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67-409: Today, the institution offers 14 bachelor's and master's degree courses in the fields of geological resources and process engineering , mechanical engineering , materials sciences, electrical engineering and information technology as well as industrial engineering. During the 2017/2018 winter semester, there were roughly 2,500 students enrolled on courses at THGA, of which around 55% had registered for

134-476: A Voronoi diagram composed of polyhedra each with a unique grade. In mathematics, a Voronoi diagram is a partitioning of a plane into regions based on distance to points in a specific subset of the plane. That set of points (called seeds, sites, or generators) is specified beforehand, and for each seed there is a corresponding region consisting of all points closer to that seed than to any other. These regions are called Voronoi cells. The Voronoi diagram of

201-554: A Competence Empowerment Centre (CEC) was set up for the purpose of vocational training and integration. In 2017, people with a refugee background accounted for 5.2 per cent of THGA, making the institution unique within Germany. A further component of the “third mission” is the Dual Career Network Ruhr (DCN Ruhr), of which THGA is the founder member. This network helps partners of newly appointed academics to get their careers off

268-421: A codified reporting scheme makes it more difficult for fraud to occur and reassures investors that the projects have been assessed in a scientific and professional manner. However, even properly and professionally investigated mineral deposits are not necessarily economic, nor does the presence of a NI 43-101-, JORC- or SAMREC and SAMVAL-compliant CPR or QPR necessarily mean that it is a good investment. Similarly,

335-401: A community or surface owner is in need of flat or gently rolling terrain. Acceptable post-mining land uses include commercial, residential, recreational, agricultural or public facility improvements. In open cut mines rocky material is used for backfilling the excavation. A layer of soil that was stored in the premining is placed on top of the rocky material. On top of this layer is placed

402-628: A company. The majority of courses are also available on a part-time basis. Since 2018, it has also been possible to graduate from the master's programmes with the title “ European Engineer ” (Eur Ing). Faculty 1: Geo-Resources and Process Engineering Bachelor’s programmes Master’s programmes Faculty 2: Mechanical Engineering and Material Sciences Bachelor’s programmes Master’s programmes Faculty 3: Electrical Engineering, Information Technology and Industrial Engineering with Business Studies Bachelor’s programmes Master’s programmes The Research Institute of Post-Mining (FZN)

469-479: A dedicated database. Students can enrol on the world's only Geo-Engineering and Post-Mining master's programme, which offers a combination of natural sciences and technology. The programme's curriculum covers not only rock mechanics and economic geology, but hydrology, surveying and legal issues too. The Head of the Research Institute is Professor Christian Melchers (last updated: 2019). The Institute also has

536-570: A layer of topsoil . The final step is the restoration of vegetation and long-term development of plant succession . Reforestation is a dominant way of post mining sites restoration. In some situation even spontaneous ecosystem development may result in reasonable forest cover but in most cases specific restoration approaches are used. Within the past decade, a new approach to reforestation —the Forestry Reclamation Approach, or FRA—has been promoted by state mining agencies and

603-539: A level of confidence sufficient to allow the appropriate application of technical and economic parameters, to support mine planning and evaluation of the economic viability of the deposit. The estimate is based on detailed and reliable exploration and testing information gathered through appropriate techniques from locations such as outcrops, trenches, pits, workings and drill holes that are spaced closely enough for geological and grade continuity to be reasonably assumed. Measured Mineral Resource A measured mineral resource

670-563: A part-time degree. One of the main areas of focus of THGA is research into post-mining . The origins of the present-day university date back to 1816, when the Prussian mining authority set up the “Märkische Bergschule” (mining school) in Bochum with the aim of training foreman and other mining officials for their new roles in the up-and-coming mining industry in the Ruhr Valley region. In 1864,

737-680: A result of the coal crisis which took hold in 1958. Whereas the need for qualified miners fell, the demand for higher qualifications increased. Consequently, the mining school initially became the Ingenieurschule für Bergwesen (Engineering School for Mining) in 1963, followed by a conversion to the Fachhochschule Bergbau (University of Mining) in 1971. In 1995, the university was renamed the Technische Fachhochschule Georg Agricola . A new presidential constitution

