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68-544: The Tektek Mountains are known for the proliferation of large stone markers and cairns at summit of every height. There are also at least two ancient sites located there: Karahan Tepe and Sumatar Harabesi. The Tektek Mountains are located on the northern border of the Urfa- Harran plain, between the headwaters of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Reaching an altitude of 801 meters (2,628 ft), this spur extends southward from

136-451: A borrowing from Ottoman Turkish : باقلاوه /bɑːklɑvɑː/ . The name baklava is used in many languages with minor phonetic and spelling variations. The earliest known reference to baklava is in a poem by the 15th century mystic Kaygusuz Abdal . The historian Paul D. Buell argues that the word baklava may come from the Mongolian root baγla- 'to tie, wrap up, pile up' composed with

204-411: A dessert (or second table delicacy) comes from the poems of Archestratos . He describes plakous as served with nuts or dried fruits and commends the honey-drenched Athenian version of plakous . Antiphanes , a contemporary of Archestratos , provided an ornate description of plakous : The streams of the tawny bee, mixed with the curdled river of bleating she-goats, placed upon a flat receptacle of

272-653: A flaky dough. Another recipe for a similar dessert is güllaç , a dessert found in Turkish cuisine and considered by some as the origin of baklava. It consists of layers of filo dough that are put one by one in warmed up milk with sugar. It is served with walnut and fresh pomegranate and generally eaten during Ramadan . The first known documentation of güllaç is attested in a food and health manual, written in 1330 that documents Mongol foods called Yinshan Zhengyao ( 飮膳正要 , Important Principles of Food and Drink ), written by Hu Sihui , an ethnic Mongol court dietitian of

340-488: A hill known as Keçili Tepe, there is a small village of the same name. The two ancient sites located in the Tektek Mountains are Karahan Tepe , some 63 kilometers (39 mi) east of Urfa, and Sumatar Harabesi , some 60 kilometers (37 mi) from the same. Sumatar Harabesi is an oasis that served as an ancient watering hole for semi-nomadic peoples, as well as a sacred site with baetyls and altars dedicated to

408-453: A lighter version of the dessert which substitutes milk for the simple syrup used in traditional baklava recipes. Şöbiyet is a variation that includes kaymak as the filling, in addition to the traditional nuts. The city of Gaziantep in south-central Turkey is famous for its baklava made from locally grown pistachios, often served with kaymak cream. The dessert was introduced to Gaziantep in 1871 by Çelebi Güllü, who had learned

476-411: A neighbouring market." Cato's original recipe for placenta follows: Shape the placenta as follows: place a single row of tracta along the whole length of the base dough. This is then covered with the mixture [cheese and honey] from the mortar. Place another row of tracta on top and go on doing so until all the cheese and honey have been used up. Finish with a layer of tracta . ... place

544-427: A physical invitation to interact with the environment around you, but there are many voices that oppose the construction of cairns. Concerns have been raised over the construction of needless cairns. Cairns have been noted to hold cultural significance to indigenous people , the construction of inauthentic cairns by visitors can be seen as an appropriation of indigenous traditions. The concerns arise primely over how

612-594: A process which would help shed further light on local history and facilitate their preservation for posterity. Since Neolithic times, the climate of North Africa has become drier. A reminder of the desertification of the area is provided by megalithic remains, which occur in a great variety of forms and in vast numbers in presently arid and uninhabitable wastelands: cairns ( kerkour ), dolmens and circles like Stonehenge , underground cells excavated in rock, barrows topped with huge slabs, and step pyramid -like mounds. The Biblical place name Gilead (mentioned in

680-460: A publication now in the public domain :  Chisholm, Hugh , ed. (1911). " Cairn ". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. Baklava Baklava ( / b ɑː k l ə ˈ v ɑː , ˈ b ɑː k l ə v ɑː / , or / b ə ˈ k l ɑː v ə / ; Ottoman Turkish : باقلوا listen ) is a layered pastry dessert made of filo pastry, filled with chopped nuts, and sweetened with syrup or honey. It

