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98-512: Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport ( IATA : ANC , ICAO : PANC , FAA LID : ANC ) is a major airport in the U.S. state of Alaska , located 5 miles (8 km) southwest of downtown Anchorage . The airport is named for Ted Stevens , who served as a senator of Alaska from 1968 to 2009. It is included in the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2017–2021, in which it

196-629: A 1951 disappearance ). From 1955 to 2011, the eastern end of the airport's southernmost runway connected to the Kulis Air National Guard Base . By the mid-1980s the airport's nickname was "Crossroads of the World". Anchorage was a common stopover for passengers flying between Europe and East Asia, because airspace in China, the Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc countries was off-limits and because

294-493: A subarctic climate ( Dfc ), but higher and more northerly areas have a polar climate ( ET ). Kamchatka is much wetter and milder than eastern Siberia. It is essentially transitional from the hypercontinental climate of Siberia and northeast China to the rain-drenched subpolar oceanic climate of the Aleutian Islands . There is considerable variation, however, between the rain-drenched and heavily glaciated east coast and

392-588: A curved arrival/departure structure with an elevated departure ramp for vehicles. The sweeping structure was designed to connect with the existing hexagonal satellite, now the end of Concourse B. In 1985, Concourse A was added. In 2009, this portion of the South terminal received seismic and aesthetic upgrades. Concourse C was completely rebuilt in 2004, designed by McCool Carlson Green Architects, while Concourses A and B were built in 1985 and 1969 respectively and renovated in 2009. Architects HNTB and RIM Architects performed

490-450: A few cargo airlines use the north side of the terminal for parking while their aircraft have small problems that need maintenance for a day or so. This terminal was built in 1982. A shuttle bus runs approximately every 15 minutes between the North and South terminals and the employee and long-term parking lots. A land-side inter-terminal walkway was completed in 2009. Air-side connections between

588-415: A growing trend in winter sports keeps tourism pulsing year-round. The volcanoes and glaciers play a role in forming Kamchatka's climate, and hot springs have kept alive dozens of species decimated during the last ice age . The Kamchatka River and the surrounding central side valley are flanked by large volcanic belts containing around 160  volcanoes , 29 of them still active. The peninsula has

686-612: A high density of volcanoes and associated volcanic phenomena, with 19 active volcanoes included in the six UNESCO World Heritage List sites in the Volcanoes of Kamchatka group, most of them on the Kamchatka Peninsula, the most volcanic area of the Eurasian continent, with many active cones. The Kamchatka Peninsula is also known as the "land of fire and ice". The highest volcano is Klyuchevskaya Sopka (4,750 m or 15,584 ft),

784-468: A large growth in traffic over the next several years as trade with China and other Far East countries increases and plan to expand their Anchorage facilities comparatively. The United States Postal Service also operates a large sectional center facility (SCF) for the 995xx ZIP Codes . It processes mail and parcels headed to and from all Alaska cities. The United States Department of Transportation allows Anchorage and other Alaskan airports to be used as

882-550: A new airport is built, replacing the old one, leaving the city's new "major" airport (or the only remaining airport) code to no longer correspond with the city's name. The original airport in Nashville, Tennessee, was built in 1936 as part of the Works Progress Administration and called Berry Field with the designation, BNA. A new facility known as Nashville International Airport was built in 1987 but still uses BNA. This

980-606: A positive image of the airport and the State of Alaska in the minds of travellers. This volunteer, self-funded committee mystery shops at partnering companies provides awards of cash, free covered parking, and donated prizes to winning employees. The airport was the focus of a Smithsonian Channel miniseries Ice Airport Alaska that ran in late 2020. It has also been shown in the Discovery Channel series Deadliest Catch . IATA airport code The assignment of these codes

1078-722: A seaplane base adjacent to it, so that seaplanes and floatplanes can take off and land. The Lake Hood Seaplane Base , adjacent to Anchorage Airport, is the busiest seaplane base in the world. The Anchorage International Airport has two terminals: the South Terminal with 24 gates, and the North Terminal with 8 gates, for a total of 32 gates. The South Terminal (domestic) serves Air Canada , Alaska Airlines , American Airlines , Condor (Departures), Delta Air Lines , Discover Airlines (Departures), Sun Country Airlines , and United Airlines . All regional intrastate carriers also use

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1176-516: A shallow depth of 10 kilometres (33,000 ft) occurred in the Pacific Ocean, 202 kilometres (109 nmi) east-southeast of Nikolskoye , on July 18, 2017. Prior to Russian discovery, the peninsula was inhabited by various Chukotko-Kamchatkan peoples (specifically the Itelmen , Koryak , and Alyutor ). The southern tip of the peninsula was also the northernmost extent of Ainu settlement. When

1274-683: A transfer point for cargo between different aircraft of the same foreign air carrier without applying for special permission, a privilege not available at airports in the contiguous US. In 2020, the airport applied for similar authority for passenger traffic, which would potentially allow foreign airlines to use Anchorage as a connecting hub for international passengers. A similar exemption was previously granted to airports in Puerto Rico . Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport covers an area of 4,608 acres (1,865 ha ) at an elevation of 151 feet (46 m) above mean sea level . It has three runways : 7L/25R

