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56-451: The academy had its origins in the Temenos journal, which was launched in 1980 by Kathleen Raine , Keith Critchlow , Brian Keeble and Philip Sherrard to publish creative work which regarded spirituality as a prime need for humanity. Thirteen issues of Temenos were published between 1981 and 1992. In 1990 the academy was founded to extend the project through lectures and study groups. It

112-622: A film of the same name starring Bill Travers and Virginia McKenna , was taken from a line in Raine's poem "The Marriage of Psyche". The relationship with Maxwell ended in 1956 when Raine lost his pet otter, Mijbil, indirectly causing the animal's death. Raine held herself responsible, not only for losing Mijbil but for a curse she had uttered shortly beforehand, frustrated by Maxwell's homosexuality: "Let Gavin suffer in this place as I am suffering now." Raine blamed herself thereafter for all Maxwell's misfortunes, beginning with Mijbil's death and ending with

168-730: A Scot who spoke Scots as her first language. The Raines had met as students at Armstrong College in Newcastle upon Tyne . Raine spent part of World War I, 'a few short years', with her Aunty Peggy Black at the manse in Great Bavington, Northumberland . She commented, "I loved everything about it". For her it was an idyllic world and is the declared foundation of all her poetry. Raine always remembered Northumberland as Eden: "In Northumberland I knew myself in my own place; and I never 'adjusted' myself to any other or forgot what I had so briefly but clearly seen and understood and experienced." This period

224-561: A population of 168,168 in 2011, compared to 303,858 for the entire borough. Identified as a metropolitan centre in the London Plan , Ilford's commercial and retail centre is surrounded by extensive residential development. The town is on the transport corridor between London and coastal Essex, with both the A12 and the central railway station linking the regions. In recent years, as a result of increased levels of immigration, Ilford has become one of

280-413: A railway station was opened on the line from Romford to Mile End . The early businesses gave way to new industries, such as paper making and services such as steam laundries and collar making, to provide for the new commuting class created by the railway. A number of major businesses have been founded in the town, including the eponymous photographic film and chemicals manufacturer Ilford Photo . This

336-509: A selection of his works. Raine was a research fellow at Girton College from 1955 to 1961. She taught at Harvard for at least one course about Myth and Literature offered to teachers and professors in the summer. She also spoke on Yeats and Blake and other topics at the Yeats School in Sligo, Ireland in the summer of 1974. A professor at Cambridge and the author of a number of scholarly books, she

392-662: A variety of languages, including Bengali , Gujarati , Hindi , Punjabi , Tamil , Telugu and Urdu . According to the 2001 census, the parliamentary constituencies of Ilford North and Ilford South consisted of the following demographs: At the 2011 census, the Clementswood ward's population with a BAME (Black, Asian and minority ethnic) background was 84.2%, one of the highest in Greater London. Most of Ilford's other wards have figures above 70%. The lowest BAME ward in Ilford

448-639: Is Wes Streeting of the Labour Party, who succeeded the previous MP Lee Scott of the Conservative Party in the 2015 general election . The MP for Ilford South from 2024 is Jas Athwal of the Labour Party. Redbridge forms part of the Havering and Redbridge London Assembly constituency . The only complete skull of a mammoth discovered in the United Kingdom was unearthed in 1864 close to where Uphall Road

504-546: Is a primary route destination in east London, and main roads link the town to key destinations throughout the capital and the East of England . The A118 runs east-west through Ilford, linking the town with Stratford and the A11 westbound, and Romford eastbound. The A123 runs north-south through the town, with direct connections to Gants Hill and Chigwell northbound, and Barking southbound. The A406 North Circular Road links

560-409: Is described in the first book of her autobiography, Farewell Happy Fields (1973). Raine noted that poetry was deeply ingrained in the daily lives of her maternal ancestors: "On my mother's side I inherited Scotland's songs and ballads…sung or recited by my mother, aunts and grandmothers, who had learnt it from their mothers and grandmothers… Poetry was the very essence of life." Raine heard and read

616-765: Is first recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086 as Ilefort and means " ford over the Hyle". "Hyle" is an old Celtic name for the River Roding that means "trickling stream". Great and Little Ilford share the place name origin, but the Domesday reference is to the Little Ilford area. Great and Little Ilford appear to have always been distinct areas separated by the Roding. The place names of Great and Little Ilford both appear to derive from

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672-469: Is today. The skull can now be seen in the Natural History Museum and a cast of the skull and other prehistoric animal remains can be seen at Redbridge Museum, Central Library, Ilford. Redevelopment has destroyed much of the evidence for early Ilford, but the oldest evidence for human occupation is the first- and second-century BC Iron Age earthwork known as Uphall Camp. This was situated between