748-568: A recipe from Ancient Greece . Homer's Odyssey , written around 800 BC, mentions thin breads sweetened with walnuts and honey. In the fifth century BC, Philoxenos states in his poem "Dinner" that, in the final drinking course of a meal, hosts would prepare and serve cheesecake made with milk and honey that was baked into a pie. The word "placenta" originally comes from the Greek language plakous ( πλακοῦς ), which means something "flat and broad". An early Greek language mention of plakous as

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816-463: A stone from the pile. The stones that remained were built into a cairn to honour the dead. Cairns in the region were also put to vital practical use. For example, Dún Aonghasa , an all-stone Iron Age Irish hill fort on Inishmore in the Aran Islands , is still surrounded by small cairns and strategically placed jutting rocks, used collectively as an alternative to defensive earthworks because of

884-399: A stone up from the bottom of a hill to place on a cairn at its top. In such a fashion, cairns would grow ever larger. An old Scottish Gaelic blessing is Cuiridh mi clach air do chàrn , "I'll put a stone on your cairn". In Highland folklore it is recounted that before Highland clans fought in a battle, each man would place a stone in a pile. Those who survived the battle returned and removed

952-566: A survey conducted, 75 participants out of 144 participants stated that they believe in ovoo ceremonies. However, mining and other industrial operations today threaten the ovoos In Hawaii , cairns, called by the Hawaiian word ahu , are still being built today. Though in other cultures, the cairns were typically used as trail markers and sometimes funerary sites, the ancient Hawaiians also used them as altars or security towers. The Hawaiian people are still building these cairns today, using them as

1020-560: A sweetener. Ethnic groups native to different regions (like Lezgins and Tat people ) have contributed to some regional variations. In Bosnian cuisine , Ružice is the name of the regional variant of baklava. Baklava also exists in Romanian cuisine , being known as baclava in Romanian. It is one of the most preferred desserts among Romanians together with the Kanafeh ( cataif ) and

1088-407: A syrup made from cloves , cinnamon, lemon juice, sugar and water. It is diamond-shaped and often has either one hazelnut , almond, or half a walnut placed on each piece. It is often served at special occasions like Armenian Christmas or Armenian Easter . Armenian baklava has some variations on how many phyllo layers are supposed to be used. One variation uses 40 sheets of dough to align with

1156-484: Is a human-made pile (or stack) of stones raised for a purpose, usually as a marker or as a burial mound . The word cairn comes from the Scottish Gaelic : càrn [ˈkʰaːrˠn̪ˠ] (plural càirn [ˈkʰaːrˠɲ] ). Cairns have been and are used for a broad variety of purposes. In prehistory , they were raised as markers, as memorials and as burial monuments (some of which contained chambers ). In

1224-477: Is constructed low to the ground, and sometimes within it, using the mud upon which they are situated. Crops can be grown in the spring, but the summer heat drives away most of inhabitants, many of whom graze their livestock elsewhere at that time of the year. Nomadic families from the Karacadağ Mountain come to the Tektek Mountains for the autumn and winter seasons to graze their animals and hunt wild game. Near

1292-505: Is dessert that most closely resembles the modern baklava. Charles Perry , however, has written that "it was not much like baklava". There are similar recipes for lauzinaj in the 13th-century Kitab al-Tabikh by Muhammad bin Hasan al-Baghdadi . Written in 1226 in today's Iraq , the cookbook was based on an earlier collection of 9th century Persian -inspired recipes. According to Gil Marks , Middle Eastern pastry makers later developed

1360-536: Is finished it is often garnished with chopped pistachios, rose petals , jasmine or coconut powder depending on the region. In Turkish cuisine , baklava is traditionally filled with pistachios, walnuts or almonds (in some parts of the Aegean Region ). In the Black Sea Region hazelnuts are commonly used as a filling for baklava. Hazelnuts are also used as a filling for the Turkish dessert Sütlü Nuriye ,

