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60-782: Teatralna (Ukrainian: Театральна ) may stand for: Teatralna (Kyiv Metro) , a station of the Kyiv Metro system in Kyiv, Ukraine Teatralna (Dnipro Metro) , a station of the Dnipro Metro system in Dnipro, Ukraine Teatralna Metro Station (Sofia Metro) , a station of the Sofia Metro in Sofia, Bulgaria See also [ edit ] Teatralnaya metro station (disambiguation) [REDACTED] Topics referred to by

120-628: A National Prize in architecture was introduced and it was won by a team of architects representing architectural schools of Moscow and Minsk, (M.Parusnikov, G.Badanov, I.Barsch, S.Botkovsky, A.Voinov, V.Korol, S.Musinsky, G.Sisoev, N.Trachtenberg, and N.Shpigelman) for the design and construction of the Nezaleznosci Avenue ensemble. The most famous Stalinist architectural ensembles in Minsk are also on Lenina Street, Kamsamolskaya Street, Kamunistychnaya Street, Pryvakzalnaya Square and others. Central Kiev

180-660: A city's architectural image. The interaction of the state with the architects would prove to be one of the features of this time. The same building could be declared a formalist blasphemy and then receive the greatest praise the next year, as happened to Ivan Zholtovsky and his Bolshaya Kaluzhskaya in 1949–50. Authentic styles like Zholtovsky's Renaissance Revival , Ivan Fomin 's St. Petersburg Neoclassical architecture and Art Deco adaptation by Alexey Dushkin and Vladimir Shchuko coexisted with imitations and eclecticism that became characteristic of that era. The Vysotki or Stalinskie Vysotki ( Сталинские высотки ) are

240-432: A complete departure from prewar atheism. To see this altar, a rider had to pass a long row of plaster banners, bronze candlesticks and assorted military imagery. Park Kultury featured true Gothic chandeliers, another departure. Metrostroy operated its own marble and carpentry factories, producing 150 solid, whole block marble columns for this short section. The second section of Ring line was a tribute to "Heroic Labor" (with

300-561: A group of skyscrapers in Moscow designed in the Stalinist style. Their English-language nickname is the " Seven Sisters " . They were built officially from 1947 to 1953 (some work extended years past official completion dates) in an elaborate combination of Russian Baroque and Gothic styles and the technology used in building American skyscrapers. The seven skyscrapers are the Hotel Ukraina ,

360-541: A new section had to be bored to create a straight section for the new station. Construction began simultaneously when the work commenced on the Syretsko-Pecherska Line in the early 1980s. During the last six months of construction, the service on the line was disrupted, and the Sviatoshynsko-Brovarska Line was effectively split in two, with a replacement bus service operating free of charge between

420-495: A sign of priority. It also demonstrates class stratification of eligible tenants of this time. Three Moscow buildings received awards: A change from Stalinist architecture to standard prefabricated concrete is usually associated with Khrushchev's reign and particularly the November 1955 decree On liquidation of excesses... (November 1955). Indeed, Khrushchev was involved in a cost-reduction campaign, but it began in 1948, while Stalin

480-508: A time when the country was in ruins. The toll of this project on real urban needs can be judged from these numbers: Similar skyscrapers were built in Warsaw , Bucharest , and Riga ; the tower in Kiev was completed without crown and steeple. The upward surge of the high-rises, publicised since 1947, was recreated by numerous smaller buildings across the country. Eight to twelve-story high towers marked

540-1279: A variety of strategies that created politicized discussions without much practical result; State intervention was imminent. Stalin's personal architectural preferences and the extent of his own influence remains, for the most part, a matter of deduction, conjecture and anecdotal evidence. The facts, or their representation in public Soviet documents, largely concerns the Palace of Soviets contest of 1931–33: The architects invited to direct these workshops included traditionalists Ivan Zholtovsky, Alexey Shchusev, Ivan Fomin, Boris Iofan, Vladimir Schuko as well as practising constructivists: Ilya Golosov , Panteleimon Golosov , Nikolai Kolli , Konstantin Melnikov , Victor Vesnin , Moisei Ginzburg and Nikolai Ladovsky . This began an important trend that lasted until 1955. Stalin chose Iofan for one project, but retained all competing architects in his employ. The first years of Stalinist architecture are characterized by individual buildings, or, at most, single-block development projects. Rebuilding vast spaces of Moscow proved much more difficult than razing historical districts. The three most important Moscow buildings of this time are on

