years 11–20 "the 2nd decade", and so on; later decades are more usually described as 'the st, nd, rd, or th decade of the st, nd, rd, or th century' (using
3752-542: The 1997 handover , surpassing the turnout seen at mass rallies in support of the Tiananmen protests of 1989 and 1 July demonstration of 2003 , CHRF convenor Jimmy Sham said that 1.03 million people attended the march, while the police put the crowd at 270,000 at its peak. Hundreds of protesters camped in front of the government headquarters well into the night, with more joining them in response to calls from Demosistō and pro-independence activists. Police formed
3886-498: The 2018 Sulawesi earthquake and tsunami , the devastating tropical cyclones Bopha (Pablo), Haiyan (Yolanda), and Maria , as well as the 2019 European heat waves . During the decade, the world population grew from 6.9 to 7.7 billion people. There were approximately 1.4 billion births during the decade (140 million per year), and about 560 million deaths (56 million per year). The decade has been variously termed "the '10s" ("The Tens"), occasionally "The Teens", and (especially in
4020-574: The Afghan and Iraq wars, and United States diplomacy . Edward Snowden blew the whistle on global surveillance , raising awareness on the role governments and private entities play in global surveillance and information privacy . Baidu (4th), Twitter (6th) and Instagram (8th) emerged to become among the top 10 most visited websites, while Misplaced Pages went from the 9th to the 5th most popular website, almost sextupling its monthly visits. Yahoo significantly declined in popularity, descending from being
4154-462: The Arab world , political unrest evolved into socioeconomic crises, resulting in the Arab Spring leading to political instability and civil wars. As a result of the global recession, many central banks instituted a zero interest-rate policy , or close to it. Another form of monetary stimulus was that of quantitative easing . The resulting flood of market liquidity caused a rise in asset prices. As
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4288-618: The Business and Professionals Alliance for Hong Kong (BPA), the two pro-business parties, suggested 15 economic crimes being exempted from the 46 offences covered by the extradition proposal. The American Chamber of Commerce in Hong Kong (AmCham) pointed out that the mainland's "criminal process is plagued by deep flaws, including lack of an independent judiciary , arbitrary detention, lack of fair public trial, lack of access to legal representation and poor prison conditions". The government responded to business chambers' concerns by exempting nine of
4422-707: The Chinese General Chamber of Commerce , the Chinese Manufacturers' Association of Hong Kong , the Federation of Hong Kong Industries , and the Hong Kong Chinese Importers' and Exporters' Association quickly welcomed the concessions, but legal scholars and pro-democrats opposing the bill argued there was still no guarantee of human rights and fair treatment for fugitives sent across the border. John Lee dismissed calls to embed those safeguards in
4556-476: The Civil Human Rights Front (CHRF); police put the peak figure at 5,200. On 28 April, the movement gained stronger momentum as an estimated 130,000 protesters joined the march against the bill; Police estimated 22,800 joined at its height. The claimed turnout was the largest since an estimated 510,000 joined the annual 1 July protest in 2014. A day after the protest, Chief Executive Carrie Lam
4690-617: The European Financial Stability Facility was increased from €440 billion to €2 trillion. Despite the Eurozone debt crisis, the American Dow Jones Industrial Average had its longest stretch of gains since the late 1990s tech boom. However, economic issues, including inflation and an increase in commodity prices, sparked unrest in many lower-income countries. In some countries, particularly those in
4824-733: The Hong Kong Journalists Association reported that the amendment would "not only threaten the safety of journalists but also have a chilling effect on the freedom of expression in Hong Kong." Speaking on behalf of the International Rehabilitation Council for Torture Victims , on 3 July 2019 the executive director of Justice Centre Hong Kong delivered a statement at the 21st meeting of the United Nations Human Rights Council in Geneva raising
4958-780: The House of Lords David Alton , Liberal Democrat Chief Whip of the House of Commons Alistair Carmichael , Leader of the Alliance 90/The Greens in the Bundestag Katrin Göring-Eckardt , Deputy Shadow Minister for Foreign Affairs in the Canadian Parliament Garnett Genuis , Member of the Parliament of Malaysia and Chairman of the ASEAN Parliamentarians for Human Rights Charles Santiago , Member of
5092-476: The International Association of Prosecutors , and previous Director of Public Prosecutions in Hong Kong, has opined that although it is important to respect the rights of suspects, the debate has downplayed the issue of responsibilities of Hong Kong to other jurisdictions in the global combat of crime. On 4 March 2019 Justice Centre Hong Kong provided public comments outlining their concerns with
5226-919: The Internet Research Agency . Other alleged Russian intelligence operations included the Skripal poisonings and the Montenegrin coup plot , both of which were attributed by some to the GRU's Unit 29155 . Collectively, these activities—and the Western-led efforts to combat them—have been referred to as marking the beginning of the Second Cold War . The European Union went through several crises. The European debt crisis caused severe economic problems to several eurozone member states, most notably Greece . The 2015 migration crisis led to several million people entering
5360-558: The Legislative Council and defaced symbols associated with the People's Republic of China (PRC) and pro-Beijing elements inside the building. On 9 July, Carrie Lam said the controversial bill "is dead", but still refused to meet the protesters' demand to withdraw it. The protesters continued to demand full withdrawal of the bill, among other demands regarding alleged police misconducts and universal suffrage. The confrontations between