1428-598: Is less crisp and uses less syrup than other baklava variations. The cities of Yazd , Tabriz , Qazvin , Kashan and the Gilan province are famous for their baklava variations, which are widely distributed in Iran . Iranian baklava uses a combination of chopped almonds, hazelnuts or walnuts and pistachios spiced with saffron , cardamom or jasmine . For the syrup, rose water , lemon juice, sugar, honey, and water are used. Iranian baklava may be cut into diamonds or squares. When it

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1496-470: Is mostly made with chopped almonds and in the north with walnuts. Some recipes use hazelnuts, sesame or raisins. The syrup is made of sugar, honey, water, cinnamon and orange or lemon zest . Greek baklava is supposed to be made with 33 filo dough layers, referring to the years of Jesus 's life. On the island of Lesbos in Greece a type of baklava is still known as placenta ( Greek : πλατσέντα ), which

1564-819: Is the inuksuk (plural inuksuit), used by the Inuit and other peoples of the Arctic region of North America. The building of cairns for various purposes goes back into prehistory in Eurasia , ranging in size from small rock sculptures to substantial human-made hills of stone (some built on top of larger, natural hills). The latter are often relatively massive Bronze Age or earlier structures which, like kistvaens and dolmens , frequently contain burials; they are comparable to tumuli ( kurgans ), but of stone construction instead of earthworks . Cairn originally could more broadly refer to various types of hills and natural stone piles, but today

1632-515: Is the centerpiece of any sweets table. This type of Baklava originates in the Algerian city of Constantine . The Algerian Baklava is distinct in that filo dough is not used. Instead, they use another type of thin dough called malsouka or warqa and instead of walnuts or pistachios they use almonds . Like other forms of baklava, the layered pastry is cut into diamond-shaped pieces and has one almond placed on top of each piece before being baked. It

1700-399: Is the name of an Ancient Greek pastry that is often seen as the predecessor of baklava. The latter is a baked dessert with very thinly made pastry layers and chopped nuts. The base for this modern placenta is made with leaves of filo dough , and nuts stacked upon each other. After baking, it is soaked in a simple syrup and sprinkled with cinnamon. Iranian baklava ( Persian : باقلوا )

1768-473: Is then soaked in a syrup of honey, sugar, and lemon juice . In Syrian cuisine , baklava ( Arabic : البقلاوة, Syriac : ܒܩܠܘܐ) is a dessert mostly served on special occasions like Eid al-Fitr , or Syrian Christmas . It is made of 24 layers of buttered phyllo dough, a filling of either chopped pistachios or chopped walnuts (walnuts are preferred) and a syrup consisting of sugar, orange blossom water , and lemon juice. Syrian baklava comes in many shapes, but

1836-474: Is used exclusively of artificial ones. The word cairn derives from Scots cairn (with the same meaning), in turn from Scottish Gaelic càrn , which is essentially the same as the corresponding words in other native Celtic languages of Britain , Ireland and Brittany , including Welsh carn (and carnedd ), Breton karn , Irish carn , and Cornish karn or carn . Cornwall ( Kernow ) itself may actually be named after

1904-610: The sarailia . In Romania , some Turkish pastry shops that sell baklava have notable popularity. They are common in the south and southeast of the country, but some also exist in its east. In Bulgaria, baklava is very popular during the winter holiday season, when people have it for dessert after dinner. In Greek cuisine , walnuts are more common than pistachios, and the dessert is flavored with cinnamon . Greek baklava ( Greek : Μπακλαβάς ) comes in many regional guises, with different names such as samousades, zournadakia, and masourakia. Generally speaking, in southern Greece baklava

1972-675: The Assyrians , according to which baklava was prepared by them in the 8th century BC. There are also some similarities between baklava and the Ancient Greek desserts gastris ( γάστρις ), kopte sesamis ( κοπτὴ σησαμίς ), and kopton ( κοπτόν ) found in book XIV of the Deipnosophistae . However, the recipe there is for a filling of nuts and honey, with a top and bottom layer of honey and ground sesame similar to modern pasteli or halva , and no dough, certainly not