600-612: A walk through the exhibition recreated a tour of the huge country. The central pavilion by Vladimir Schuko was based slightly on the abortive 1932 Palace of Soviets draft by Zholtovsky. Unlike the "national" buildings, it hasn't survived (central gates and major pavilions were rebuilt during the early 1950s). The surviving 1939 pavilions are the last and only example of Stalin's monumental propaganda in their original setting. Such propaganda pieces were not built to last (like Shchusev's War Trophy Hangar in Gorky Park); some were demolished during

660-616: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Teatralna (Kyiv Metro) The station owes its name to the Kyiv Opera Theatre located a few blocks away, and Lesya Ukrainka National Academic Theater , next to the metro entrance. Prior to 1992, the station was known as Leninska ( Ukrainian : Ленiнська , Russian : Ленинская , romanized :  Leninskaya ) from its location on Leninska Street (renamed to Khmelnytska Street), in reference to Soviet leader Vladimir Lenin . In

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720-530: The Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945, which would interrupt the process. During 1948–1952 construction was completed. Navigation was begun June 1, 1952. The canal and its facilities were predominantly built by prisoners, who were detained in several specially organized corrective labor camps . During 1952 the number of convicts employed by construction exceeded 100,000. The first stage of Moscow Metro (1931–1935) began as an ordinary city utility. There

780-766: The Kotelnicheskaya Embankment Building , the Kudrinskaya Square Building , the Leningradskaya Hotel , the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia main building , the main building of Moscow State University , and the Red Gate Building . In terms of construction methods, most of the structures, underneath the wet stucco walls, are simple brick masonry . Exceptions were Andrei Burov's medium-sized concrete block panel houses (such as

840-568: The New Economic Policy began, their publicity resulted in architectural commissions. Experience was not gained quickly, and many Constructivist buildings were justly criticized for irrational floor plans , cost overruns and low quality. For a brief time in the mid-1920s, the architectural profession operated in the old-fashioned manner, with private companies, international contests, competitive bidding and disputes in professional magazines. Foreign architects were welcomed, especially towards

900-499: The de-Stalinization of 1956. Post-war architecture, sometimes perceived as a uniform style, was fragmented into at least four vectors of development: Residential construction in post-war cities was segregated according to the ranks of tenants. No effort was made to conceal luxuries; sometimes they were evident, sometimes deliberately exaggerated (in contrast with Iofan's plain House on Embankment ). Country residencies of Stalin's officials

960-579: The 4–5 story high ensembles of post-war regional centers. The Central Pavilion of the All-Russia Exhibition Centre , reopened in 1954, is 90 meters high, has a cathedral -like main hall, 35 meters high, 25 meters wide with Stalinist sculpture and murals. The urban architectural ensemble of Nezalezhnastci Avenue in Minsk is an example of the integrated approach in organizing a city's environment by harmoniously combining its architectural monuments,

1020-752: The Lace building, 1939–41) and large buildings like the Seven Sisters , which necessitated the use of concrete. The masonry naturally dictated narrow windows, thus leaving a large wall area to be decorated. Fireproof terracotta finishes were introduced during the early 1950s, although this was rarely used outside of Moscow. Most of the roofing was traditional wooden trusses covered with metallic sheets. About 1948, construction technology improved – at least in Moscow – as faster and cheaper processes became available. Houses also became safer by eliminating wooden ceilings and partitions. The standardized buildings of 1948–1955 had

1080-769: The Moscow Canal, the Volga–Don Canal , and the latter stages of the Moscow Metro. Before 1917, the Russian architectural scene was divided between Russky Modern (a local interpretation of Art Nouveau , stronger in Moscow), and Neoclassical Revival (stronger in Saint Petersburg ). The Neoclassical school produced mature architects like Alexey Shchusev , Ivan Zholtovsky , Ivan Fomin , Vladimir Shchuko and Alexander Tamanian ; by