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804-432: A set of points is dual to its Delaunay triangulation . Put simply, it's a diagram created by taking pairs of points that are close together and drawing a line that is equidistant between them and perpendicular to the line connecting them. That is, all points on the lines in the diagram are equidistant to the nearest two (or more) source points. Advantages Disadvantages The name " inverse distance weighting method "

871-549: A special study programme in 2016 for people from refugee backgrounds. (https://www.thga.de/die-th/zentrale-einrichtungen/international-office/fluechtlingsinitiative/) This programme combines language acquisition, specialist qualifications and integration. The programme is supported by the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) and the RAG-Stiftung and runs in close cooperation with regional job centres. In 2017,

938-537: A special professorship for “Geo-Monitoring in Mining and Post-Mining” endowed by the RAG-Stiftung . This post has been held by Professor Tobias Rudolph since May 2019. THGA is engaged in numerous collaborative projects with partners outside academia. It supports, for instance, initiatives to encourage young people to become the first members of their family to go to university. As part of its “third mission”, THGA launched

1005-412: A sustainable pit water concept. In this respect, the institute works closely with mining and old companies, as well as authorities, water boards and regional authorities, industrial firms and universities. It also runs its own knowledge management project, which is intended to make mining and post-mining know-how available in a database. Every two years the Research Institute of Post-Mining, together with

1072-481: A tax of $ 0.12 per ton for underground mined coal and $ 0.28 per ton for surfaced mined coal; the proceeds from this tax are put into the Abandoned Mine Reclamation Fund (created by SMCRA) to pay for the reclamation of abandoned mines. A percentage of the fund is distributed to states with approved reclamation programs for their projects, and the remaining monies are used by the federal government through

1139-528: A university of applied sciences. They work at both a programme-leading institution and an external company. In the Hidden Champions project, master craftspeople, technicians and similar specialists at SMEs are trained as skilled professionals and executives in part-time degree courses running alongside their day jobs. THGA is involved in Netzwerk UniverCity Bochum , which seeks to strengthen

1206-436: Is a method of interpolation for which the interpolated values are modeled by a Gaussian process governed by prior covariances , as opposed to a piecewise-polynomial spline chosen to optimize smoothness of the fitted values. Under suitable assumptions on the priors, Kriging gives the best linear unbiased prediction of the intermediate values. Interpolating methods based on other criteria such as smoothness need not yield

1273-612: Is led by a six-strong executive committee, which includes not only the President, Jürgen Kretschmann , but also a vice president responsible for the budget and administration and three vice presidents for each of the faculties. The Research Institute of Post-Mining is also represented by a vice president. THGA is split into three faculties, which currently offer eight bachelor's and six master's degree courses in total. Teaching and learning are designed to be of practical relevance, with some 80 per cent of dissertations exploring topics relevant to

1340-536: Is shown on the right. Once the block model has been developed and analyzed, it is used to determine the ore resources and reserves (with project economics considerations) of the mineralized orebody. Mineral resources and reserves can be further classified depending on their geological confidence. A mineral resource can be explained as a concentration or occurrence of diamonds, natural solid inorganic material, or natural solid fossilized organic material including base and precious metals, coal, and industrial minerals in or on

1407-667: Is that part of a Mineral Resource for which quantity, grade or quality, densities, shape, and physical characteristics are so well established that they can be estimated with confidence sufficient to allow the appropriate application of technical and economic parameters, to support production planning and evaluation of the economic viability of the deposit. The estimate is based on detailed and reliable exploration, sampling and testing information gathered through appropriate techniques from locations such as outcrops, trenches, pits, workings and drill holes that are spaced closely enough to confirm both geological and grade continuity. A Mineral Reserve

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1474-460: Is the economically mineable part of a Measured Mineral Resource demonstrated by at least a Preliminary Feasibility Study. This Study must include adequate information on mining, processing, metallurgical, economic, and other relevant factors that demonstrate, at the time of reporting, that economic extraction is justified. When the Bre-X Minerals ltd. scandal was revealed in the spring of 1997, it

