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67-554: Situated in the north-western zone of the forest of the Congo Basin , the world's second-largest rain forest after the Amazon , the village of Tayap has suffered from deforestation in Cameroon caused by different factors like the increase in population growth, the development of logging , the collection of firewood and the practice of slash-and-burn . Since 2011, Tayap has been the site of

134-721: A D.E.A. in political science at the Instituts d'études politiques in the same city. He has held appointments at Columbia University in New York, Brookings Institution in Washington, D.C., University of Pennsylvania , University of California, Berkeley , Yale University , Duke University and Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa (CODESRIA) in Dakar , Senegal . Mbembe

201-530: A connection between the southern Atlantic Ocean and the Tethys Ocean . Many of the formations deposited by these freshwater and marine habitats are rich in pollen, invertebrate, and vertebrate (primarily fish) fossils . Kimberlite pipes that are thought to have formed during the Cretaceous, possibly due to a shock from a sudden decrease in the rate of seafloor spreading of the southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge , are

268-476: A declaration both rejecting the BDS movement and, at the same time, warning that, rather than reining in antisemitism, the resolution posed dangers to freedom of speech . In response, Monika Grütters , Germany's parliamentary state secretary for culture, stated that cultural institutions walk a tightrope between artistic freedoms and socially acceptable ideas, and that anti-Semitism was a redline issue. In 2018, Mbembe

335-678: A dramatic return to wetter conditions. The following sedimentary geological formations have been deposited in the basin: Congo is a traditional name for the equatorial Middle Africa that lies between the Gulf of Guinea and the African Great Lakes . The basin begins in the highlands of the East African Rift system with input from the Chambeshi , the Uele and Ubangi rivers in the upper reaches and

402-512: A humid climate of the equatorial type in four seasons: two dry seasons and two wet seasons . The main wet season takes place between August and October, and the minor wet season from March to May. The main dry season is from November to February and the minor dry season in June and July. The nearest meteorological station is at Eseka about 20 km to the South-West of Tayap. The mean annual temperature

469-578: A large, otherwise extremely ancient ( Archean -aged) piece of exposed continental crust. The deformation of the Craton began as early as the late Cambrian or early Ordovician and continued over the Paleozoic , but the deformation over this period led to rapid erosion of much of this Paleozoic rock, creating a large unconformity . Sediment started to rapidly accumulate in the basin from the Mesozoic ( Triassic ) up to

536-591: A pilot project of agroecology and ecotourism aiming to protect its biodiversity and lands and to develop activities which generate income for its residents. The village of Tayap is located at 3°49°2.067’’N and 10°54'5.106’’E. Tayap borders the villages of Omog and Mamb to the North, Mamb Kelle and Song Mpeck to the West, Lamal Pougue to the East and Nlep be and Ngong to the South. Tayap

603-643: A precise definition to the "conventional basin" of the Congo, which included the entire actual basin plus some other areas. The General Act bound its signatories to neutrality within the conventional basin, but this was not respected during the First World War . The World Resources Institute estimated that 80 million people live in and around the Congo Basin. The Congo Basin is a globally important climatic region with annual rainfall of between 1500 and 2000 mm. It

670-454: A series of displaced scales. One of the grottos contains nests of bald rockfowl , a bird threatened with extinction. One of the rocks, of triangular shape, forms a genuine shelter at a height of more than 100 meters and acted as a refuge for Cameroonian nationalists during the Cameroon's struggle for independence. Tayap is situated in the Northern zone of the forest of the Congo Basin. Vegetation

737-575: A total of 143,500 miles. A moratorium on logging in the Congo forest was agreed between the World Bank and the Democratic Republic of the Congo in May 2002. The World Bank agreed to provide $ 90 million of development aid to Democratic Republic of the Congo with the provision that the government did not issue any new concessions granting logging companies rights to exploit the forest. The deal also prohibited

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804-580: A world partnership for sustainable development created in 2002 by UNEP, the UNDP and the IUCN at the world summit on sustainable development in Johannesburg Between 2014 and 2015, the project allowed th restoration of 110 hectaresof forest, organized into 3 green classes to welcome children from the locality and create a few green jobs for young people. On the ground, two eco-houses allow tourists to be welcomed with