1140-484: The Nezalezhnastci Avenue ensemble is a good example. The layout provided for the main features of the town-planning ensemble – the length of the buildings facades, their silhouettes, the main divisions, and the general architectural pattern. The integrated building plan was based on the accommodation of innovative ideas with classical architecture. The survived pre-war buildings and park zones were incorporated into

1200-555: The Peschanaya Square development (a territory north from the 1948 Posokhin-Lagutenko block). Using the 'flow methode' of moving crews through a sequence of buildings in different completion stages and a moderate application of prefabricated concrete on otherwise traditional masonry, builders managed to complete typical 7-storey buildings in five to six months. Instead of wet stucco (which caused at least two months of delay), these buildings are finished with open brickwork outside and

1260-552: The Republic and the union to develop a new project for a complete reconstruction of the central city. Stalin Prize for the year 1949, announced in March 1950, showed a clear and present division of Stalinist architecture – extravagant, expensive buildings are still praised, but so are attempts to make Stalinist style affordable. The 1949 prize was given exclusively for completed apartment buildings,

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1320-472: The Teatralna station and those that were already existing. Rich red marble adorns thick pylons which separate the platforms from the central hall. They held (until 2014) niches decorated with bronze sculptures showing the name and life years of Vladimir Lenin, leading up to a large bronze bas-relief at the end of the central hall. The walls are revetted with white marble and the floor is laid with grey granite. In

1380-549: The architectural ensemble. At present buildings which form the Nezalezhnastci Avenue ensemble are inscribed on the State List of Historical and Cultural Values of the Republic of Belarus . The architectural ensemble itself, with its buildings and structures, the layout and the landscape is protected by the state and inscribed on the List as a complex of historical and cultural values. In 1968

1440-400: The canal is 128 km. It was constructed from the year 1932 to the year 1937 by gulag prisoners during the early-to-mid Stalin era. During the late 1930s, the construction industry was experienced enough to build large, multi-block urban redevelopments – although all of these were in Moscow. The three most important Moscow projects were: In 1936, the annual Agricultural Exhibition

1500-419: The country. This was still an experiment, not backed by industrial capacity or fast-track project schedules. Posokhin also devised various pseudo-Stalinist configurations of the same building blocks, with decorative excesses ; these were not implemented. Concrete frames became common for industrial construction, but too expensive for mass housing. It is not known for sure which Party leader personally initiated

1560-700: The drive to reduce costs. The need was imminent. What is known is that in January 1951, Khrushchev – then City of Moscow party boss – hosted a professional conference on construction problems. The conference decreed a transition to plant-made, large-sized concrete parts, building new plants for prefabricated concrete and other materials, and replacement of wet masonry technology with fast assembly of prefabricated elements. The industry still had to decide – should they use big, story-high panels, or smaller ones, or maybe two-story panels, as Lagutenko tried in Kuzminki ? Basic technology

1620-456: The early 1990s, almost all of the Lenin plaques, statues and individual sculptures were removed from around Kyiv, including from other Metro stations. Leninska station was renamed to Teatralna in 1992. However, the statue on the street and bas-relief in the station were retained, among just a handful of surviving Lenin monuments in Kyiv. Keeping the Lenin monuments on the station cost the director of

1680-497: The end of this period, when the Great Depression reduced their jobs at home. Among these were Ernst May , Albert Kahn , Le Corbusier , Bruno Taut and Mart Stam . The difference between traditionalists and constructivists was not well defined. Zholtovsky and Shchusev hired modernists as junior partners for their projects, and at the same time incorporated constructivist novelties in their own designs. In 1930 Gosproektstroi

1740-412: The exception of Shchusev's Komsomolskaya , set up as a retelling of Stalin's speech of November 7, 1941). On April 4, 1953, the public learn that a 1935 stretch from Alexandrovsky Sad , then Kalininskaya , to Kievskaya is closed for good and replaced with a brand-new, deep-alignment line. No official explanation of this expensive change exists; all speculations concern a bomb shelter function. One of