1541-433: Is the economically mineable part of a Measured or Indicated Mineral Resource demonstrated by at least a Preliminary Feasibility Study. This Study must include adequate information on mining, processing, metallurgical, economic and other relevant factors that demonstrate, at the time of reporting, that economic extraction can be justified. A Mineral Reserve includes diluting materials and allowances for losses that may occur when

1608-425: Is the limit of mine remediation. As part of the life cycle of a surface coal mine , completed mine areas must undergo rehabilitation. When mining ends, operators must restore the land to its approximate original contour (AOC) or leave the land graded and suitable for a “higher and better” post-mining land use (PMLU) that has been approved as part of the original mining permit application. Exceptions are provided when

1675-446: Is used to determine and define the ore tonnage and grade of a geological deposit, from the developed block model . There are different estimation methods used for different scenarios dependent upon the ore boundaries, geological deposit geometry, grade variability and the amount of time and money available. A typical resource estimation involves the construction of a geological and resource model with data from various sources. Depending on

1742-687: The Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement (OSMRE) as an appropriate and desirable method for reclaiming coal-mined land to support forested land uses under SMCRA. This approach was developed through and is supported by research conducted through the Powell River Project, a cooperative research and education program focused on topics relevant to coal mining and reclamation in Appalachia . The FRA establishes guidelines for achieving successful reforestation on mined lands, and can be summarized in

1809-512: The Witwatersrand reef complex in South Africa . Krige sought to estimate the most likely distribution of gold based on samples from a few boreholes. The English verb is to krige and the most common noun is Kriging ; both are often pronounced with a hard "g" , following the pronunciation of the name "Krige". Advantages Disadvantages The block model is created using geostatistics and

1876-406: The environmental effects of mining . Many abandoned mine sites have no reclamation works undertaken. The majority of mines throughout history have no stringent regulations applied. As a practice, mine reclamation began at the start of the 20th century. Returning the landscape to its original state is not possible in all cases. In most cases the physical and chemical stabilization of mine waste

1943-526: The species of wildlife needed to complete the biosystem. In particular soil development and soil biota play a substantial role in post mining development. Although soil restoration in post mining land brings many challenges, it also bring opportunities. For example it is noteworthy that the rate of soil carbon storage on post mining soil can be very high and may exceed the rate of carbon storage one may gain, e.g., by reforestation of arable land. Alternatively, an integrated approach can be taken that uses

2010-517: The Earth's crust in such form and quantity and of such a grade or quality that it has reasonable prospects for economic extraction. The location, quantity, grade, geological characteristics and continuity of a mineral resource are known, estimated or interpreted from specific geological evidence and knowledge. Inferred Mineral Resource An inferred mineral resource is that part of a Mineral Resource for which quantity and grade or quality can be estimated on

2077-585: The OSMRE to reclaim abandoned mines in states without active programs. As of December 15, 2011, OSMRE has provided more than $ 7.2 billion to reclaim more than 295,000 acres of hazardous high-priority abandoned mine sites and for other purposes of abandoned mine lands have been reclaimed through the OSMRE fund since 1977. In view of the end of coal mining in Germany in 2018, the Research Institute of Post-Mining (FZN)

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2144-500: The Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement (OSMRE) performing an oversight role. Under SMCRA, prior to receiving a mining permit, operators must present a detailed and comprehensive plan for reclaiming the land after mining has been completed. The reclamation plan must include, among other criteria, the pre-mining condition and use of the land to be mined; the proposed use of the land after reclamation; an estimated time table for

2211-472: The RAG-Stiftung, the Research Institute of Post-Mining was set up and new degree courses introduced. To mark the 200th anniversary in April 2016, the institution was once again renamed Technische Hochschule Georg Agricola . Since 1 January 1990, the university's governing body has been DMT-Gesellschaft für Lehre und Bildung mbh (DMT-LB), which also maintains the adjacent German Mining Museum in conjunction with