2040-559: The Bronze Age , burial cists were sometimes interred into cairns, which would be situated in conspicuous positions, often on the skyline above the village of the deceased. Though most often found in the British Isles, evidence of Bronze Age cists have been found in Mongolia . The stones may have been thought to deter grave robbers and scavengers. Another explanation is that they were to stop

2108-465: The Krajina , they are known as gromila . In Portugal, a cairn is called a moledro . In a legend the moledros are enchanted soldiers, and if one stone is taken from the pile and put under a pillow, in the morning a soldier will appear for a brief moment, then will change back to a stone and magically return to the pile. The cairns that mark the place where someone died or cover the graves alongside

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2176-503: The Tur Abdin mountain range about 30 kilometers (19 mi) away. The Şebeke Mountains to the west form a chain together with the Tektek and Susuz Mountains . The Viranşehir plain, which covers an area of 1,200 square kilometers (460 sq mi), lies between the Tektek and Karacadağ Mountains . The mountain range is composed of Eocene and Miocene limestone , its valleys formed in

2244-655: The Turkic verbal ending -v ; baγla- itself in Mongolian is a Turkic loanword. The lexicographer Sevan Nişanyan considers its oldest known forms (pre-1500) to be baklağı and baklağu , and labels it as being of Proto-Turkic origin. Another form of the word is also recorded in Persian, باقلبا ( bāqlabā ). Though the suffix -vā might suggest a Persian origin, the baqla- part does not appear to be Persian and remains of unknown origin. The linguist Tuncer Gülensoy states that

2312-715: The Yuan dynasty . Although the history of baklava is not well documented, its Turkish version was probably developed in the imperial kitchens of the Topkapı Palace in Constantinople (modern Istanbul ). The Sultan presented trays of baklava to the Janissaries every 15th of the month of Ramadan in a ceremonial procession called the Baklava Alayı . Many claim that the placenta cake , and therefore likely baklava, derived from

2380-737: The continental United States and Canada, some Indigenous peoples of the Americas have built structures similar to cairns. In some cases, these are general trail markers, and in other cases they mark game-driving "lanes", such as those leading to buffalo jumps . Peoples from some of the Indigenous cultures of arctic North America (i.e. northern Canada, Alaska and Greenland ) have built carefully constructed stone sculptures called inuksuit and inunnguat , which serve as landmarks and directional markers. The oldest of these structures are very old and pre-date contact with Europeans . They are iconic of

2448-708: The karst landscape's lack of soil. In February 2020, ancient cairns dated back to 4,500 year-old used to bury the leaders or chieftains of neolithic tribes people were revealed in the Cwmcelyn in Blaenau Gwent by the Aberystruth Archaeological Society. In Scandinavia , cairns have been used for centuries as trail and sea marks, among other purposes, the most notable being the Three-Country Cairn . In Iceland , cairns were often used as markers along

2516-415: The modern era , cairns are often raised as landmarks, especially to mark the summits of mountains. Cairns are also used as trail markers . They vary in size from small stone markers to entire artificial hills, and in complexity from loose conical rock piles to elaborate megalithic structures. Cairns may be painted or otherwise decorated, whether for increased visibility or for religious reasons. A variant

2584-501: The tree line . Examples can be seen in the lava fields of Volcanoes National Park to mark several hikes. Placed at regular intervals, a series of cairns can be used to indicate a path across stony or barren terrain, even across glaciers . In Acadia National Park , in Maine , the trails are marked by a special type of cairn instituted in the 1890s by Waldron Bates and dubbed Bates cairns. Coastal cairns called sea marks are also common in

2652-455: The 12th and 13th centuries, the Tektek mountains formed part of the region known as Shabakhtan . In the middle ages, the Tektek mountains were probably mostly inhabited by "pseudo- Sabians " – the moon- and planet-venerating pagans whose main religious center was Harran . They may have remained a significant community here as late as the 13th century, outlasting the pseudo-Sabian community of Harran by some 150 years. Historically, agriculture in