1800-486: The experimental Industrial Construction Bureau, with an objective to study and design the low-cost technology suitable for fast mass construction. Lagutenko emphasized large prefabricated concrete panes. He joined architects Mikhail Posokhin and Ashot Mndoyants, and in 1948 this team built their first concrete frame-and-panel building near present-day Polezhaevskaya metro station. Four identical buildings followed nearby; similar buildings were built during 1949–1952 across

1860-574: The first post-war metro line (a 6.4 km section of the Ring Line ). These stations were dedicated to "Victory". No more Comintern (the Comintern metro station was renamed Kalininskaya in December 1946), no more World revolution , but a statement of victorious, nationalist Stalinism. Oktyabrskaya station by Leonid Polyakov was built like a Classicist temple, with a shiny white-blue altar behind iron gates –

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1920-452: The general layout of the former Sovietskaya Street began in 1944, soon after the liberation of Minsk from the Nazi troops. The main architects from Moscow and Minsk were involved with the project. In 1947, as a result of the competition, the project which had been developed with the supervision of the academician of architecture M. Parusnikov, was selected for the implementation. The project plan of

1980-522: The last of these stations opened, marks the end of all late Stalinist construction. Stalin's 1946 idea of building many skyscrapers in Moscow resulted in a decree of January 1947 that started a six-year-long publicity campaign. By the time of official groundbreaking, September 1947, eight construction sites were identified (the Eighth Sister , in Zaryadye , would be cancelled). Eight design teams, directed by

2040-442: The metro company, Mykola Shavlovsky, his position. Kyiv Mayor Leonid Chernovetsky criticized Shavlovsky for lack of order in the metro. "Everything is left as it was in the 1970s. Socialism is still left in the metro-just take a ride-the citations of Vladimir Lenin are all around [on Teatralna station]. But even Lenin did not want such a metro as it is these days." On 25 February 2014, the Lenin bas-relief and quotes hanging up in

2100-416: The needs of mass construction. This inefficiency largely ended Stalinist architecture and resulted in mass construction methods which began while Stalin was still alive. Although Stalin rejected Constructivism , completion of constructivist buildings extended through the 1930s. Industrial construction, endorsed by Albert Kahn and later supervised by Viktor Vesnin , was influenced by modernist ideas. It

2160-832: The new generation of main architects (37 to 62 years old), produced numerous drafts; there was not any open contest or evaluation commission, which is an indicator of Stalin's personal management. All major architects were awarded Stalin prizes in April 1949 for preliminary drafts; corrections and amendments followed until very late completion stages. All the buildings had overengineered steel frames with concrete ceilings and masonry infill, based on concrete slab foundations (which sometimes required ingenious water retention technology). Skyscraper projects required new materials (especially ceramics) and technologies; solving these problems contributed to later housing and infrastructure development. However, it came at cost of slowing down regular construction, at

2220-445: The old city and "first-rate" streets, as well as single-family homebuilding. Low-cost development proceeded in remote areas, but most funds were diverted to new, expensive "ensemble" projects which valued façades and grandeur more than the needs of overcrowded cities. The Moscow Master Plan also included maintaining old city cores as administrative areas while building industry on city peripheries with green space and residences between

2280-482: The original 1950s Kyiv Metro development plans, the northwest-southeast Syretsko-Pecherska Line was not foreseen. Therefore, no space was left for a transfer station on the Sviatoshynsko-Brovarska line. When the former line was being planned during the 1970s, it was decided that a new station was to be built onto the existing track . The original curved tunnels lacked any provision for a future platform and

2340-592: The past decades and disbanded the Soviet Academy of Architecture). Stalinist architecture is associated with the Socialist realism school of art and architecture. As part of the Soviet policy of rationalization of the country, all cities were built to a general development plan . Each was divided into districts, with allotments based on the city's geography. Projects would be designed for whole districts, visibly transforming