728-631: Is told in a three-volume autobiography notable for the author's attempts to impose a structure on her memories that is quasi mythical, thus relating her own life to a larger pattern. This reflects patterns in her poetry, influenced by W. B. Yeats . The three books were originally published separately and later brought together in a single volume, entitled Autobiographies (in conscious imitation of Yeats), edited by Lucien Jenkins. Raine made translations of Honoré de Balzac 's Cousine Bette ( Cousin Bette , 1948) and Illusions perdues ( Lost Illusions , 1951). She

784-581: The 2001 Census the combined populations of the Ilford North and Ilford South constituencies was 196,414. John Logie Baird , who invented the television , moved to Ilford in the mid to late 1920s to work on his new invention. He worked in a workshop on the roof of the Plessey premises in Ley Street, which has long since been demolished to make way for new housing. In 1922, Ilford became notorious for being

840-550: The Becontree hundred of Essex , covered the areas now known as Barking and Ilford. Barking was a large ancient parish of 12,307 acres (49.80 km ) in the Becontree hundred of Essex. It was divided into the wards of Chadwell, Great Ilford, Ripple and Town. The Barking parish authorities gradually lost responsibility for a variety of functions during the 19th century; from 1836, for the administration of poor relief, Ilford came within

896-769: The Hainault loop branch of the Central line, with direct connections to Stratford, the City , the West End and West London. London Buses link Ilford to other districts in east and central London . Routes include 25 , 86, 123, 128, 145, 147, 150, 167, 169, 179, 296, 364, 366, 396, 425, 462, SL2 and W19. Night buses N25 and N86 additionally serve the town overnight. East London Transit route EL1 begins in Ilford; it links up with routes EL2 and EL3 at Barking , with onward connections to Chadwell Heath , Becontree and Dagenham . Ilford

952-784: The Olympic Park in Stratford meant that in 2011, Ilford was the fastest-growing tourist destination in Europe due to the London 2012 Summer Olympics . In 2005, Ilford was ranked sixth in the Retail Footprint ranking for Greater London, behind London's West End , Croydon , Kingston upon Thames , Bromley and Brent Cross Shopping Centre . It ranked just above Romford and central London's Kensington . As of 2020, Ilford has 145,860 square metres (1,570,000 sq ft) of total town centre floorspace,

1008-515: The 1950s, which also served as the headquarters of the Balfour (Marine) Engineering company. The Exchange is the main shopping centre. By 1653, Ilford was a compact village of 50 houses, mostly sited north and south of the current Broadway and the area was distinctly rural. In 1801 the population of Ilford was 1,724 and by 1841 it had grown to 3,742. It had a population of 41,244 in 1901 and occupied an area of 8,496 acres (34 km ). 2,500 houses of

1064-658: The 2011 census (but altered to match new ward boundaries in 2015). The male life expectancy was 76.4 years in Loxford, and 84.5 years in Barkingside. The female expectancy was highest in Barkingside, 87.5 years, and lowest in Loxford, 81.7 years. Ilford station is in London Travelcard Zone 4 . Ilford railway station is on the Great Eastern Main Line . It is served by Elizabeth line trains which also call at

1120-461: The Bible daily at home and at school, coming to know much of it by heart. Her father was an English master at County High School in Ilford. He had studied the poetry of Wordsworth for his M.Litt. thesis and had a passion for Shakespeare and Raine saw many Shakespearean plays as a child. From her father she gained a love of etymology and the literary aspect of poetry, the counterpart to her immersion in

1176-617: The Edna St. Vincent Millay Prize from the American Poetry Society (date unknown), and also: No End to Snowdrops , Philippa Bernard. Shepheard-Walwyn (Publishers) Ltd, 2009, ISBN   978-0-85683-268-0 Ilford Ilford is a large town in east London , England, 9 miles (14 km) northeast of Charing Cross . Part of the London Borough of Redbridge , Ilford is within the ceremonial county of Greater London . It had

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1232-417: The Roding and Ilford Lane and is recorded in 18th-century plans. Roman finds have also been made in the vicinity. A nearby mound called Lavender Mount existed into the 1960s, when it was removed during building work at Howards chemical works. Excavation has shown that Lavender Mount may have been a 16th-century 'beacon-mound'. Archaeological discoveries are displayed at Redbridge Museum. Ilford straddled