2720-635: The 18th century. Why is unknown, although it may have been because of Bedouin raids. The butter used in Baklavacı Güllüoğlu baklava , made by a company founded by the Güllü brothers in 1871, is made from milk taken from sheep and goats in the Tektek Mountains. The butter is on average five times more expensive than the margarine used by other baklava producers, costing some US$ 15 per kilo. 36°57′N 39°27′E  /  36.950°N 39.450°E  / 36.950; 39.450 Cairn A cairn

2788-502: The 40 days of Lent Jesus spent in the desert where he fasted. Another variation is similar to the Greek style of baklava, which is supposed to be made with 33 dough layers, referring to the years of Jesus's life. The city of Gavar makes Its own version of baklava. It is made with 25 dough layers, has a filling of cleaned and dried chopped walnuts, sugar and a syrup that is poured over the finished baklava consisting of honey and flowers . This type of baklava used to be prepared in

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2856-460: The Old Testament books of Genesis , Numbers , Judges and elsewhere) means literally 'a heap of testimony (or evidence)' as does its Aramaic translation Yegar Sahaduta . In modern Hebrew, gal-'ed ( גל-עד ) is the actual word for "cairn". In Genesis 31 the cairn of Gilead was set up as a border demarcation between Jacob and his father-in-law Laban at their last meeting. Starting in

2924-508: The Tektek mountains was rather precarious. Because the mountains are limestone, the soil and rock don't retain water very well, so water would have had to be stored in cisterns during summer and autumn, like in nearby Tur Abdin . There may have been an olive growing industry, which requires little water but steady markets – during periods of prolonged instability, as happened in the 13th and 18th centuries, olive growers would have suffered heavily. There has never been any significant woodland in

2992-503: The Tektek mountains; even when settled agriculture here was most prosperous, there was no wood available for construction. One period of instability was during the late 13th century, when the Mamluks and Mongols fought several wars in the vicinity. Many of the people inhabiting the Tektek mountains probably left around this time and moved elsewhere. Finally, the Tektek mountains were completely abandoned by permanent settlement sometime during

3060-407: The ashes of a Buddhist saint or lama . A traditional and often decorated, heap-formed cairn called an ovoo is made in Mongolia . It primarily serves religious purposes, and finds use in both Tengriist and Buddhist ceremonies. Ovoos were also often used as landmarks and meeting points in traditional nomadic Mongolian culture . Traditional ceremonies still take place at ovoos today, and in

3128-459: The cairns that dot its landscape, such as Cornwall's highest point, Brown Willy Summit Cairn , a 5 m (16 ft) high and 24 m (79 ft) diameter mound atop Brown Willy hill in Bodmin Moor , an area with many ancient cairns. Burial cairns and other megaliths are the subject of a variety of legends and folklore throughout Britain and Ireland. In Scotland , it is traditional to carry

3196-448: The dead from rising . There remains a Jewish tradition of placing small stones on a person's grave as a token of respect, known as visitation stones , though this is generally to relate the longevity of stone to the eternal nature of the soul and is not usually done in a cairn fashion. Stupas in India and Tibet probably started out in a similar fashion, although they now generally contain

3264-583: The diamond shape is the most common one. A Syrian baklava recipe was introduced to the Turkish city of Gaziantep in 1871 by Çelebi Güllü, who had learned the recipe from a chef in the city of Damascus which transformed into the Gaziantep baklava we know today. Armenian baklava, known in Armenian as pakhlava ( Armenian : Փախլավա ) is made of layers of phyllo dough , a filling of cinnamon-spiced chopped walnuts, and

3332-533: The dough is cut into regular pieces, often parallelograms (lozenge-shaped), triangles, diamonds or rectangles. After baking, a syrup , which may include honey , rosewater , or orange flower water , is poured over the cooked baklava and allowed to soak. Baklava is usually served at room temperature, and is often garnished with nuts that have been ground up. Baklava in Algeria is called Baklawa ( Arabic : بقلاوة, Tifinagh : ⴱⴰⴽⵍⴰⴹⴰ). In most Algerian regions, Baklava