1372-466: A week on a yearly scheduled basis until March 2005 and reduced to 3 times a week for the summer season only in 2006. China Airlines , the last Asian carrier to serve Anchorage on a regular basis, used Anchorage as an intermediate stop on its Taipei-New York route until 2011, when it rerouted these flights to stop in Osaka . While a few charter passenger aircraft still stop at Anchorage on flights between Asia and

1470-460: Is categorized as a medium-hub primary commercial service facility. Built in 1951, the airport was served in the 1950s by Alaska Airlines , Northwest Orient , Pacific Northern Airlines and Reeve Aleutian Airways , using aircraft ranging from Douglas DC-3s to Boeing 377s , and was also a refuelling stop for Canadian Pacific Air Lines service to the Far East (one such aircraft being involved in

1568-743: Is 10,600 by 150 feet (3,231 x 46 m) with an asphalt surface; 7R/25L is 12,400 by 200 feet (3,780 x 61 m) with an asphalt/ concrete surface; 15/33 is 10,865 by 200 feet (3,312 x 61 m) with an asphalt surface. The airport also has one asphalt helipad that is 100 by 100 feet (30 x 30 m). For the 12 months ending April 30, 2019, the airport had 261,961 aircraft operations, an average of 718 per day: 38% scheduled commercial , 32% general aviation , 29% air taxi , and <1% military . At that time there were 109 aircraft based at this airport: 61% multi-engine, 14% helicopter , 15% jet , and 10% single- engine . The FAA projects operations to increase to 334,279 by 2030, or 918.882 operations per day. The airport also has

1666-499: Is GSN and its IATA code is SPN, and some coincide with IATA codes of non-U.S. airports. Canada's unusual codes—which bear little to no similarity with any conventional abbreviation to the city's name—such as YUL in Montréal , and YYZ in Toronto , originated from the two-letter codes used to identify weather reporting stations in the 1930s. The letters preceding the two-letter code follow

1764-572: Is a 1,250-kilometre-long (777 mi) peninsula in the Russian Far East , with an area of about 270,000 km (100,000 sq mi). The Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Okhotsk make up the peninsula's eastern and western coastlines, respectively. Immediately offshore along the Pacific coast of the peninsula runs the 9,600-metre-deep (31,496 ft) Kuril–Kamchatka Trench . The Kamchatka Peninsula,

1862-618: Is also the second busiest airport in Alaska. Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport is a major cargo hub. In 2023, it ranked as the second busiest airport in the US and the world's fourth-busiest airport by cargo traffic. Cargo airlines travelling between Asia and the contiguous US prefer to refuel in Anchorage to carry less fuel and more cargo. FedEx Express and UPS Airlines operate major hubs at Anchorage International for cargo heading to and from

1960-600: Is available. However, many railway administrations have their own list of codes for their stations, such as the list of Amtrak station codes . Airport codes arose out of the convenience that the practice brought pilots for location identification in the 1930s. Initially, pilots in the United States used the two-letter code from the National Weather Service (NWS) for identifying cities. This system became unmanageable for cities and towns without an NWS identifier, and

2058-518: Is different from the name in English, yet the airport code represents only the English name. Examples include: Due to scarcity of codes, some airports are given codes with letters not found in their names: The use of 'X' as a filler letter is a practice to create three-letter identifiers when more straightforward options were unavailable: Some airports in the United States retained their NWS ( National Weather Service ) codes and simply appended an X at

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2156-650: Is governed by IATA Resolution 763, and it is administered by the IATA's headquarters in Montreal , Canada. The codes are published semi-annually in the IATA Airline Coding Directory. IATA provides codes for airport handling entities, and for certain railway stations. Alphabetical lists of airports sorted by IATA code are available. A list of railway station codes , shared in agreements between airlines and rail lines such as Amtrak , SNCF , and Deutsche Bahn ,

2254-513: Is in conjunction to rules aimed to avoid confusion that seem to apply in the United States, which state that "the first and second letters or second and third letters of an identifier may not be duplicated with less than 200 nautical miles separation." Thus, Washington, D.C. area's three airports all have radically different codes: IAD for Washington–Dulles , DCA for Washington–Reagan (District of Columbia Airport), and BWI for Baltimore (Baltimore–Washington International, formerly BAL). Since HOU

2352-433: Is no permafrost due to the relatively mild winters and heavy snow cover, whilst northward, discontinuous permafrost prevails. The west coastal plain has a colder and drier climate with precipitation ranging from 880 millimetres (34.6 in) in the south to as little as 430 millimetres (17 in) in the north, where winter temperatures become considerably colder at around −20 °C (−4 °F). The interior valley of

2450-532: Is not followed outside the United States: In addition, since three letter codes starting with Q are widely used in radio communication, cities whose name begins with "Q" also had to find alternate codes, as in the case of: IATA codes should not be confused with the FAA identifiers of U.S. airports. Most FAA identifiers agree with the corresponding IATA codes, but some do not, such as Saipan , whose FAA identifier