1288-608: The Romford Poor Law Union and in 1840 the Metropolitan Police District was extended to cover the area. In 1875, the Romford rural sanitary district was created, covering a wide area including Ilford. In 1888, Ilford and the neighbouring ward of Chadwell to its east were split from Barking and together formed a separate Ilford civil parish and also a new Urban District Council. In 1890, a local board of health

1344-555: The academy, "The Review comprises a mixture of papers given at the Academy and new work, including poetry, art, and reviews." Its predecessor, Temenos , was published from 1981 to 1992 and inspired The Prince of Wales to sponsor the creation of the Temenos Academy in 1990. Temenos launched in 1980, with first publication in 1981. Temenos was cofounded by Kathleen Raine , Philip Sherrard , Keith Critchlow and Brian Keeble , and

1400-607: The borough became one of the largest in England not to gain county borough status. In 1965, the municipal borough was abolished and its former area was combined with that of Wanstead and Woodford , the northern extremity of Dagenham and a small part Chigwell Urban District (around Hainault), to form the new London Borough of Redbridge . Two the UK Parliamentary constituencies are named after Ilford: Ilford North and Ilford South .The Member of Parliament (MP) for Ilford North

1456-668: The cancer from which he died in 1969. From 1939 to 1941, Raine and her children shared a house at 49a Wordsworth Street in Penrith with Janet Adam Smith and Michael Roberts and later lived in Martindale . She was a friend of Winifred Nicholson . Raine's two children were Anna Hopwell Madge (born 1934) and James Wolf Madge (1936–2006). In 1959, James married Jennifer Alliston, the daughter of Jane Drew and James Alliston - Raine's friends, both of whom were architects. James Wolf Madge then went on to marry Victoria Watson, another architect. At

1512-453: The creation of the Temenos Academy in 1990. Henri Corbin 's L'Universite de St Jean de Jerusaleme school founded in Paris in 1974, was an inspiration for the founding of Temenos Academy. But while Corbin's school held to an Abrahamic tradition, the new teaching organisation also looked to the teaching of Buddhism and Hinduism. The thirteenth and last issue of Temenos appeared in 1992. By 1998,

1568-451: The fifth gospel". Her mother encouraged Raine's poetry from infancy. Raine was educated at County High School, Ilford, and then read natural sciences, including botany and zoology, on an Exhibition at Girton College, Cambridge , receiving her master's degree in 1929. While in Cambridge she met Jacob Bronowski , William Empson , Humphrey Jennings and Malcolm Lowry . In later life she

1624-506: The ford (and river), rather than deriving from the subdivision of a larger Ilford area. Barking was a huge Manor (landholding), first mentioned in a charter in 735 AD. The Manor covered the areas now known as Barking , Dagenham and Ilford. The Manor was held by the Nunnery of Barking Abbey . By the late 1100s (the Parishes of England were, with a few exceptions, fixed for around 700 years from

1680-480: The important road from London to Colchester . The Middlesex and Essex Turnpike Trust controlled and maintained the road from 1721. The River Roding was made navigable for barges as far as Ilford Bridge from 1737. Ilford remained largely rural until its expansion in the 19th century. This brought about brickworks, cement works and coal yards to service the new buildings, largely centred on the River Roding. In 1839,

1736-787: The journal reappeared as the Temenos Academy Review and three more volumes were edited by Kathleen Raine. Grevel Lindop was editor for the review from 2000 to 2003; and volume 7, the Kathleen Raine Memorial Issue , was edited by Brian Keeble. As of 2016, there have been 18 volumes. Contributing authors include Wendell Berry , Prince Charles, Karan Singh and Seyyed Hossein Nasr . The headquarters of Temenos Academy Review are in Ashford, Kent . Kathleen Raine Kathleen Jessie Raine CBE (14 June 1908 – 6 July 2003)

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1792-497: The largest manufacturers in its field. During World War II , the factory was heavily damaged by bombing and the company carried out much of its manufacture, with 2,000 workers servicing a production line, located in the underground railway tunnel between Wanstead and Gants Hill . In 1955 the company employed 15,000 workers, in sites throughout Ilford and neighbouring areas, with an extensive research department. BAL-AMi Jukeboxes were manufactured at 290–296 High Road, Ilford, during

1848-423: The late 12th century onwards) the huge Manor of Barking was served by two Ancient Parishes , Barking (including Ilford) and Dagenham. This reversed the usual situation (for smaller, and even quite large Manors) where a parish would serve one or more manors. As with other manors, the area held by the declined over time, but the parish boundaries based on its former extent remained constant. The Parish of Barking, in