5494-487: The Tea Party movement , Occupy Wall Street , Brexit , Black Lives Matter , and the alt-right . Examples of populist country leaders were just as extensive, with Donald Trump , Narendra Modi , Andrés Manuel López Obrador , Hugo Chávez , Matteo Salvini , Jair Bolsonaro , Rodrigo Duterte , Boris Johnson , and Alexis Tsipras left and right-wing, described as such. Related to the rise of populism and protests movements
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5628-492: The U.S. House of Representatives wrote to Chief Executive Carrie Lam asking that the bill be "withdrawn from consideration", stating that "the proposed legislation would irreparably damage Hong Kong's cherished autonomy and protections for human rights by allowing the Chinese government to request extradition of business persons, journalists, rights advocates, and political activists residing in Hong Kong." The commissioners added that
5762-662: The best-selling game of all time. Handheld console gaming revenue was overtaken by mobile gaming revenue in 2011. The best-selling book of this decade was Fifty Shades of Grey . Drake was named the top music artist of the decade in the U.S. by Billboard . The United States continued to retain its superpower status while China sought to expand its influence in the South China Sea and in Africa through its economic initiatives and military reforms . It solidified its position as an emerging superpower , despite causing
5896-410: The strict interpretation of 'century' ). For example, "the second decad of the 12th. Cent." [ sic ]; "The last decade of that century"; "1st decade of the 16th century"; "third decade of the 16th century"; "the first decade of the 18th century". This decade grouping may also be identified explicitly; for example, "1961–1970"; "2001–2010"; "2021–2030". The BC calendar era ended with
6030-472: The ' US-China Trade War ', an economic conflict involving the world's two largest economies. Trump said the reasoning for the trade war was to punish China for "unfair" trade practices, such as the appropriation of jobs and the theft of American intellectual property . China responded with tariffs of its own, and a cycle began, escalating the conflict. As part of his ' America First ' policy, Trump also announced new tariffs were being placed on countries around
6164-442: The 1st to the 9th most popular site, with monthly visits declining by two-thirds. Google , Facebook , YouTube and Yandex maintained relatively consistent popularity and remained within the top 10 throughout the decade. Global warming became increasingly noticeable through new record temperatures in different occurrences and extreme weather events on all continents . The CO 2 concentration rose from 390 to 410 PPM over
6298-683: The 2010s was generally strong. It saw steady growth, low unemployment, and increasing consumer confidence recovering from the great recession . The decade ended with a strong finish, with 2019 seeing record highs in many areas. A sovereign-debt crisis in Europe began in early 2010, and the Greek government admitted that it was having difficulties servicing its large sovereign debt . In the summer and fall of 2011, bond yields for Italy and Spain spiked above 6 percent. By 2015 bond rates had returned to normal ranges across Europe, save for Greece, which accepted another, even more stringent bailout package. The size of
6432-553: The Advancement of Science journal Science . The late 2000s saw the rise of two prominent mobile operating systems , Android developed by Google and iOS developed by Apple . Robotics, particularly drones like quadcopters , experienced a wide use and application in the 2010s. Autonomous and electric car technology and sales showed considerable growth as well. In addition, sustainable space launch technologies were spearheaded by entrepreneurs like Elon Musk . In 2016,
6566-438: The Bills Committee and preventing the election of a committee chairman. The House Committee, with a pro-Beijing majority, removed Democratic Party 's James To , the most senior member, from his position of presiding member, and replaced him with the third most senior member, pro-Beijing Abraham Shek of the Business and Professionals Alliance for Hong Kong (BPA), thereby bypassing the second most senior member Leung Yiu-chung ,
6700-548: The Chief Executive and her administration's push to pass the bill. Vice Premier Han Zheng and chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference Wang Yang also spoke in favour of the extradition bill—becoming the highest-ranking Chinese state officials to give their public endorsement. Chief Executive Carrie Lam defended Beijing's involvement, saying that mainland officials offered their views only after
6834-515: The Chief Executive as the only arbiter of whether a special arrangement was to be concluded with a requesting jurisdiction without the scrutiny of the Legislative Council or without expanding the role of the courts in vetting extradition requests. Twelve current and former chairs of the Bar Association warned that the government's "oft-repeated assertion that the judges will be gatekeepers is misleading", as "the proposed new legislation does not give
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#17328758067126968-570: The Court power to review such matters and the Court would be in no such position to do so." Three senior judges and twelve leading commercial and criminal lawyers called the bill "one of the starkest challenges to Hong Kong's legal system" in a Reuters report. They feared it would "put [the courts] on a collision course with Beijing", as the limited scope of extradition hearings would leave them little room to manoeuvre. They were concerned that if they tried to stop high-profile suspects from being sent across
7102-784: The EU illegally in a short period of time. There was a significant rise in the vote shares of several eurosceptic parties, including the League in Italy, Alternative for Germany , and the Finns Party in Finland . As a result of a referendum , the United Kingdom became the first member state in the EU's history to leave the Union . Socio-political polarisation increased as conservatives and social liberals clashed over