2548-697: Is the Kronotsky Biosphere Reserve with the Valley of Geysers . At the southern tip is the Southern Kamchatka Wildlife Refuge with Kurile Lake . There are several other protected areas on the peninsula. Kamchatka receives up to 2,700 mm (110 in) of precipitation per year. This is much higher than the rest of Eastern Russia, and is due to prevailing westerly winds blowing over the Sea of Japan and picking up moisture that rises as it hits

2646-568: Is the large Karaginsky Bay , which features Karaginsky Island . Northeast of this (off the displayed map) lies Korfa Bay with the town of Tilichiki . On the opposite side is the Shelikhov Gulf . The Kamchatka or Central ( Sredinny ) Range forms the spine of the peninsula. Along the southeast coast runs the Eastern Range (Vostochny) . Between these lies the central valley. The Kamchatka River rises northwest of Avacha and flows north down

2744-416: Is used for William P. Hobby Airport , the new Houston–Intercontinental became IAH. The code BKK was originally assigned to Bangkok–Don Mueang and was later transferred to Suvarnabhumi Airport , while the former adopted DMK. The code ISK was originally assigned to Gandhinagar Airport (Nashik's old airport) and later on transferred to Ozar Airport (Nashik's current airport). Shanghai–Hongqiao retained

2842-561: The Canadian transcontinental railroads were built, each station was assigned its own two-letter Morse code : When the Canadian government established airports, it used the existing railway codes for them as well. If the airport had a weather station, authorities added a "Y" to the front of the code, meaning "Yes" to indicate it had a weather station or some other letter to indicate it did not. When international codes were created in cooperation with

2940-515: The Cold War , would open Soviet airspace to flights, causing the decrease to occur sooner than planned. By 1988, 16 airline flights that had previously stopped in Anchorage—each bringing almost $ 80,000 in revenue to the state—instead flew nonstop over Siberia . Most scheduled passenger service from Anchorage to Europe and Asia ceased in the early 1990s. Korean Air continued to serve Anchorage 3 times

3038-632: The Commander Islands , and Karaginsky Island constitute Kamchatka Krai of the Russian Federation . The majority of the 322,079 inhabitants are ethnic Russians , with about 13,000 being Koryaks (2014). More than half of the population lives in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky (179,526 in 2010) and nearby Yelizovo (38,980). The Kamchatka Peninsula contains the volcanoes of Kamchatka , a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Politically,

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3136-753: The Golden Eagle and Gyrfalcon . Kamchatka most likely contains the world's greatest diversity of salmonid fish, including all six species of anadromous Pacific salmon ( chinook , coho , chum , seema , pink , and sockeye ). Due to its uniquely suitable environment, biologists estimate that a fifth of all Pacific salmon originates in Kamchatka. Kurile Lake is recognized as the biggest spawning-ground for sockeye in Eurasia. In response to pressure from poaching and to worldwide decreases in salmon stocks, some 24,000 square kilometres (9,300 sq mi) along nine of

3234-687: The Kamchatka River , represented by Klyuchi, has much lower precipitation (at around 450 to 650 millimetres (18 to 26 in)) and significantly more continental temperatures, reaching 19 °C (66 °F) on a typical summer day and during extreme cold winter spells falling as low as −41 °C (−42 °F). Sporadic permafrost prevails over the lower part of this valley, but it becomes more widespread at higher altitudes and glaciers, and continuous permafrost prevails north of 55˚° N . The summer months, when maximum temperatures range from 15 to 20 °C (59 to 68 °F), are popular with tourists, but

3332-466: The Kamchatka snow sheep , reindeer ( Rangifer tarandus ), and Chukotka moose ( Alces alces buturlini ), one of the largest moose in the world and the largest in Eurasia, and rodents / leporids , including mountain hare ( Lepus timidus ), marmot , and several species of lemming and squirrel . The peninsula is the breeding ground for Steller's Sea Eagle , one of the largest eagle species, along with

3430-660: The Kronotsky Nature Reserve , there are estimated to be three to four bears per 100 square kilometres (39 sq mi). Other fauna of note include carnivores such as tundra wolf ( Canis lupus albus ), Arctic fox ( Vulpes lagopus ), Anadyr fox ( Vulpes vulpes beringiana ), East Siberian lynx ( Lynx lynx wrangeli ), wolverine ( Gulo gulo ), sable ( Martes zibellina ), Eurasian otter ( Lutra lutra ), East Siberian stoat ( Mustela ermine kaneii ), and Siberian least weasel ( Mustela nivalis pygmaea ). The peninsula hosts habitat for several large ungulates including

3528-538: The Lower 48 states and fly through the airport to their jobs in Prudhoe Bay . As per Federal Aviation Administration records, the airport had 2,599,313 passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year 2008, 2,282,666 enplanements in 2009, and 2,342,310 in 2010. The nearest other international airports from Anchorage are Fairbanks International Airport and Juneau International Airport . Fairbanks International Airport