2278-447: The WBK research facilities. Alongside the training of foreman, the mining school took on other duties such as preparing mine drawings and undertaking academic surveys, resulting in the opening of Deutsches Bergbau-Museum Bochum ( German Mining Museum , Bochum) in 1930 on the basis of scientific and technical collections from the college. Following World War II , the college's profile changed as

2345-465: The affinity of the local population with the city's scientific institutions. The network comprises the nine universities in the city of Bochum, the academic support body (AKAFÖ), the Chamber of Industry and Commerce for the central Ruhr Valley (IHK Mittleres Ruhrgebiet), Deutsches Bergbau-Museum Bochum (German Mining Museum) and Bochum Marketing GmbH. Geological resource Mineral resource estimation

2412-543: The areas of the Ruhr , the Saar as well as in Ibbenbüren , where mining, geology, geotechnical engineering, hydrogeology, electrical and information technology experts as well as mining surveyors work together across the different disciplines. The Research Institute of Post-Mining develops monitoring processes both at the pithead and below ground and prepares the scientific principles for

2479-506: The basis of geological evidence and limited sampling and reasonably assumed, but not verified, geological and grade continuity. The estimate is based on limited information and sampling gathered through appropriate techniques from locations such as outcrops, trenches, pits, workings and drill holes. Indicated Mineral Resource An indicated mineral resource is that part of a Mineral Resource for which quantity, grade or quality, densities, shape and physical characteristics, can be estimated with

2546-406: The bond must equal the amount of the proposed reclamation plan. The bond is not released to the operator until after the state or federal regulatory office has concluded that the reclamation is successful, which could be over 10 years after the reclamation process has been completed. Funding for the reclamation of abandoned mines is accomplished through a coal production tax. Mine operators must pay

2613-406: The city of Bochum. DMT-LB emerged in 1990 as one of two subsidiaries of the association Deutsche Montan Technologie für Rohstoff, Energie und Umwelt e. V. (DMT e. V.), which, in turn, arose from the merger of Westfälische Berggewerkschaftskasse with a series of similar organisations, the aim being to consolidate the educational and research activities of the entire German coal mining industry. THGA

2680-410: The development of cutting-edge systems to monitor the consequences of mining using special deep-water probes and remote sensing data. The interdisciplinary team comprises experts from the fields of mining, geology, geotechnology, hydrogeology, electrical engineering/information technology and mine surveying. It is intended to make the combined knowledge from the areas of mining and post-mining available in

2747-478: The entire world's gold reserves at that time. However, it was a massive fraud and there was no gold. The core samples had been faked by salting them with outside gold. An independent lab later claimed that the faking had been poorly done, including the use of shavings from gold jewelry. In 1997, Bre-X collapsed and its shares became worthless in one of the biggest stock scandals in Canadian history." The promulgation of

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2814-439: The estimation depending on the desired degree of precision, quality and quantity of data and of their nature. The nearest neighbor method assigns grade values to blocks from the nearest sample point to the block. Closest sample gets a weight of one; all others get a weight of zero. In two dimensions, this method generates a Voronoi diagram composed of polygons each with a unique grade; in three dimensions this method generates

2881-546: The following five steps: When the top successional species for the local environment is not forest due to local microclimate conditions, reclamation may be better accomplished by establishing rangeland instead. Holistic management has been championed by Dan Dagget and others for mine reclamation in these types of situations. When the best available material is not topsoil, topsoil can be made on site by using early successional species of native hardy perennial grasses and other plants, combined with livestock substituting for

2948-402: The geological data gathered through drilling of the prospective ore zone. The block model is essentially a set of specifically sized "blocks" in the shape of the mineralized orebody. Although the blocks all have the same size, the characteristics of each block differ. The grade, density, rock type and confidence are all unique to each block within the entire block model. An example of a block model