7236-483: The European Parliament from Austria Josef Weidenholzer , seven U.S. Senators and one U.S. Representative. The American Chamber of Commerce in Hong Kong (AmCham) issued a statement on 30 May, questioning the government's decision to push the bill through. AmCham also sent Matthew Cheung eight questions related to the bill following Cheung meeting with the foreign chambers of commerce on the previous day, pressing
7370-596: The Fugitive Offenders Ordinance and Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters Ordinance, were not applicable to the requests for surrender of fugitive offenders and mutual legal assistance between Hong Kong and Taiwan. The pro-Beijing flagship party Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong (DAB) chairwoman Starry Lee and legislator Holden Chow pushed for a change to
7504-511: The Legislative Council called off the general meetings on 13 and 14 June, and also postponed the general meetings on 17 and 18 June. Pro-Beijing newspaper Sing Tao Daily reported that Lam went to meet with Chinese Vice Premier Han Zheng in Shenzhen on 14 June evening. Lam then had a cabinet meeting with her top officials at 10:30 pm, lasting until midnight. Students unions, representing some protesters, issued four demands: total withdrawal of
7638-511: The Official Opposition since 2017, shared the statement "As Beijing amasses troops at the Hong Kong border, now is the time for everyone committed to democracy, freedom, human rights, and the rule of law to stand with the people of Hong Kong, including the 300,000 ex-pat Canadians. Now, and in the coming days, we are all Hong Kongers:" on social media outlets. On 30 May, Secretary for Security John Lee rolled out six new measures to limit
7772-544: The PRC publicly supported the change and stated that 300 fugitives were living in Hong Kong. Beijing's involvement in the proposed bill caused great concerns in Hong Kong. The key provisions of the bill, as originally tabled, are as follows: In the Fugitive Offenders Ordinance (FOO) ( Cap. 503 ): And in the Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters Ordinance (MLAO) ( Cap. 525 ): Opposition expressed fears that
7906-583: The S&;P downgraded the United States ' credit rating from triple AAA to AA-plus following a debt ceiling crisis . Also in 2011, a Gallup poll found that more than half of Americans believed the country was still in a recession. In June 2015, the Shanghai Stock Exchange lost a third of the value of A-shares within one month, an event known as the 2015–16 Chinese stock market turbulence . India became
8040-475: The Taipei homicide case as an "excuse" and questioned whether the Hong Kong government's legislation was "politically motivated". He added that Taiwanese people feared to end up like Lee Ming-che , a democracy activist who disappeared on a trip to the Chinese mainland and was later jailed for "subverting state power". Hong Kong had been a British colony until it was officially handed over to China in 1997. Since then,
8174-578: The UK made a conscious decision to create a clear divide between the two systems so that the rule of law remains robust", and that "lawyers and politicians from across the political spectrum in Hong Kong have proposed multiple other viable solutions which will ensure that Chan faces justice". More than 167,000 students, alumni and teachers from all public universities and hundreds of secondary schools in Hong Kong, including St. Francis' Canossian College which Carrie Lam attended, also launched online petitions against
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#17328758067128308-598: The UK) "the Tenties". The prominent wars of the decade include: Successful revolutions and otherwise major protests of the decade include, but are not limited to: The Arab Spring was a series of anti-government protests, uprisings, and armed rebellions that spread across much of the Islamic world in the early 2010s. It began in response to oppressive regimes and a low standard of living , starting with protests in Tunisia . Social media
8442-401: The United States as the world's most competitive economy, with the U.S. dropping to third, behind Hong Kong . Global oil production in 2014 reached a historic peak, reaching 93 million barrels/day. In 2018, partially due to a shale boom , the United States overcame Russia and Saudi Arabia in becoming the world's largest crude oil producer, the first time since 1973. Around the year 2017 is
8576-536: The West was partially influenced by the prevalence of identity politics , both left-wing and right-wing , among activist movements. Beginning around 2011, far-left and progressive concepts such as combating social inequality and economic inequality , often via progressive stack tactics, proliferated in the Western world and elsewhere. Around the middle of the decade, phenomenon such as white nationalism , identitarianism and emboldened feelings of nativism saw
8710-923: The aftermath of the Arab Spring protests in Arab countries . The term "Arab Winter" refers to the events across Arab League countries in the Mid-East and North Africa, including the Syrian Civil War , the Iraqi insurgency and the following civil war , the Egyptian Crisis , the Libyan Crisis and the Crisis in Yemen . Events referred to as the Arab Winter include those in Egypt that led to
8844-454: The area, while police on Harcourt Road also pushed protesters back onto the pavements. Clashes shifted to Lung Wo Road as many protesters gathered and barricaded themselves from the officers. Several hundred protesters were herded by officers towards Lung King Street in Wan Chai around 2 am and then moved onto Gloucester Road . By the end of the clearance, 19 protesters had been arrested. A general strike had been called for 12 June,