3626-675: The Russian-American Company by granting land to newcomers on the peninsula. By 1812, the indigenous population had fallen to less than 3,200 while the Russian population had risen to 2,500. In 1854, the French and British , who were battling Russian forces in the course of the Crimean War , attacked Petropavlovsk . During the Siege of Petropavlovsk , 988 men with a mere 68 guns managed to defend

3724-535: The A321neo for their route to Minneapolis-St. Paul. During the COVID-19 pandemic , the airport was briefly the busiest in the United States due to sustained volume of cargo flights through Alaska while passenger travel sharply decreased at other American airports. Due to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine and subsequent sanctions on airlines, commercial flights between Japan and Western Europe once again overfly Alaska in

3822-516: The Aeroflot services were primarily intended as technical stops en route to Seattle and San Francisco and were cancelled once newer aircraft and nonstop flights became available. Reeve Aleutian Airways , Dalavia and MAVIAL Magadan Airlines also offered service between Anchorage and the Russian Far East at various times, catering to Kamchatka oil exploration and other niche markets. The airport

3920-440: The Far East. NWA Cargo used to operate a major hub at the airport until December 28, 2009, when it closed all operations for Northwest Cargo at all airports. FedEx Express is the airport's largest cargo facility and can handle as many as 13,400 packages per hour, employing more than 1,200 people and providing a full customs clearance system. United Parcel Service 's hub handles about 5,000 parcels per hour. Both companies forecast

4018-529: The North Pacific, where it virtually captured or bonded 24 whalers, sinking most of them. The next fifty years were lean for Kamchatka. The naval port moved to Ust-Amur, and in 1867, Russia sold Alaska to the United States, making Petropavlovsk obsolete as a transit point for traders and explorers on their way to the American territories. In 1860, a Primorsky (Maritime) Region was established and Kamchatka

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4116-400: The Pacific side, and ribbon seals reproduce on the ice of Karaginsky Bay . Sea otters are concentrated primarily on the southern end of the peninsula. Seabirds include murrelets , Northern Fulmars , Thick- and Thin-billed Murres , Kittiwakes , Tufted and Horned Puffins , Red-faced, Pelagic, and other Cormorants , and many other species. Typical of the northern seas, the marine fauna

4214-455: The Peninsula promotes a similar diversity in animal species that feed off the flora. Although Kamchatka is mostly tundra, deciduous and coniferous trees are abundant, and forests can be found throughout the peninsula. Kamchatka has diverse and abundant wildlife. This is due to many factors, including a wide range of climates; diverse topography and geography; many free-flowing rivers; proximity to

4312-487: The Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky metropolitan area can receive as much as 430 millimetres (17 in) more than the northern part of the city. Temperatures here are very mild, with summer maxima around 16 °C (61 °F) and winter lows around −8 °C (18 °F), whilst diurnal temperature ranges seldom exceed 5 °C (9 °F) due to persistent fog on exposed parts of the coast. South of 57° ˚N , there

4410-491: The Russian explorer Ivan Moskvitin reached the Sea of Okhotsk in 1639, further exploration was impeded by the lack of skills and equipment to build seagoing ships and by the harsh land to the northeast inhabited by the warlike Koryak people. Consequently, Russians entered Kamchatka from the north. In 1651, after having assisted in the foundation of the Anadyrsk ostrog , the explorer Mikhail Stadukhin went south and followed

4508-531: The Sea of Okhotsk at Bolsheretsk , which once served as a port connecting the peninsula to Okhotsk . South of the Bistraya flows the Golygina River . Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky and the settlements in the central part of the peninsula are connected by highway to Ust-Kamchatsk . The road is asphalt in its southern part, but changes to gravel about halfway north where the population is sparser. Another highway connects

4606-422: The South Terminal. The South terminal contains three concourses: Concourse A, Concourse B, and Concourse C. The area of what is today Concourse C stood the original airport terminal constructed in the 1950s. A hexagonal satellite terminal was constructed across the main structure shortly afterwards. In 1969, the terminal underwent a major expansion, forming what is today Concourse B - notable new features included

4704-605: The South terminal. There is a rail station for the Alaska Railroad . It is only available during the summer season for cruise ship service. The depot opened in 2003 after funding was secured by United States Senator Ted Stevens , but commuter service never materialized. Renovations began on the A and B concourses in fall 2006. These renovations are designed to bring the older portions into compliance with current seismic, heating, ventilation, electrical and safety codes, and also include new baggage handling systems and renovations to

4802-533: The U.S. For example, several airports in Alaska have scheduled commercial service, such as Stebbins and Nanwalek , which use FAA codes instead of ICAO codes. Thus, neither system completely includes all airports with scheduled service. Some airports are identified in colloquial speech by their IATA code. Examples include LAX and JFK . Kamchatka The Kamchatka Peninsula ( Russian : полуостров Камчатка , romanized :  poluostrov Kamchatka , pronounced [pəlʊˈostrəf kɐmˈt͡ɕætkə] )