1904-433: The most multicultural towns in England. Historically a small rural settlement in the ancient parish of Barking in the Becontree hundred of the historic county of Essex , its strategic position on the River Roding and the London to Colchester road made it a coaching town. The arrival of the railway in 1839 accelerated its growth, leading to the area becoming part of the conurbation with London . It split from

1960-452: The nearby Seven Kings and Goodmayes stations. The station was the scene of two fatal rail crashes in 1915 and 1944 . A traction maintenance depot for electric multiple units is situated in Ilford, which maintains many Greater Anglia and London Overground trains. London Underground's Central line is to the north of Ilford, with Redbridge , Gants Hill , Newbury Park , Barkingside and Fairlop nearby. The stations are on

2016-426: The nearest weather station at Greenwich , around 6 miles (9.7 km) south south west of the railway station: The entire town of Ilford is also made up of its neighbourhoods Aldborough Hatch , Barkingside , Clayhall , Cranbrook , Fairlop , Fullwell Cross , Loxford , Gants Hill , Goodmayes , Newbury Park , Redbridge , Hainault , Little Heath and Seven Kings . It approximates to 11 electoral wards , and

2072-487: The parish of Barking in 1888, and, in the 20th century, Ilford significantly expanded and increased in population, becoming a municipal borough in 1926. In 1965, it merged with Wanstead and Woodford , also incorporating parts of neighbouring districts, to form the London Borough of Redbridge, part of Greater London. Ilford was historically known as Great Ilford to differentiate it from nearby Little Ilford . The name

2128-655: The perennial philosophy. The journal Temenos was continued as the Temenos Academy Review . Temenos lecturers have included Hossein Elahi Ghomshei , Z'ev ben Shimon Halevi (Warren Kenton), Wendell Berry , and Seyyed Hossein Nasr . The academy staged a talk by the Dalai Lama during his visit to London in 2004. The Temenos Academy Review is a journal published in London by the Temenos Academy since 1998. As per

2184-443: The poetic oral traditions. She wrote that for her poetry was "not something invented but given…Brought up as I was in a household where poets were so regarded it naturally became my ambition to be a poet". She confided her ambition to her father who was sceptical of the plan. "To my father" she wrote "poets belonged to a higher world, to another plane; to say one wished to become a poet was to him something like saying one wished to write

2240-572: The site of the Thompson-Bywaters case , a cause celebre in the United Kingdom that later influenced the debate around capital punishment in the UK . Ilford was also the birthplace of the actor Maggie Smith who left for Oxford at the age of four. During World War II an Ilford man lost his life when his Royal Air Force training aircraft crashed in the United States. Local residents living near

2296-632: The site, in the State of Oklahoma , erected a monument in 2000 honouring the lives of all four RAF fliers who perished. The event was attended by the Mayor of Redbridge and his mace-bearer, to much local acclaim. The residents, who include Choctaw Indians and the Choctaw Nation government, continue honouring the lives of all four on each anniversary of the crashes, which took place in February 1943. Its proximity to

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2352-520: The tenth highest in Greater London and noticeably lower compared to Stratford and Romford. The town is bounded in the west by the North Circular Road , Manor Park and the River Roding , with Chadwell Heath and Romford to the east and Barking to the South. The Alders Brook is a tributary of the Roding that marks the boundary between Newham and Redbridge. Climate data for Ilford is taken from

2408-626: The time of her death, following an accident, Raine lived in London. She died of pneumonia after being knocked over by a reversing car after having posted a letter. Her first book of poetry, Stone And Flower (1943), was published by Tambimuttu , and illustrated by Barbara Hepworth . In 1946 the collection, Living in Time , was released, followed by The Pythoness in 1949. Her Collected Poems (2000) drew from eleven previous volumes of poetry. Her classics include Who Are We? There were many subsequent prose and poetry works, including her scholarly masterwork,

2464-423: The total population counted 168,168 people in the 2011 census, compared to 303,858 for the borough of Redbridge as a whole. Ilford has a very large ethnic-minority population, one of the most diverse towns in the country. Ilford North had the fourth-highest Jewish proportion of residents in the 2001 census. The Hindu, Muslim and Sikh population number some 30,000. The large South Asian community in Ilford speak

2520-640: The town directly with north and west London destinations, such as Wood Green and Brent Cross . It carries traffic northbound to the M11 for Stansted Airport and Cambridge . Southbound, the route runs to Beckton , the Woolwich Ferry , and the A13 for Isle of Dogs , Dagenham and Tilbury . North of Ilford, the A12 links the town directly to the M25 , Chelmsford and Ipswich . Southbound traffic runs past Stratford, through