871-461: Is 25C. Rainfall varies between 1,500 and 2,500 mm a year. The village of Tayap is characterized by a mean altitude of about 350 meters and by hills with steep slopes. It demonstrates an undersoil rich in silicate rock ( quartzite ) and magnetic rocks like pyrites and micaschist . Tayap is rich in speleological sites. On its hill, which is more than 544 meters high, are to be found grottos or rocks which have been physically deformed to create

938-711: Is a research professor in history and politics at the Wits Institute for Social and Economy Research at the University of the Witwatersrand . He is well known for his writings on colonialism and its consequences and is a leading figure in new wave French critical theory. Mbembe was born near Otélé in Cameroon in 1957. He obtained his Ph.D. in history at the University of Sorbonne in Paris, France, in 1989. He subsequently obtained

1005-415: Is also carried out. Economic activity concentrates on agriculture with its cultures of investment ( cocoa and palm oil ), food-production (plantains, cassava , cocoyam, taro , peanuts, bananas) fruit ( bush pear , mango , lemon , orange, grapefruit, papaya, kola nuts ) and market gardening (pimento, vegetables). These products are traded at Boumnyebel and Yaounde. The population of Tayap also practices

1072-453: Is an important obstacle to the development of Tayap. The very light winds do not allow a wind-power solution. On the other hand, there is no river with hydroelectric potential close to the village (except at about 8k, accessible only by a bush path). In 2003, Tayap was equipped with a primary school constructed by the local population. The school welcomed 34 pupils from the age of six for its first year of operation, and 75 since 2010. The school

1139-431: Is at Boumnyebel, 12 km from Tayap. The nearest hospital is at Yaounde (86 km from Tayap). The village of Tayap is provided with drinking water by three pits or sink holes worked by a hand pump with a lever. The water is then taken in buckets or jerrycans to wherever it will be used. The village of Tayap is not electrified despite the presence of a high tension line at the village of Omog. The absence of electricity

1206-602: Is called a postcolonial theorist, namely due to the title of his first English book, he has thoroughly rejected this label more recently, because he sees his project as one of both acceptance and transcendence of difference, rather than of return to an original, marginal, non-metropolitan homeland. Mbembe's most important works are: Les jeunes et l'ordre politique en Afrique noire (1985); La naissance du maquis dans le Sud-Cameroun (1920–1960) ; Histoire des usages de la raison en colonie (1996); De la postcolonie. Essai sur l'imagination politique dans l'Afrique contemporaine ( On

1273-421: Is essentially woodland . Two types of forests coexist: the primary forest met at the peaks of the hills and the secondary forest which results from the destruction of primary forests for agriculture or forestry. The forest of the Congo Basin suffers damage from deforestation in very specific areas This deforestation is explained first of all by the important development of forestry, an economic alternative which

1340-643: Is located about an hour from Yaounde and two hours from Douala along the motorway which links them. The line of the Douala-Yaounde railwayline does not serve the village of Tayap. Congo Basin The Congo Basin ( French : Bassin du Congo ) is the sedimentary basin of the Congo River . The Congo Basin is located in Central Africa , in a region known as west equatorial Africa. The Congo Basin region

1407-416: Is mainly Catholic or Protestant Christian. Two places of worship exist in the village: a Cameroon Presbyterian church and a catholic church. The population of Tayap retains four elements of its culture: In 2013, the active population reached 179 persons. Most jobs in the village are based on agriculture. Agriculture is the main source of income for the village of Tayap. Trade in non-timber forest products

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1474-496: Is mid-way (about 1.5 km) between the hamlets of Libolo and Tayap. In April 2006, the Cameroon government provided two extra classrooms, taking the total number of public school classrooms in Tayap to four. Each class includes two levels, in order to offer all six levels of primary education. After primary school, pupils from the village continue their education in secondary schools (CES) at Lamal-Pougoue or Mamb. The population of Tayap