3400-581: The focal points for ceremonies honoring their ancestors and spirituality. In South Korea , cairns are quite prevalent, often found along roadsides and trails, up on mountain peaks, and adjacent to Buddhist temples. Hikers frequently add stones to existing cairns trying to get just one more on top of the pile, to bring good luck. This tradition has its roots in the worship of San-shin, or Mountain Spirit, so often still revered in Korean culture. Throughout what today are

3468-413: The humid climatic conditions characteristic of the interglacial and post-glacial periods. There is no basalt present. The Tektek Mountains are devoid of woodland, with the exception of an area at the northwest end of the range where pistachio ( pistacia khinjuk ) trees grow. Villages in the Tektek Mountains are inhabited by semi-nomadic pastoralists and agriculturalists of uncertain origin whose housing

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3536-411: The intent of visitors creating cairns disrespects traditional practices and attempts at land preservation. The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory asks visitors to say “no” to rock piles after a surge in the creation of cairns by visitors. The construction of these rock formations comes at the cost of important geological features that visitors pry rocks off of. The practice is viewed as an act of graffiti on

3604-537: The island of Lesbos for thin layered pastry leaves with crushed nuts, baked, and covered in syrup. Baklava is a common dessert in modern Arab cuisines, but the Arabic language cookbook Kitab al-Tabikh , compiled by Ibn Sayyar al-Warraq in the 10th-century, does not contain any recipe for baklava. Its recipe for lauzinaj refers to small pieces of almond paste wrapped in very thin pastry ("as thin as grasshoppers' wings") and drenched in syrup. Some writers say this

3672-590: The landscape of the park. The US National Park Service has a set of rules regarding public interaction with cairns found within the boundaries of the park. Falling within the rules set by the Leave No Trace rule, the Park Service has three rules: This guideline is made with the intent of preventing needless cairns created by visitors and preventing the destruction of important trail-marking cairns. [REDACTED]   This article incorporates text from

3740-549: The northern latitudes, especially in the island-strewn waters of Scandinavia and eastern Canada. They are placed along shores and on islands and islets. Usually painted white for improved offshore visibility, they serve as navigation aids . In Sweden, they are called kummel , in Finland kummeli , in Norway varde , and are indicated in navigation charts and maintained as part of the nautical marking system. Cairns can be seen as

3808-427: The numerous single-file roads or paths that crisscrossed the island; many of these ancient cairns are still standing, although the paths have disappeared. In Norse Greenland , cairns were used as a hunting implement, a game-driving "lane", used to direct reindeer towards a game jump . In the mythology of ancient Greece, cairns were associated with Hermes , the god of overland travel. According to one legend, Hermes

3876-593: The origin of baklava is bakl-ı (feed) in proto-Turkish and suffixes -la-ğı are added. The word changes as bakılağı > bakılavı > baklava . The Arabic name بقلاوة baqlāwa originates from Turkish. The three main proposals for the roots of baklava are the Greek placenta cake , the Medieval Persian (Iranian) lauzinaj , and the Central Asian Turkic tradition of layered breads. There are also claims attributing baklava to

3944-483: The origin of baklava. Historian Andrew Dalby speculates as to why Cato's section on bread and cakes, which he describes as "recipes in a Greek tradition", are included in De Agricultura : "Possibly Cato included them so that the owner and guests might be entertained when visiting the farm; possibly so that proper offerings might be made to the gods; more likely, I believe, so that profitable sales might be made at

4012-415: The placenta in the oven and put a preheated lid on top of it ... When ready, honey is poured over the placenta. According to a number of scholars, koptoplakous ( κοπτοπλακοῦς ) was a precursor to the modern baklava. Historian Speros Vryonis describes koptoplakous as a "Byzantine favorite" and "the same as the Turkish baklava", as do other writers. The name ( Greek : πλατσέντα ) is used today on