8978-423: The bill and the disproportionate use of force being used against the resulting protests . Although Taiwan authorities had attempted to negotiate directly with the Hong Kong government to work out a special arrangement, the Hong Kong government did not respond. Taipei also stated it would not enter into any extradition agreement with Hong Kong that defined Taiwan as part of the People's Republic of China. It opposed
9112-471: The bill controversy was "escalated" by foreign powers, which seized an opportunity to attack the mainland's legal system and human rights record. It was escalated to the level of " one country, two systems " and the constitutionality concerning the Basic Law . On 24 May, Chief Secretary Matthew Cheung held a special meeting involving 100 officials including principal officials, permanent secretaries and their deputies ostensibly to "bring them up to speed on
9246-425: The bill could "negatively impact the unique relationship between the U.S. and Hong Kong"—referring to the longstanding U.S. policy of giving the city preferential treatment over mainland China based on the United States–Hong Kong Policy Act . The UK-based Hong Kong Watch also issued a petition on 29 May signed by 15 parliamentarians from various countries against the extradition bill. Signatories included Member of
9380-443: The border, they would be exposed to criticism and political pressure from Beijing. The judges and lawyers said that under Hong Kong's British-based common law system, extraditions are based on the presumption of a fair trial and humane punishment in the receiving country—a presumption they say China's Communist Party -controlled legal system has not earned. On 5 June 2019, the Law Society of Hong Kong released an 11-page review of
9514-466: The city is operating under " one country, two systems ". Lam denied that the mainland was intentionally excluded from the extradition laws ahead of the 1997 handover over fears about the mainland's opaque and politically controlled legal system, or that China had agreed to the exclusion. However, the last colonial governor of Hong Kong Chris Patten and then Chief Secretary Anson Chan asserted that Hong Kong and China knew very well that there had to be
9648-436: The city would open itself up to the long arm of mainland Chinese law, putting people from Hong Kong at risk of falling victim to a different legal system. It therefore urged the government to establish an extradition arrangement with Taiwan only, and to sunset the arrangement immediately after the surrender of Chan Tong-kai. The business community also raised concerns over the mainland's court system. The Liberal Party and
9782-549: The concessions that the additional safeguards provided by the government was "riddled with uncertainties ...[and that it] offers scarcely any reliable assurances." On 6 June, some 3,000 Hong Kong lawyers, representing around one quarter of the city's lawyers, marched against the bill. Wearing black, they marched from the Court of Final Appeal to the Central Government Offices . While lawyers expressed grave reservations about
9916-490: The day of the planned resumption of the second reading of the extradition bill. The Police started stopping and searching on commuters at the exits of Admiralty Station the night before. Sits-in began at and around Tamar Park in the morning, and around 8 am, a crowd rushed onto Harcourt Road and the nearby streets, blocking traffic. Around 11 am, the Legislative Council Secretariat announced that
10050-421: The decade include, but are not limited to: China was increasingly called a superpower in the early 2010s, including at the 2011 meeting between President Hu Jintao and United States President Barack Obama . By the end of the decade, China overtook the U.S. as the world's largest trading nation and the country filing the most patents , dramatically expanded its military and landed its lunar rover Yutu on
10184-717: The decade include: The following tables of events is listed by the region and by chronological order. The prominent political events include, but are not limited to: Prominent assassinations, targeted killings, and assassination attempts include: caused devastation on various islands in the Caribbean and the East Coast of the United States, killing 49 and causing almost $ 14.2 billion in damages. [REDACTED] Cuba [REDACTED] United States [REDACTED] Bosnia [REDACTED] Croatia [REDACTED] Romania The global economy during
10318-466: The decade. At the same time, combating pollution and climate change continued to be areas of major concern, as protests, initiatives, and legislation garnered substantial media attention. The Paris Agreement was adopted in 2015, and the global climate youth movement was formed. Major natural disasters included the 2010 Haiti earthquake , the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami , the Nepal earthquake of 2015,
10452-406: The decline of brick-and-mortar retail and the continued decline of indoor shopping malls . The transitioning retail industry and popularity of online shopping facilitated economic phenomena such as bricks and clicks business models, pop-up and non-store retailing , drone delivery services, ghost restaurants , and a quickly maturing online food ordering and delivery service sector. This
10586-453: The economic crimes originally targeted. Only offences punishable by at least three years in prison would trigger the transfer of a fugitive, up from the previously stated one year. Nonetheless, these amendments failed to assuage the business community's concerns. According to the CBC , "[What the] rich business people fear is that the extradition law would destroy the freedoms people and businesses in
10720-407: The end of their 20th year of life, on their 20th birthday; similarly, the third decade of life, when one is in one's twenties or 20s, starts with the 21st year of life, and so on, with subsequent decades of life similarly described by referencing the tens digit of one's age. The most widely used method for denominating decades is to group years based on their shared tens digit, from a year ending in