4900-481: The United States, because "Y" was seldom used in the United States, Canada simply used the weather station codes for its airports, changing the "Y" to a "Z" if it conflicted with an airport code already in use. The result is that most major Canadian airport codes start with "Y" followed by two letters in the city's name (for example, YOW for O tta w a , YWG for W innipe g , YYC for C algar y , or YVR for V ancouve r ), whereas other Canadian airports append

4998-440: The airport itself instead of the city it serves, while another code is reserved which refers to the city itself which can be used to search for flights to any of its airports. For instance: Or using a code for the city in one of the major airports and then assigning another code to another airport: When different cities with the same name each have an airport, they need to be assigned different codes. Examples include: Sometimes,

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5096-418: The airport's former name, such as Orlando International Airport 's MCO (for Mc C o y Air Force Base), or Chicago's O'Hare International Airport , which is coded ORD for its original name: Or char d Field. In rare cases, the code comes from the airport's unofficial name, such as Kahului Airport 's OGG (for local aviation pioneer Jimmy H ogg ). In large metropolitan areas, airport codes are often named after

5194-430: The architectural work for A/B Concourse. The south terminal also contains two L gates, numbered L1 and L2. These gates are outside security on the lower level and adjacent to Concourse A. The North Terminal (international) serves Condor (Arrivals), Discover Airlines (Arrivals), Japan Airlines , Korean Air , Yakutia Airlines , all international seasonal charter flights, and military flights. In addition to these airlines,

5292-594: The central valley, turning east near Klyuchi to enter the Pacific south of Kamchatsky Point at Ust-Kamchatsk . In the 19th century, a trail led west from near Klychi over the mountains to the Tegil river and town, which was the main trading post on the west coast. North of Tegil is Koryak Okrug . South of the Tegil is the Icha River. Just south of the headwaters of the Kamchatka, the Bistraya River curves southwest to enter

5390-604: The coast of the Sea of Okhotsk from Penzhina Bay to Okhotsk . From about 1667 there were reports of a Kamchatka River to the south. Some time before 1700 a group of Russians were stranded and died on Kamchatka. In 1695, explorer Vladimir Atlasov became commander of Anadyrsk. In 1696 he sent the Cossack Luka Morozko south. Morozko got as far as the Tigil River and returned with reports and some mysterious writings, probably Japanese. In 1697–1699, Atlasov explored nearly

5488-491: The code SHA, while the newer Shanghai–Pudong adopted PVG. The opposite was true for Berlin : the airport Berlin–Tegel used the code TXL, while its smaller counterpart Berlin–Schönefeld used SXF; the Berlin Brandenburg Airport has the airport code BER, which is also part of its branding. The airports of Hamburg (HAM) and Hannover (HAJ) are less than 100 nautical miles (190 km) apart and therefore share

5586-424: The drier and more continental interior valley. In the heavily glaciated Kronotsky Peninsula , where maritime influences are most pronounced, annual precipitation can reach as high as 2,500 millimetres (98 in), whilst the southeast coast south of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky generally receives around 1,166 millimetres (45.9 in) of rainfall equivalent per year. Considerable local variations exist: southern parts of

5684-563: The eastbound direction. However, due to the advanced range of the airliners used for these flights, such as the Airbus A350 , Boeing 777 and Boeing 787 Dreamliner , the stopover in Anchorage is no longer needed and flights are operated nonstop. Some re-routed cargo flights do however stop in Anchorage, such as Nippon Cargo Airlines Flight 51, which operates Amsterdam - Milan - Anchorage - Tokyo four times weekly. Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport's passenger traffic hovered around

5782-586: The eastern United States, scheduled cargo carriers – which benefit from more volume and thus shorter route segments – continue to use Anchorage frequently. Condor still uses the Frankfurt -Anchorage route on a Boeing 767 . In the 1990s, Alaska Airlines and Aeroflot operated services from Anchorage to several destinations in the Russian Far East , including Khabarovsk , Magadan , Petropavlovsk , Vladivostok and Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk . Alaska Airlines pulled out of these markets in 1998 due to insufficient demand, while

5880-434: The eastern population), the critically endangered North Pacific right whale and bowhead whale , beaked whales , and minke whales are encountered. Blue whale are known to feed off of the southeastern shelf in summer. Among pinnipeds , Steller's sea lions , northern fur seals , spotted seals , and harbor seals are abundant along much of the peninsula. Further north, walruses and bearded seals can be encountered on

5978-526: The end of their contract, which has led to a community of around 1,800 by 2020. Avacha Bay was the scene of massive die-off of benthic marine organisms in September–October 2020. Kamchatka boasts abundant flora. The variable climate promotes different flora zones where tundra and muskeg are dominant, succeeded by grasses, flowering shrubs, and forests of pine , birch , alder , and willow . The wide variety of plant forms spread throughout