3015-729: The gold samples were found to be a fraud. Plainly put, the purpose of the National Instrument 43-101 is to ensure that misleading, erroneous or fraudulent information relating to mineral properties is not published and promoted to investors on the stock exchanges overseen by the Canadian Securities Authority. The NI 43–101 was created after the Bre-X scandal to protect investors from unsubstantiated mineral project disclosures. "The gold reserves at ( Bre-X 's) Busang were alleged to be 200 million ounces (6,200 t), or up to 8% of

3082-515: The ground in the region. The DCN is coordinated by the Mercator Research Center Ruhr (MERCUR). Since 2017, THGA has been involved in the “Karrierewege FH-Professur” (“Career paths for professorships at universities of applied sciences”) throughout the region. Over a three-year grant period, participants are given the opportunity to combine real-world professional experience outside academia with teaching and research experience within

3149-503: The holistic approach to accomplish the first three steps of the forestry reclamation approach. Once those first three steps are accomplished and well-established, the livestock grazing can be reduced or eliminated to allow medium and higher successional species to take root and continue the forestry approach. Prior to 1977, there were no federal laws regulating the surface mining aspect of the coal mining industry. Although many states with mining activity had passed laws to regulate operations,

3216-400: The laws varied from state to state and enforcement was inconsistent. Even as states began to enact more stringent regulatory legislation after World War II, they often lacked the funding to administer and enforce the legislation. Guidelines for post-mining reclamation were generally less stringent than they are today. For example, Colorado began a voluntary reclamation program in 1965, in which

3283-506: The material is mined. Probable Mineral Reserve A probable mineral reserve is the economically mineable part of an Indicated and, in some circumstances, a Measured Mineral Resource demonstrated by at least a Preliminary Feasibility Study. This Study must include adequate information on mining, processing, metallurgical, economic, and other relevant factors that demonstrate, at the time of reporting, that economic extraction can be justified. Proven Mineral Reserve A proven mineral reserve

3350-466: The mine operators were expected to act on their own to restore mined lands. The Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 (SMCRA) is the primary federal law that regulates the environmental effects of coal mining in the United States. It established permitting guidelines for existing and future coal mines as well as a trust fund to finance the reclamation of abandoned mines . SMCRA balances

3417-550: The most likely intermediate values. The method is widely used in the domain of spatial analysis and computer experiments . The technique is also known as Wiener–Kolmogorov prediction, after Norbert Wiener and Andrey Kolmogorov . The theoretical basis for the method was developed by the French mathematician Georges Matheron based on the Master's thesis of Danie G. Krige , the pioneering plotter of distance-weighted average gold grades at

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3484-639: The national jurisdiction the company is filed with. In Canada, the National Instrument 43-101 report details requirements of reporting mineralized findings. In Australia, the Joint Ore Reserves Committee Code ( JORC Code ), and South Africa mandates the South African Code for the Reporting of Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves ( SAMREC ). All 3 codes are similar but not identical on requirements, definitions, and terminology. Regardless of

3551-461: The nature of the information and whether the data is hard copy or computerized, the principal steps of computer resource estimation are: An orebody model serves as the geological basis of all resource estimation, an orebody modeling project starts with a critical review of existing drill hole and surface or underground sample data as well as maps and plans with current geological interpretation. Drill hole and/or sample databases are set up to suit all

3618-497: The need to protect the environment from the effects of surface coal mining with the Nation's need for coal as an essential energy source. It ensures that coal mining operations are conducted in an environmentally responsible manner and that the land is adequately reclaimed during and following the mining process. Most coal-mining states now have the primary responsibility to regulate surface coal mining on lands within their jurisdiction, with

3685-411: The newly founded Westphalian Mining Trade Fund , Westfälische Berggewerkschaftskasse (WBK), became the responsible body for the school. Under the leadership of Hugo Schultz, the Bochum mining school experienced a dramatic upsurge from 1868 onwards: the number of students doubled to more than 100 by the end of the century, such that new school premises were opened in 1899, which included the laboratories of

3752-465: The point of interest get a higher weighting than samples farther away. Samples closer to the point of estimation are more likely to be similar in grade. Such inverse distance techniques introduce issues such as sample search and declustering decisions, and cater for the estimation of blocks of a defined size, in addition to point estimates. Advantages Disadvantages In statistics , originally in geostatistics , Kriging or Gaussian process regression