10854-522: The extradition bill in a snowballing campaign. St. Mary's Canossian College and Wah Yan College, Kowloon , which Secretary for Justice Teresa Cheng and Secretary for Security John Lee attended, respectively, also joined the campaign. Even the alumni, students, and teachers at St. Stephen's College , which the victim in the Taiwan homicide case Poon Hiu-wing attended, petitioned against the extradition bill. High Court judge Patrick Li Hon-leung's signature
10988-404: The extradition bill; retraction of all references to the 12 June protest being a riot; release all arrested protesters; and accountability of police officers who used excessive force. They warned of escalated protest action if the demands were not met. Hong Kong Catholic Apostolic Administrator Cardinal John Tong and Hong Kong Christian Council chairman Reverend Eric So Shing-yit also issued
11122-478: The extradition law in 2019 using the murder case as rationale. In February 2019, the government proposed changes to fugitive laws, establishing a mechanism for case-by-case transfers of fugitives by the Hong Kong Chief Executive to any jurisdiction with which the city lacks a formal extradition treaty, which it claimed would close the "legal loophole". Chen Zhimin , Zhang Xiaoming , and Han Zheng of
11256-556: The extradition law. At the same time, a delegation led by former pro-democrat legislator Martin Lee met with U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo who later released statement that he "expressed concern" that the bill could threaten the city's rule of law. On 17 May, Director of the Liaison Office Wang Zhimin met with more than 250 Beijing loyalists in Hong Kong in a two-hour closed-door meeting. He instructed them to fully support
11390-636: The extradition proposals to the Security Bureau , preempting the Hong Kong business chambers taking an interest. Subsequently, Amnesty International , Hong Kong Human Rights Monitor , and Human Rights Watch declared their opposition to the bill, warning the extradition proposal could be used as a tool to intimidate critics of the Hong Kong or Chinese governments, peaceful activists, and human rights defenders, as well as further exposing those who are extradited to risks of torture or ill-treatment. Along with other journalists unions and independent media outlets,
11524-693: The face of music streaming services such as Spotify , SoundCloud and Apple Music created many musical subgenres. As the decade progressed, diversity was also seen with the mainstream success of K-pop , Latin music and trap . Superhero films became box office leaders, with Avengers: Endgame becoming the highest-grossing film of all time . Cable providers saw a decline in subscribers as cord cutters switched to lower cost online streaming services such as Netflix , Amazon Prime , Hulu and Disney+ . The video game industry continued to be dominated by Nintendo , Sony , and Microsoft ; while indie games became more popular, with Minecraft becoming
11658-400: The fastest growing major economy of the world in 2015, surpassing China. In 2018, as the U.S. Federal Reserve raised interest rates, fears of a yield curve inversion preceding a potential U.S. recession sent inflation higher in several emerging markets, including Argentina , where interest rates hit 40% and an International Monetary Fund bail out was issued. In 2019, Singapore supplanted
11792-436: The fifth-generation Sukhoi Su-57 jet fighter. Russia also exercised its power projection capabilities in its 2014 annexation of Crimea and interventions in eastern Ukraine and the Syrian Civil War . Russia also waged information warfare campaigns against its geopolitical foes, interfering in the 2016 U.S. elections via hacking and leaking emails of U.S. political party leadership and by spreading disinformation via
11926-571: The first cases of the Coronavirus pandemic of Sars-Cov2 emerged in Wuhan , China, before affecting the rest of the world. Information technology progressed, with smartphones becoming widespread and increasingly displacing desktop computers for many users. Internet coverage grew from 29% to 54% of the world population, and also saw advancements in wireless networking devices, mobile telephony, and cloud computing . Advancements in data processing and
12060-431: The government on how it planned to address concerns from foreign diplomats in Hong Kong, and how it would ensure that the requesting jurisdictions could guarantee a fair trial. On 30 May, a joint statement was issued by British Foreign Secretary Jeremy Hunt and Canadian Minister of Foreign Affairs Chrystia Freeland to urge Hong Kong to ensure the new law was in-keeping with the city's autonomy. "We are concerned about
12194-401: The government's formal withdrawal of the bill. In early 2018, 19-year-old Hong Kong resident Chan Tong-kai murdered his pregnant girlfriend Poon Hiu-wing in Taiwan, then returned to Hong Kong. Chan admitted to Hong Kong police that he killed Poon, but the police were unable to charge him for murder or extradite him to Taiwan because no agreement is in place. The two ordinances in Hong Kong,
12328-467: The jammed central revolving door and a small side door, the police fired another two tear gas canisters into the trapped crowd fuelling panic. Commissioner of Police Stephen Lo declared the clashes a "riot" and condemned the protesters' behaviour. Many videos of aggressive police action appeared online, showing tear gas canisters being fired at peaceful and unarmed protesters, first-aid volunteers, and even reporters. Amnesty International published
12462-454: The justification for the extradition law". Meanwhile, 11 European Union representatives met with Carrie Lam and then issued a démarche to formally protest against the bill. Also on 24 May, eight commissioners from the U.S. Congressional-Executive Commission on China (CECC), Marco Rubio , Tom Cotton , Steve Daines from the U.S. Senate , as well as James McGovern , Ben McAdams , Christopher Smith , Thomas Suozzi and Brian Mast from
12596-551: The large crowd from 3 pm all the way to 11 pm. Although crowd control measures were in force, yet the large number of participants forced police to open all the six lanes of Hennessy Road, the main route; nevertheless, the masses then spilled over onto three parallel streets in Wan Chai. While the police said that there were 338,000 demonstrators at its peak on the original route, the Civil Human Rights Front claimed