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6076-874: The end. Examples include: A lot of minor airfields without scheduled passenger traffic have ICAO codes but not IATA codes, since the four letter codes allow more number of codes, and IATA codes are mainly used for passenger services such as tickets, and ICAO codes by pilots. In the US, such airfields use FAA codes instead of ICAO. There are airports with scheduled service for which there are ICAO codes but not IATA codes, such as Nkhotakota Airport/Tangole Airport in Malawi or Chōfu Airport in Tokyo, Japan. There are also several minor airports in Russia (e.g., Omsukchan Airport ) which lack IATA codes and instead use internal Russian codes for booking. Flights to these airports cannot be booked through

6174-399: The first generation of jets and widebody airliners did not have the range to fly non-stop across the Pacific Ocean. Carriers using Anchorage for this purpose included: In the mid-1980s airport officials knew that the then-new Boeing 747-400 , with a longer range than then-existing aircraft, would decrease stopovers. They did not expect that Mikhail Gorbachev 's glasnost , towards the end of

6272-557: The first three letters of the city in which it is located, for instance: The code may also be a combination of the letters in its name, such as: Sometimes the airport code reflects pronunciation, rather than spelling, namely: For many reasons, some airport codes do not fit the normal scheme described above. Some airports, for example, cross several municipalities or regions, and therefore, use codes derived from some of their letters, resulting in: Other airports—particularly those serving cities with multiple airports—have codes derived from

6370-453: The five million mark between 1998 and 2008, apart from in 2002 when the airport suffered a 13% drop in traffic. Fairbanks and Juneau are the next busiest airports though neither managed more than half a million passengers in 2007. Anchorage traffic peaks in June, July and August when passenger numbers are twice as high as between October and April. Most major U.S. passenger carriers serve ANC, with

6468-474: The following format: Most large airports in Canada have codes that begin with the letter "Y", although not all "Y" codes are Canadian (for example, YUM for Yuma, Arizona , and YNT for Yantai , China), and not all Canadian airports start with the letter "Y" (for example, ZBF for Bathurst, New Brunswick ). Many Canadian airports have a code that starts with W, X or Z, but none of these are major airports. When

6566-593: The form of " YYZ ", a song by the rock band Rush , which utilizes the Morse code signal as a musical motif. Some airports have started using their IATA codes as brand names , such as Calgary International Airport (YYC) and Vancouver International Airport (YVR). Numerous New Zealand airports use codes that contain the letter Z, to distinguish them from similar airport names in other countries. Examples include HLZ for Hamilton , ZQN for Queenstown , and WSZ for Westport . Predominantly, airport codes are named after

6664-495: The higher topography of the peninsula, and condenses into rain. The summers are moderately cool, and the winters are rather stormy, but the storms rarely produce lightning . Although Kamchatka lies at latitudes similar to Scotland 's, cold arctic winds from Siberia combined with the cold Oyashio sea current keep the peninsula covered in snow from October to late May. Under the Köppen climate classification , Kamchatka generally has

6762-538: The highly productive waters of the northwestern Pacific Ocean, the Bering , and the Okhotsk Seas ; low human population density; and minimal development. The peninsula also boasts the southernmost expanse of Arctic tundra in the world. However, commercial exploitation of marine resources and a history of fur trapping has taken its toll on several species. Kamchatka is famous for the abundance and size of its brown bears . In

6860-433: The interior of the concourses. Since the completion of the construction, all domestic flights are operated out of the South Terminal. The piece consists of nine towers of glass, collectively adding up to 42 meters (130  ft) of span and reaching 8 meters (26 ft) at its highest point. The series of panels are inspired by Alaska's immensely rugged landscape of glaciers and mountains. The ambiguous images embedded within

6958-482: The international air booking systems or have international luggage transferred there, and thus, they are booked instead through the airline or a domestic booking system. Several heliports in Greenland have 3-letter codes used internally which might be IATA codes for airports in faraway countries. There are several airports with scheduled service that have not been assigned ICAO codes that do have IATA codes, especially in

7056-479: The largest active volcano in the Northern Hemisphere. Many have highly symmetrical cones, and Kronotsky is viewed by volcanologists Robert and Barbara Decker as a prime candidate for the world's most beautiful volcano. Somewhat more accessible are the three volcanoes visible from Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky : Koryaksky , Avachinsky , and Kozelsky . In the center of Kamchatka is the Valley of Geysers , which

7154-522: The local capital with Bolsheretsk. Bus service is available on both roads. Most other roads are gravel-covered or dirt roads, requiring off-road-capable vehicles. There is semi-regular passenger transportation with aircraft. The obvious circular area in the central valley is the Klyuchevskaya Sopka , an isolated volcanic group southeast of the curve of the Kamchatka River. West of Kronotsky Point

7252-505: The majority of passenger flight operations by Alaska Airlines to and from Seattle (an average of 20 flights per day) and Fairbanks (5-7 flights per day). Anchorage is also envisioned as a future connecting point for air traffic to the Russian Far East . During the summer season of 2008, there was one weekly flight to Russia by Vladivostok Air . Yakutia Airlines resumed summer seasonal service to Russia in 2012. Many of Alaska's North Slope workers live either in Anchorage or elsewhere in