2400-453: The planning structure, the landscape and the natural or man-made places of vegetation. The Ensemble was constructed during the fifteen years after World War II. Its length was 2900 metres, although now it stretches to the outskirts of the city totaling nearly 16 km (which makes it one of the longest in Europe). The width of the road including side-walks varies from 42 to 48 metres. The work on

2460-413: The relative rank and occupation of tenants is represented by ornaments, sometimes by memorial plaques. Note that these are all Moscow features. In smaller cities, the social elite usually comprised just one or two classes; St. Petersburg always had a supply of pre-revolutionary luxury space. The construction of the present Volga–Don Canal , designed by Sergey Zhuk's Hydroproject Institute, began prior to

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2520-470: The same housing quality as the Stalinist classics and are classified as such by real estate agents, but are excluded from the scope of Stalinist architecture. Ideologically they belong to mass housing, an intermediate phase before Nikita Khrushchev 's standardized buildings known as Khrushchyovka . Stalinist architecture does not equate to everything built during Stalin's era. It relied on labor-intensive and time-consuming masonry, and could not be scaled to

2580-567: The same square, all built between 1931 and 1935, yet each draft evolved independently, with little thought given to overall ensemble (see prewar movie stills 1936 1938 1939 ). Each set its own vector of development for the next two decades. А separate type of development, known as "early Stalinism" or Postconstructivism , evolved from 1932 to 1938. It can be traced both to simplified Art Deco (through Schuko and Iofan), and to indigenous Constructivism, being converted slowly to Neoclassicism (Ilya Golosov, Vladimir Vladimirov). These buildings retain

2640-479: The same term This disambiguation page lists articles about railway and public transport stations with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teatralna&oldid=1252399423 " Category : Station disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Articles containing Ukrainian-language text Short description

2700-453: The side of Tetralna, allowing passengers to change lines without leaving the metro. The Teatralna station's decor, until 2014, strongly recalled its former name, that of commemorating Vladimir Lenin . As it was located between two earlier stations constructed in the Stalinist style , its architects T. Tselikovska, N. Aloshkin and A. Krushynsky took care not to create any sharp contrasts between

2760-546: The simple rectangular shapes and large glass surfaces of Constructivism, but with ornate balconies , porticos and columns (usually rectangular and very lightweight). By 1938, it became disused. In July 1935 the State evaluated the results and finally issued a decree on the Moscow Master Plan. The Plan, among other things, included Stalin's urban development ideas: These rules effectively banned low-cost mass construction in

2820-404: The station's hall were covered from the public view by an order of the metro's administration. This occurred not long after numerous Lenin monuments were dismantled throughout the country . On 7 November 2014, a plywood 3D image of an opera theatre was installed at the end of the station hall, covering up the still existent Lenin bas-relief. In 2007 there was a proposal for a second entrance to

2880-545: The station. Stalinist Architecture Stalinist architecture ( Russian : Сталинская архитектура ), mostly known in the former Eastern Bloc as Stalinist style or socialist classicism , is the architecture of the Soviet Union under the leadership of Joseph Stalin , between 1933 (when Boris Iofan 's draft for the Palace of the Soviets was officially approved) and 1955 (when Nikita Khrushchev condemned "excesses" of

2940-592: The stations, Arbatskaya (2) by Leonid Polyakov, became the longest station in the system, 250 meters instead of the standard 160, and probably the most extravagant. "To some extent, it is Moscow Petrine baroque, yet despite citations from historical legacy, this station is hyperbolic, ethereal and unreal". Stalinist canon was officially condemned when two more sections, to Luzhniki and VDNKh , were being built. These stations, completed in 1957 and 1958, were mostly stripped of excesses , but architecturally they still belong to Stalin's lineage. The date of May 1, 1958 when

3000-833: The time of the 1917 Revolution they were established professionals, with their own companies, schools and followers. These people would eventually become Stalinism's architectural elders and produce the best examples of the period. Another school that began after the Revolution is now known as Constructivism . Some of the Constructivists (like the Vesnin brothers ) were young professionals who had established themselves before 1917, while others had just completed their professional education (like Konstantin Melnikov ) or didn't have any. They associated themselves with groups of modern artists, compensating for lack of experience with public exposure. When