12730-481: The latter half of the decade, fueled by strong economic growth in many countries, robust consumer spending , increased investment in infrastructure , and the emergence of new technologies . However, the recovery developed unevenly. Socioeconomic crises in some countries—particularly in the Arab world —triggered political revolutions in Tunisia , Egypt , and Bahrain as well as civil wars in Libya , Syria , and Yemen in
12864-520: The moon, ending a four-decade hiatus of lunar exploration. In 2018, global military spending reached its highest level since 1988, late Cold War levels, largely fuelled by increased defence spending by the United States (4.6% increase to $ 649 billion) and China (5% increase to $ 250 billion). Together, their budgets accounted for half of the world's total military spending. In 2019, the Lowy Institute Asia Power Index , which measures
12998-455: The number of people globally using mobile devices to access the internet overtook those using desktop computers for the first time, having been preceded by the U.S. two years prior in 2014. 3D printers also emerged in the 2010s and were referenced or used in pop culture during the decade. In 2018, during the Falcon Heavy test flight , the first production car was launched into space. The car
13132-473: The openness and fairness of the justice system in China, limited access to a lawyer, and the prevalence of torture, Secretary for Security John Lee said the legal sector did not really understand the bill. Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, Human Rights Monitor and more than 70 other non-governmental organisations wrote an open letter to Chief Executive Carrie Lam on 7 June stating the "serious shortcomings in
13266-473: The participation of "almost 2 million plus 1 citizens", denoting the protester who committed suicide the day before. The government issued a statement at 8:30 pm where Carrie Lam apologised to Hong Kong residents and promised to "sincerely and humbly accept all criticism and to improve and serve the public." A government source told to the South China Morning Post that the administration
13400-574: The potential effect of these proposals on the large number of UK and Canadian citizens in Hong Kong, on business confidence and on Hong Kong's international reputation. Furthermore, we believe that there is a risk that the proposals could impact negatively on the rights and freedoms set down in the Sino-British Joint Declaration ". On 13 August, Andrew James Scheer PC MP, Leader of the Conservative Party of Canada and Leader of
13534-552: The pro-business parties in the Legislative Council later agreed to support the government bill. The situation was similar to the 2017 Chief Executive Election, in which the business sectors were requested to support Carrie Lam under the pressure from the Beijing's Authority. On 1 April, Hong Kong billionaire tycoon Joseph Lau , former chair of the Chinese Estates Holdings who was convicted of bribery and money laundering in
13668-522: The projections of power across eight indexes in the Indo-Pacific, ranked the United States at #1 with a score of 84.5 and China #2 with a score of 75.9. Along with the United States and China, Russia under President Vladimir Putin steadily increased its defence spending and continued to modernise its military throughout the decade. This included the development of the T-14 Armata main battle tank and
13802-526: The proposal of such laws. The Law Society recommended a proposal to specifically cover the current Taiwan murder case to be made if the government wanted to transfer the suspect soon. In addition, some members of the Law Society question the necessity of such an amendment in the absence of any major problems with extradition to mainland China or Taiwan since Hong Kong's return to China in 1997 . On another perspective, Grenville Cross , Vice-chairman (Senate) of
13936-492: The proposed Cap. 503 (FOO) amendments. It questioned the lack of additional requirements on proof-of-evidence in favour of extradition and the non-admissibility of additional evidence against extradition. It argued that the HK government should not rush to propose the current legislation, and that a comprehensive review of the current extradition system and research on the cross-jurisdiction transfer of fugitives should be done prior to
14070-727: The proposed amendment", claiming that the additional safeguards would still be unlikely to provide genuine and effective protection as it did not resolve the real risk of torture or other ill-treatment, including detention in poor conditions for indefinite periods, or other serious human rights violations which are prohibited under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights , the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment . The first protest happened on 31 March with an attendance of 12,000 pro-democracy protesters according to organisers,
14204-457: The proposed bill on grounds that Taiwanese citizens would be at greater risk of being extradited to Mainland China. "Without the removal of threats to the personal safety of [Taiwan] nationals going to or living in Hong Kong caused by being extradited to mainland China, we will not agree to the case-by-case transfer proposed by the Hong Kong authorities," said Chiu Chui-cheng , deputy minister of Taiwan's Mainland Affairs Council . He also described
14338-407: The proposed bill, claiming the current proposal would offer greater flexibility, adding he was confident mainland authorities would stay true to their promises, even without protection clauses in the bill. The Law Society of Hong Kong urged the government not to rush the legislation but should stop to conduct extensive consultation before it goes any further. The Bar Association said in response to