7350-566: The more productive salmon rivers are in the process of being set aside as a nature preserve. Stickleback species, particularly Gasterosteus aculeatus and Pungitius pungitius , also occur in many coastal drainages, and are likely present in freshwater as well. Cetaceans that frequent the highly productive waters of the northwestern Pacific and the Okhotsk Sea include orcas , Dall 's and harbour porpoises , humpback whales , sperm whales , and fin whales . Less frequently, grey whales (from

7448-612: The name of the airport itself, for instance: This is also true with some cities with a single airport (even if there is more than one airport in the metropolitan area of said city), such as BDL for Hartford, Connecticut 's B ra dl ey International Airport or Baltimore's BWI, for B altimore/ W ashington I nternational Airport ; however, the latter also serves Washington, D.C. , alongside Dulles International Airport (IAD, for I nternational A irport D ulles) and Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport (DCA, for D istrict of C olumbia A irport). The code also sometimes comes from

7546-545: The native population; the roughly 2,500 Itelmens present in 1773 were reduced to 1,900 in 1820, from an original population of 12,000–25,000. Those who survived adopted Russian customs, and there was a great deal of intermarriage, such that "Kamchadal" (the original Russian name for the Itelmens) came to mean any Russian or part-Russian born on the peninsula. In 1713, Peter the Great sent shipbuilders to Okhotsk. A fifty-four-foot boat

7644-416: The one they are located in: Other airport codes are of obscure origin, and each has its own peculiarities: In Asia, codes that do not correspond with their city's names include Niigata 's KIJ , Nanchang 's KHN and Pyongyang 's FNJ . EuroAirport Basel Mulhouse Freiburg , which serves three countries, has three airport codes: BSL, MLH, EAP. Some cities have a name in their respective language which

7742-546: The outpost against 6 ships with 206 guns and 2,540 French and British soldiers. Despite the successful defense, the Russians abandoned Petropavlovsk as a strategic liability after the French and British forces withdrew. The next year, when a second enemy force came to attack the port, they found it deserted. Frustrated, the ships bombarded the city and withdrew. On 24 May 1861, the ship Polar Star (475 tons), of New Bedford , wrecked on

7840-400: The peninsula forms part of Kamchatka Krai . The southern tip is called Cape Lopatka . (Lopatka is Russian for spade.) The circular bay to the north of this on the Pacific side is Avacha Bay , home to the capital, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky . Northward up the Pacific side, the four peninsulas are called Shipunsky Point, Kronotsky Point, Kamchatsky Point, and Ozernoy Point. North of Ozernoy Point

7938-570: The peninsula in 1851–1854. In 1920, Russian leader Vladimir Lenin offered a 60-year lease of the peninsula to the United States. World War II (1939–1945) hardly affected Kamchatka except for its role as a launch site for the invasion of Manchuria in August 1945. After the war, the Soviet authorities declared Kamchatka a military zone. Vilyuchinsk, located on the Kamchatka Peninsula about 20 kilometers (12 mi) across Avacha Bay from Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky,

8036-501: The same first and middle letters, indicating that this rule might be followed only in Germany. Many cities retain historical names in their airport codes, even after having undergone an official name/spelling/transliteration change: Some airport codes are based on previous names associated with a present airport, often with a military heritage. These include: Some airports are named for an administrative division or nearby city, rather than

8134-522: The sculpture address Alaska's continual balancing of the forces of technology with the vast powers of the natural world. On November 30, 2018, at 8:29 a.m. AKST (17:29 UTC) was damaged in the 7.1 magnitude earthquake and repaired a few months later. It was damaged again in 2020 by a disgruntled passenger which still has yet to be repaired as of 2022. The airport features an innovative customer service program, which partners with most on-site (and some nearby) vendors and concessionaires and aims to promote

8232-627: The service of the Russian Navy , began the final "opening" of Kamchatka, helped by the fact that the government began to use the area to exile people, famously the Hungarian nobleman and explorer the Count de Benyovszky in 1770. In 1755, Stepan Krasheninnikov published the first detailed description of the peninsula, An Account of the Land of Kamchatka . The Russian government encouraged the commercial activities of

8330-540: The southern end of the Kamchatka Peninsula on its way to hunt United States whaling ships in the Sea of Okhotsk. As a commerce raider , the CSS Shenandoah aimed to destroy Union merchant shipping and thus draw off United States Navy ships in pursuit, thereby loosening the US Navy blockade of Confederate coasts. The ship spent almost three weeks in the Sea, destroying only one ship due to the dangerous ice, before moving on to

8428-497: The station code of Malton, Mississauga , where it is located). YUL is used for Montréal–Trudeau (UL was the ID code for the beacon in the city of Kirkland , now the location of Montréal–Trudeau). While these codes make it difficult for the public to associate them with a particular Canadian city, some codes have become popular in usage despite their cryptic nature, particularly at the largest airports. Toronto's code has entered pop culture in