4080-459: The process of layering the ingredients. Baklava is normally prepared in large pans. Many layers of filo dough, separated with melted butter and vegetable oil, are laid in the pan. A layer of chopped nuts—typically walnuts or pistachios , but hazelnuts and almonds are also sometimes used—is placed on top, then more layers of filo. Most recipes have multiple layers of filo and nuts, though some have only top and bottom pastry. Before baking,

4148-821: The recipe from a chef in Damascus . In 2008, the Turkish patent office registered a geographical indication for Antep Baklava, and in 2013, Antep Baklavası or Gaziantep Baklavası was registered as a Protected Geographical Indication by the European Commission . Gaziantep baklava is the first Turkish product to receive a protected designation from the European Commission. Uzbek cuisine has pakhlava , puskal or yupka or in Tatar yoka , which are sweet and salty savories ( börekler ) prepared with 10–12 layers of dough. In Crimean Tatar cuisine ,

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4216-641: The region (an inuksuk even features on the flag of the Canadian far-northeastern territory, Nunavut ). Cairns have been used throughout what is now Latin America , since pre-Columbian times, to mark trails. Even today, in the Andes of South America , the Quechuan peoples build cairns as part of their spiritual and religious traditions. Cairns can be used to mark hiking trails, especially in mountain regions at or above

4284-556: The roads where in the past people were buried are called Fiéis de Deus . The same name given to the stones was given to the dead whose identity was unknown. Cairns ( taalo ) are a common feature at El Ayo , Haylan , Qa'ableh , Qombo'ul , Heis , Salweyn and Gelweita , among other places. Somaliland in general is home to a lot of such historical settlements and archaeological sites wherein are found numerous ancient ruins and buildings, many of obscure origins. However, many of these old structures have yet to be properly explored,

4352-405: The then-Armenian city of Bayazet , but the people living there immigrated to Gavar and surrounding regions in 1830. Azerbaijani baklava ( Azerbaijani : Azərbaycan paxlavası ) is made mostly for special occasions (like Nowruz ). Pastry, cardamom , and saffron are used for the preparation. Nuts (mostly hazelnuts , almonds or walnuts) and sugar are used as the filling, and syrup is used as

4420-530: The virgin daughter of Demeter [honey, cheese, flour], delighting in ten thousand delicate toppings – or shall I simply say plakous? I'm for plakous. In the Byzantine Empire , the traditional placenta cake (known as "koptoplakous", κοπτοπλακοῦς ), a dish similar to baklava, was consumed. The earliest known detailed recipe for placenta, from the 2nd century BC, is a honey-covered baked layered-dough dessert which food historian Patrick Faas identifies as

4488-457: The worship of the deity, Sin . Karahan Tepe is a site that was discovered in 1997 and was dated to c. 9500–9000 BC by Bahattin Çelik , a Turkish archaeologist. Covering an area of 325,000 square metres (3,500,000 sq ft), it consists of a number of stone T-pillars and high reliefs depicting, among other images, a winding snake and the battered torso of a naked man. There are also polished rock statues of goats, gazelles and rabbits. In

4556-563: Was one of the most popular sweet pastries of Ottoman cuisine . It is also enjoyed in Arabian , Persian and Greek cuisine . There are several theories for the origin of the pre-Ottoman version of the dish. In modern times, it is a common dessert among cuisines of countries in West Asia , Southeast Europe , Central Asia , and North Africa . The word baklava is first attested in English in 1650,

4624-455: Was put on trial by Hera for slaying her favorite servant, the monster Argus . All of the other gods acted as a jury, and as a way of declaring their verdict they were given pebbles, and told to throw them at whichever person they deemed to be in the right, Hermes or Hera. Hermes argued so skillfully that he ended up buried under a heap of pebbles, and this was the first cairn. In Croatia , in areas of ancient Dalmatia , such as Herzegovina and

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