14472-454: The proposed bill. Ongoing protests called for a complete withdrawal of the bill and subsequently the implementation of universal suffrage , which is promised in the Basic Law . On 4 September, after 13 weeks of protests, Lam officially promised to withdraw the bill upon the resumption of the legislative session from its summer recess. On 23 October, Secretary for Security John Lee announced
14606-459: The protesters and the police had since escalated. On 21 July, the police is accused of colluding with a gang who indiscriminately attacked passengers at Yuen Long station. A poll conducted in August showed that more than 90% of supporters of the protests expressed dissatisfaction with police misconduct, and, among their five core demands, the primary demand had shifted from the withdrawal of the bill to
14740-422: The removal of Mohamed Morsi and the seizure of power by General Abdel Fattah el-Sisi in an anti- Muslim Brotherhood campaign. Democratic backsliding also occurred in countries such as Hungary , Venezuela , and Turkey . In 2018, China 's National People's Congress approved a constitutional change that removed term limits for its leaders , granting Xi Jinping the status of " leader for life ". Xi
14874-401: The rival factions pushed and shoved each other along the packed hallway for control of the meeting room. A number of legislators fell to the ground, including Gary Fan who fell from a table before he was sent to hospital. On 14 May, the meeting with two rival presiding chairmen descended into chaos again. Subsequently, pro-Beijing presiding chairman Abraham Shek announced that he could not hold
15008-558: The role and size of government and other social, economic and environmental issues in the West . In the United States , polls showed a divided electorate regarding healthcare reform, immigration, gun rights, taxation, job creation, and debt reduction. In Europe , movements protesting increasing numbers of refugees and migrants from Islamic countries developed, such as the English Defence League and Pegida . The trend of polarisation in
15142-476: The rollout of 4G broadband allowed data , metadata , and information to be collected and dispersed among domains at paces never before seen while online resources such as social media facilitated phenomena such as the Me Too movement , the rise of slacktivism , and online cancel culture . WikiLeaks gained international attention for publishing classified information on topics related to Guantánamo Bay , Syria ,
15276-490: The ruling party lost the first election since independence. Long-term dictators ousted from power included Muammar Gaddafi of Libya (after 42 years), Robert Mugabe of Zimbabwe (37 years), Ali Abdullah Saleh of Yemen (33 years), Omar al-Bashir of Sudan (30 years), Hosni Mubarak of Egypt (29 years), and Ben Ali of Tunisia (23 years). The Arab Winter refers to the resurgence of authoritarianism , absolute monarchies and Islamic extremism evolving in
15410-592: The scope of extraditable crimes and raise the bar to those punishable by the sentence of three years to seven years or above—a key demand from the Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce (HKGCC). Only requests from top judicial bodies of a requesting jurisdiction, namely the Supreme People's Procuratorate and Supreme People's Court in Mainland China, may be considered. Lee's announcement came hours after
15544-492: The second reading debate on the extradition bill had been postponed indefinitely. In the afternoon, riot police and the Special Tactical Squad , who hid their identifying numbers, were deployed. They fired tear gas and shot rubber bullets and bean bag rounds at protesters on Harcourt Road. The crowd fled to Citic Tower, where the gathering had been approved by the police and was peaceful. As people trickled through
15678-521: The second reading of the bill without a set a time frame on the seeking of public views. However, no apology nor resignation was forthcoming at this point. The pro-democracy camp demanded a full withdrawal of the bill and said they would go ahead with the 16 June rally as planned. On the day, the route from Victoria Park in Causeway Bay to the government headquarters in Admiralty was totally taken over by
15812-505: The territory have grown to expect". Due to the vast power that politicians and officials exert over the mainland legal system, "businesses that want contracts in China to be respected typically include a provision that allows for any disputes to be resolved under Hong Kong law", thereby making Hong Kong a safe and stable haven for multinational corporations . The proposed extradition law would jeopardise Hong Kong's status, with some companies already considering relocation to Singapore. However,
15946-481: The vote with the backing of the pro-Beijing majority in the legislature. Chief Secretary Matthew Cheung defended Lam's record and dismissed the motion as "an unnecessary political gesture". Chinese central government officials weighed in when Director of the Hong Kong and Macau Affairs Office Zhang Xiaoming met a delegation led by Executive Councillor Ronny Tong in Beijing on 15 May in which Zhang showed support of
16080-605: The world for various products such as steel and aluminium, which also drew some economic retaliation from traditional U.S. trade partners. By the end of the decade, in North American and some Western European domestic economies, consumer-level purchasing habits had shifted significantly, a partial consequence of the Great Recession 's impact on discretionary incomes and a shifting breadwinner model . The so-called " retail apocalypse " had commenced as consumers increasingly resorted to online shopping and e-commerce , accelerating
16214-860: The year 1 BC and the AD calendar era began the following year, AD 1. There was no year 0. A YouGov poll was conducted on December 2, 2019, asking 13,582 adults in the United States, "When do you think the next decade will begin and end?" Results showed that 64% answered that "the next decade" would begin on January 1, 2020, and end on December 31, 2029 ( 0-to-9 method); 17% answered that "the next decade" would begin on January 1, 2021, and end on December 31, 2030 ( 1-to-0 method); 19% replied that they did not know. 2019 Hong Kong extradition bill The Fugitive Offenders and Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters Legislation (Amendment) Bill 2019 (Chinese: 2019年逃犯及刑事事宜相互法律協助法例（修訂）條例草案 )