3060-485: The two stations on either end, Universytet from the west, and Khreshchatyk from the east, respectively. Finally, on 7 November 1987 (the 70th anniversary of the October Revolution ), the Teatralna station was opened to the public. The a portion of the old tunnel sections were then used to build the enlarged vault of Zoloti Vorota , which opened in 1989. An underground walkway connects the rear end of Zoloti Vorota to

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3120-812: The two. The canal connects the Moskva River with the main transportation artery of European Russia , the Volga River . It is located in Moscow itself and in the Moscow Oblast . The canal connects to the Moskva River 191 kilometers from its estuary in Tushino (an area in the north-west of Moscow), and to the Volga River in the town of Dubna , just upstream of the dam of the Ivankovo Reservoir . Length of

3180-409: Was alive. A conversion to mass construction is evident in economy Stalinist buildings like Zholtovsky's Bolshaya Kaluzhskaya, 7. Based on masonry, they provided only a marginal gain; there had to be new technology. During 1948–1955, various architectural offices conducted an enormous feasibility study , devising and testing new technologies. In 1947, engineer Vitaly Lagutenko was appointed to direct

3240-641: Was destroyed during World War II when the Red Army abandoned the city and employed remote explosives to detonate bombs, and deny it to German forces. After Kiev's liberation, the streets and squares of the city were cleared of the ruins. Symbolically (as commemoration of Operation Barbarossa , the German invasion of the USSR) on 22 June 1944 the City Soviet organized a competition for architects from Kiev as well as other places from

3300-467: Was established as part of the Building Commission of Vesenkha with the help of Albert Kahn Inc. It employed 3,000 designers with a budget of 417 million  Rbls . Urban planning developed separately. Housing crises in big cities and the industrialization of remote areas required mass housing construction, development of new territories and reconstruction of old cities. Theorists devised

3360-532: Was much propaganda about building it, but the subway itself wasn't perceived as propaganda. "Unlike other projects, Moscow Metro was never named Stalin's metro ". Old architects avoided Metro commissions. Attitudes changed when the second stage work started in 1935. This time, the subway was a political statement and enjoyed much better funding. The second stage produced such different examples of Stalinist style as Mayakovskaya (1938), Elektrozavodskaya and Partizanskaya (1944). It required six years to complete

3420-629: Was not as important to Stalin's urban plans, so most industrial buildings (excluding megaprojects like the Moscow Canal ) are not part of the Stalinist category. Even the first stage of the Moscow Metro , completed during 1935, was not scrutinized by Stalin, and so included substantial constructivist influence. Thus, the scope of Stalinist architecture is generally limited to urban public and residential buildings of good and middle quality, excluding mass housing, and selected infrastructure projects like

3480-577: Was on the top level; so was the 1945 House of Lions by Ivan Zholtovsky (House of Lions was designed by Nikolai Gaigarov and M.M. Dzisko of Zholtovsky Workshop. Zholtovsky supervised and promoted the project), a luxurious downtown residence for Red Army Marshals . 1947 Marshals Apartments by Lev Rudnev , on the same block, has a less extravagant exterior package. There was a type of building for every rank of Stalin's hierarchy. High-class buildings can be identified easily by tell-tale details like spacing between windows, penthouses and bay windows . Sometimes,

3540-552: Was relocated to an empty field north of Moscow. By August 1, 1939, more than 250 pavilions were built on 136 hectares (340 acres). A 1937 statue by Vera Mukhina , Worker and Kolkhoz Woman , atop the USSR pavilion of the Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne (1937) (Paris Expo of 1937), was rebuilt at the entrance gates. Pavilions were created in the national styles of Soviet republics and regions;

3600-471: Was set, feasibility studies continued. A year later, this line of action – establishing prefabricated concrete plants – was made a law by the XIX Party Congress, Stalin attending. Major public buildings and elite housing were not affected yet. A different type of experiment concerned the improvement of project management, switching from a single-building to a multi-block project scale. This was tested in

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