2576-563: The two-volume Blake and Tradition that was published in 1969 and derived from the A.W. Mellon Lectures that she delivered at the National Gallery of Art in Washington D.C in 1968. Raine was the first woman lecturer in the history of the series and her research demonstrated the antiquity, coherence and integrity of William Blake 's philosophy, refuting T S Eliot's assertion to the contrary ( Collected Essays , 1932). The story of her life

2632-658: The vast Becontree Estate , built by the London County Council from 1921, were within the boundaries of Ilford; the addition caused a rise in population of 11,600 by 1926. The Central line service of the London Underground to new and former main-line stations in the area began in 1947 and the population of the Municipal Borough of Ilford peaked in 1951 at 184,706, declining to 178,024 in 1961 before being absorbed into Redbridge and Greater London in 1965. At

2688-437: Was Fairlop, 34.9%. House prices in Ilford are generally far lower than the average for Greater London. The median house price in 2014 in Ilford's Loxford ward was £193,000, which was the sixth lowest out of the 628 wards of Greater London. In most wards, a majority of houses are owned by the households. The exceptions are in Clementswood, Loxford, and Valentines. The table below shows housing type data for Ilford's wards at

2744-556: Was a British poet, critic and scholar, writing in particular on William Blake , W. B. Yeats and Thomas Taylor . Known for her interest in various forms of spirituality, most prominently Platonism and Neoplatonism , she was a founding member of the Temenos Academy . Kathleen Raine was born in Ilford , Essex , the only child of schoolmaster and Methodist lay preacher George Raine, from Wingate, County Durham , and Jessie (née Wilkie),

2800-659: Was a frequent contributor to the quarterly journal Studies in Comparative Religion , which dealt with religious symbolism and the Traditionalist perspective. With Keith Critchlow, Brian Keeble and Philip Sherrard she co-founded, in 1981, Temenos , a periodical, and later, in 1990, the Temenos Academy of Integral Studies, a teaching academy that stressed a multi-stranded universalist philosophy, and in support of her generally Platonist and Neoplatonist views on poetry and culture. She studied Thomas Taylor and published

2856-538: Was a friend and colleague of the kabbalist author and teacher, Z'ev ben Shimon Halevi . Raine married Hugh Sykes Davies in 1930. She left Davies for Charles Madge and they had two children together, but their marriage also broke up as a result of Charles' affair with Inez Pearn , at that time married to the poet Stephen Spender . She also held an unrequited passion for Gavin Maxwell . The title of Maxwell's most famous book Ring of Bright Water , subsequently made into

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2912-565: Was accommodated initially in the Prince of Wales's Institute of Architecture in Regent's Park . Charles III has been a patron of the academy since its founding. Raine described it as “an invisible college for our future king.” Since the closure of the Institute of Architecture, the academy now holds meetings in different venues in London. As of 2015 Temenos offered a two-year part-time diploma course in

2968-440: Was an expert on Coleridge, Blake, and Yeats. The contemporary composer David Matthews has written a song-cycle, The Golden Kingdom , on some of Raine's poems. Richard Rodney Bennett 's Spells (1974–75), a work for soprano, chorus, and large orchestra, is set to texts by Raine. Raine received honorary doctorates from universities in the United Kingdom, France and the United States and won numerous awards and honors, including

3024-674: Was founded in 1879 by Alfred H. Harman, a photographer from Peckham , who established the business in a house in Cranbrook Road making gelatino-bromide 'dry' plates. The business soon outgrew these premises, and its headquarters moved to a site at Roden Street until 1976 when the factory was closed. Many Ilford Limited products are displayed at Redbridge Museum. The radio, electronics and telecommunications company Plessey , founded in 1917 in Marylebone , moved to Cottenham Road in Ilford early in 1919 and then to Vicarage Lane where it became one of

3080-452: Was produced for thirteen volumes, with Raine becoming the sole editor by the fourth issue. The word "temenos" means "sacred place" or " sacred enclosure ". The journal had an objective of "The affirmation, at the highest level of scholarship and talent, and in terms of the contemporary situation, of the Sacred." The Prince of Wales was sufficiently impressed by the journal to sponsor a school based "on truth, beauty and goodness", and this led to

3136-404: Was set up for the parish, replacing the rural sanitary authority, and in 1894 a reform of local government reconstituted it as an urban district. It formed part of the London Traffic Area from 1924 and the London Passenger Transport Area from 1933. It was incorporated as the Municipal Borough of Ilford in 1926. The suburban expansion of London caused a significant increase in population and

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