16348-465: Was a proposed bill regarding extradition to amend the Fugitive Offenders Ordinance ( Cap. 503 ) in relation to special surrender arrangements and the Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters Ordinance ( Cap. 525 ) so that arrangements for mutual legal assistance can be made between Hong Kong and any place outside Hong Kong. The bill was proposed by the Hong Kong government in February 2019 to establish
16482-467: Was adamant that the bill would be enacted and said the Legislative Councillors had to pass new extradition laws before their summer break, even though the man at the heart of a case used to justify the urgency of new legislation Chan Tong-kai had been jailed for 29 months shortly before. While reports suggested it had been the largest ever, certainly the largest protest Hong Kong has seen since
16616-523: Was also challenged in many countries by protest movements, often organised through new social media platforms. These included the various Arab Spring protests, the Occupy movement , and the yellow vests movement . Countries which democratised fully or partially during the decade included Angola , which reformed under João Lourenço ; Armenia , which went through a revolution ; Ecuador , which reformed under Lenín Moreno ; Ethiopia ; and Malaysia , where
16750-462: Was attached to the Falcon Heavy rocket, the most powerful rocket in operation at the time. Cyber security incidents, such as hacking , leaks or theft of sensitive information, gained increased attention of governments, corporations and individuals. Decade Any period of ten years is a "decade". For example, the statement that "during his last decade, Mozart explored chromatic harmony to
16884-400: Was by cash, and only about 20 percent of retail transactions were in cash. Fewer than half of bank branches in the country conducted cash transactions. A report published in 2019 suggested that the percentage of payments conducted in cash in the United Kingdom had fallen to 34% from 63% from 2009. The 2016 United States User Consumer Survey Study claimed that 75 percent of respondents preferred
17018-466: Was elected president amid an international wave of populism and neo-nationalism . The European Union experienced a migrant crisis in the middle of the decade and withdrawal of the United Kingdom as a member state following the historic United Kingdom EU membership referendum . Russia attempted to assert itself in international affairs, annexing Crimea in 2014 . In the last months of the decade,
17152-706: Was heralded as the driving force behind the swift spread of revolution throughout the world, as new protests appeared in response to success stories shared from those taking place in other countries. Many governments began recognising the importance of social media for citizens to organise and began shutting down certain websites or blocking Internet service entirely, especially prior to major rallies. Governments also scrutinised or suppressed discussion in online forums through accusing content creators of unrelated crimes or shutting down communication on specific sites or groups, such as through Facebook . The most prominent terrorist attacks committed against civilian populations during
17286-419: Was making it clear that there was no timetable to relaunch the suspended bill, the legislation would die a "natural death" when the current term of the Legislative Council ended in July next year. On 18 June, Carrie Lam offered an apology for mishandling the extradition bill in person, but did not meet the protesters' demands of withdrawing the bill completely or resigning. After the intense clashes on 12 June,
17420-434: Was no year 0. Referring to ten-year periods as decades in this way only became common in the late 19th century. Particularly in the 20th century, 0-to-9 decades came to be referred to with associated nicknames, such as the " Roaring Twenties " ( 1920s ), the "Warring Forties" ( 1940s ), and the " Swinging Sixties " ( 1960s ). This practice is occasionally also applied to decades of earlier centuries; for example, referencing
17554-460: Was only further perpetuated by the rise in cryptocurrency throughout the decade, such as Bitcoin . By May 2018, over 1,800 cryptocurrency specifications existed. In the same vein as cryptocurrency, the trend towards a cashless society continued as non-cash transactions and digital currency saw an increase in favourability in the 2010s. By 2016, only about 2 percent of the value transacted in Sweden
17688-732: Was replaced by Syriza as the main left-wing party. Other far-left parties which rose in prominence included Podemos in Spain and La France Insoumise in France . In the two-party systems of the English-speaking world , these challenges mainly came from within the established parties of the left, with Bernie Sanders in the Democratic Party and Jeremy Corbyn in the Labour Party pushing for more left-wing policies. The political establishment
17822-399: Was spotted on a petition signed by nearly 3,000 fellow University of Hong Kong alumni. Li was reprimanded by Chief Justice Geoffrey Ma for expressing a personal opinion on a political issue, and particularly on a legal issue that might come before the courts. The pro-democracy camp , which stringently opposed the law, deployed filibustering tactics by stalling the first two meetings of
17956-647: Was the decline of traditional political parties. In Europe, pasokification described the loss of vote share experienced by traditional centre-left or social democratic parties. In France, specifically, Emmanuel Macron 's La République En Marche! party won a majority in its first election in 2017. Centre-left , neoliberal and traditional social democratic parties often lost their vote share to more socialist or democratic socialist alternatives, especially in Europe . This happened most completely in Greece , where PASOK
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