3819-465: The process of mine reclamation occurs once mining is complete, the planning of mine reclamation activities may occur prior to a mine being permitted or started. Mine reclamation creates useful landscapes that meet a variety of goals, ranging from the restoration of productive ecosystems to the creation of industrial and municipal resources. In the United States, mine reclamation is a regular part of modern mining practices. Modern mine reclamation reduces

3886-561: The publication of a complex technical report with all the inherent jargon , technical wording and abstract geological, metallurgical and economic information may not actually significantly advantage an investor who is not able to fully nor properly understand the content or importance of this information. In this way the NI 43–101 may not serve the interests of those it is designed to protect— the retail investors who may easily misinterpret such information. Two main regulatory documents exist depending on

3953-435: The quantitative and qualitative information necessary to build a resource model. The creation of a geological model may include the following steps: Once the geological modeling is completed, the geological envelopes are divided into block models. Subsequently, the estimation of these blocks is done from "composites" that are point measures of the grade of ore in the rock. Several different mathematical methods can be used to do

4020-406: The reclamation; and the steps that will be taken to comply with the relevant air and water quality laws. In addition to providing the reclamation plan, operators must also post a performance bond to ensure that monies will be available to complete the reclamation if the operator goes out of business prior to finishing the reclamation or is otherwise unable to complete the reclamation. The amount of

4087-598: The technicalities of each document, all exist to: The establishment and subsequent revisions of the NI 43 101 document by the Ontario Securities Commission provides a framework to adhere to when writing the report. By establishing these standards, investors are able to have a more reliable and honest review of potential mineralized zones. Post-mining Mine reclamation is the process of modifying land that has been mined to restore it to an ecologically functional or economically usable state. Although

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4154-406: Was motivated by the weighted average applied, since it resorts to the inverse of the distance to each known point ("amount of proximity") when assigning weights. The simplest weighting function in common usage is based upon the inverse of the distance of the sample from the point to be estimated, usually raised to the second power, although higher or lower powers may be useful. Samples closer to

4221-584: Was one of the largest core salting scams in history and galvanised the development of the NI 43–101 reporting standards. While not the first (Tapin Copper salted samples in the 1970s), it is one of the most popular and the catalyst for reporting reform. Bre-X was a group of companies in Canada . A major part of the group, Bre-X Minerals Ltd. based in Calgary , was involved in a major gold mining scandal when it reported it

4288-508: Was passed in 2006 and, one year later, all Diplom courses were converted into the bachelor's / master's system in accordance with the Bologna Process . Plans devised by the then regional parliament of the State of North Rhine-Westphalia to merge the university with the state-run FH Bochum (Bochum University of Applied Sciences) were scrapped after student protests in 2012. With the support of

4355-568: Was set up at the Technische Hochschule Georg Agricola (THGA) in Bochum in 2015. It is the very first institute of its kind in the world, which takes a holistic view of the consequences of mining, and pools the know-how required, in order to shape the post-mining period from a technical, economic and environmental perspective. Here, the focus is placed on the scientific accompaniment of the so-called eternity tasks of coal-mining in

4422-447: Was set up in 2015 with financial assistance from RAG-Stiftung and state/EU grants. As the only research institute of its kind anywhere in the world, it carries out research into the so-called perpetual obligations associated with coal mining (pit water management, the renovation of disused collieries), the conversion of former mining sites for commercial/recreational use and the development potential of former mining areas. This also includes

4489-776: Was sitting on an enormous gold deposit at Busang , Indonesia (in Borneo ). Bre-X bought the Busang site in March 1993 and in October 1995 announced significant amounts of gold had been discovered, sending its stock price soaring. Originally a penny stock , its stock price reached a peak at CAD $ 286.50 (split adjusted) in May 1996 on the Toronto Stock Exchange (TSE), with a total capitalization of over CAD $ 6 billion. Bre-X Minerals collapsed in 1997 after

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