8526-699: The sterile areas of each terminal are not available. Route 40 of the Anchorage People Mover bus system serves the airport's North and South terminals every 15 minutes from 6:00am to 7:30pm on weekdays and every 30 minutes until 2:00am, as well as service every 30 minutes all day on Saturday and Sunday, connecting it with the downtown Transit Center. Taxi queues are available in front of each terminal. Courtesy vans and other ground transportation options pick up from designated areas in front of each terminal. Major national rental car chains are represented in an on-site consolidated rental car facility attached to

8624-522: The summer of 2019. On November 30, 2018, the airport suffered minor damage and was temporarily closed following a magnitude 7.0 earthquake in the area . In June 2019, American Airlines switched the Boeing 737-800 on their seasonal route to Phoenix with the Airbus A321neo making them the first airline to use the A321neo at Anchorage. In January 2023, Delta replaced their Boeing 737-900 and 757-200 in favor of

8722-504: The two-letter code of the radio beacons that were the closest to the actual airport, such as YQX in Gander or YXS in Prince George . Four of the ten provincial capital airports in Canada have ended up with codes beginning with YY, including: Canada's largest airport is YYZ for Toronto Pearson (as YTZ was already allocated to Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport , the airport was given

8820-529: The use of two letters allowed only a few hundred combinations; a three-letter system of airport codes was implemented. This system allowed for 17,576 permutations, assuming all letters can be used in conjunction with each other. Since the U.S. Navy reserved "N" codes, and to prevent confusion with Federal Communications Commission broadcast call signs , which begin with "W" or "K", the airports of certain U.S. cities whose name begins with one of these letters had to adopt "irregular" airport codes: This practice

8918-524: The west coast of Kamchatka during a dense fog and gale . The chief officer and a boat's crew perished while attempting to reach the shore. The rest of the crew were saved by the barque Alice , of Cold Spring , and the ship Oliver Crocker , also from New Bedford. On 21 May 1865, the American Civil War came to the area: the Confederate States Navy steamer Shenandoah sailed past

9016-457: The whole of the peninsula. He built an ostrog at Verkhny-Kamchatsk, rescued or captured a Japanese castaway , and went to Moscow to report. In 1699, the Russians at Verkhny-Kamchatsk were killed on their way back to Anadyrsk by the Koryaks. In 1700, a punitive expedition destroyed a Koryak village and founded Nizhne-Kamchatsk on the lower river. Bolskeretsk was founded in 1703. From about 1705, there

9114-560: Was a breakdown of order. There were numerous mutinies and native wars all over the peninsula and north to the Koryak country of the Penzhina River and Olyutor Gulf . Several people were sent out to restore order, including Atlasov, who was murdered by mutineers in 1711. Vasily Merlin restored some degree of order between 1733 and 1739. There was no significant resistance after 1756. A major smallpox epidemic that hit in 1768–1769 quickly decimated

9212-561: Was built and sailed to the Tegil River in June 1716. This one-week journey, later redirected to Okhotsk-Bolseretsk, became the standard route to Kamchatka. In 1720, Ivan Yevreinov mapped Kamchatka and the Kurils. The Danish-born Russian explorer Vitus Bering left Nezhe-Kamchatsk for his first voyage in 1728 and, as part of his second voyage, founded Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky in 1740. Vitus Bering's Second Kamchatka Expedition (ca 1733–1743), in

9310-727: Was founded as Sovetsky in 1968 through the amalgamation of three earlier settlements which supplied the Soviet Navy as a submarine constructor; it is the home base of the Russian Pacific fleet. The Kura Missile Test Range , an intercontinental ballistic missile impact area located 130 kilometers (81 mi) northeast of the settlement of Klyuchi , was developed beginning in 1955. Kamchatka remained closed to Soviet citizens until 1989 and to foreigners until 1990. From 1946 to 1949, around 50,000 North Korean people went to Kamchatka as contract workers. Several thousand refused to repatriate after

9408-501: Was partly destroyed by a massive mudslide in June 2007. Owing to the Kuril–Kamchatka Trench , deep-focus seismic events and tsunamis occur fairly commonly. A pair of megathrust earthquakes occurred off the coast on October 16, 1737, and on November 4, 1952, with magnitudes of ≈9.3 and 8.2 respectively. A chain of more shallow earthquakes were recorded as recently as April 2006. A significant 7.7-magnitude earthquake with

9506-459: Was placed under its jurisdiction. In 1875, Russia ceded the Kuril Islands to Japan in return for Russian sovereignty over Sakhalin island. The Russian population of Kamchatka stayed at around 2,500 until the turn of the century, while the native population increased to 5,000. During the 19th century, scientific exploration of the peninsula continued. Karl von Ditmar made an important journey to

9604-555: Was renamed in 2000 by the Alaska Legislature to honor then long-standing U.S. Senator Ted Stevens . Stevens survived a crash at the airport in 1978 that also killed his then-wife, Ann Stevens. In October 2018, Alaska Governor Bill Walker and Heilongjiang Province Governor Wang Wentao announced plans to connect Anchorage and Harbin Taiping International Airport with year-round, nonstop flights as early as

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