1541-482: Is more uncertainty over how average rainfall in the region will change, with the climate models used by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) disagreeing on core elements of the rainfall distribution in the region. While the average rainfall change is uncertain, it is likely that extreme rainfall events will become more extreme owing to the increases in water vapour in the atmosphere. Owing to

1608-409: Is no longer sufficient to explain these contemporary forms of subjugation. To the insights of Foucault regarding the notions of sovereign power and biopower, Mbembe adds the concept of necropolitics , which goes beyond merely "inscribing bodies within disciplinary apparatuses". Discussing the examples of Palestine, Africa, and Kosovo, Mbembe shows how the power of sovereignty now becomes enacted through

1675-515: Is not a reflection of an authentic Africa but an unconscious projection tied to guilt, disavowal, and the compulsion to repeat. Like James Ferguson , V.Y. Mudimbe , and others, Mbembe interprets Africa not as a defined, isolated place but as a fraught relationship between itself and the rest of the world which plays out simultaneously on political, psychic, semiotic, and sexual levels. Mbembe claims that Michel Foucault 's concept of biopower – as an assemblage of disciplinary power and biopolitics –

1742-515: Is one of three hotspots of deep convection ( thunderstorms ) in the tropics, the other two being over the Maritime continent and the Amazon . These three regions together drive the climate circulation of the tropics and beyond. The Congo Basin has the highest lightning strike frequency of anywhere on the planet. The high rainfall supports the second largest rainforest on Earth, which is a globally significant carbon sink and an important component of

1809-466: Is situated 86 km from Yaounde (12 km from Boumnyebel on motorway N3 Douala-Yaounde) and extends along a bush road a dozen kilometers long joining the main Douala-Yaounde road. Tayap is connected to the N3 Douala-Yaounde motorway by a path which is not regularly maintained, which makes travel difficult in the rainy season. The village of Tayap is situated 6 kilometers from Omog. Tayap enjoys

1876-475: Is sometimes known simply as the Congo . It contains some of the largest tropical rainforests in the world and is an important source of water used in agriculture and energy generation. The rainforest in the Congo Basin is the largest rainforest in Africa and second only to the Amazon rainforest in size, with 300 million hectares compared to the 800 million hectares in the Amazon. Because of its size and diversity

1943-563: Is the Leopard , which are larger than their savannah counterparts due to lack of competition from other large predators. The basin is home to the endangered western lowland gorilla . In 2010, the United Nations Environment Programme warned that gorillas could be extinct from the greater Congo Basin in a matter of 15 years. The Congo Basin is the largest forest in Africa. More than 10,000 plant species can be found in and around

2010-535: The Lualaba River draining wetlands in the middle reaches. Because of the young age and active uplift of the East African Rift at the headwaters , the river's yearly sediment load is very large, but the drainage basin occupies large areas of low relief throughout much of its area. It is delineated largely by swells including the Bie, Mayumbe, Adamlia, Nil-Congo , East African, and Zambian Swells. The basin ends where

2077-512: The African desert regions to the north ( The Sahara ) and to the south ( Kalahari ). The differences in temperature between the deserts and the Congo Basin is important for driving wind systems known as African easterly jets , which affect climate and weather in the Sahel and Southern Africa . Future climate projections indicate that the region will get hotter in response to global climate change. There

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2144-609: The Cameroon government in order to furnish the village with a democratically elected chief. The functioning, management and development of the village are currently led by the Association of inhabitants of the villages of Omog and Tayap (AROTAD). Two parties coexist in the village: the Union of the Peoples of Cameroon (UPC) and the Cameroon People's Democratic Movement (RDPC). At the time of

2211-519: The Cameroon has found to compensate for falling prices of cocoa and coffee, its main resources in 1990, but also by the practice of cultivation on burned ground which goes on in intertropical forest zones. The annual rate of deforestation in Cameroon varies between 0.5 and 1.2 per cent a year. In absolute terms, estimates of annual deforestation vary between 80,000 and 200,000 hectares The village of Tayap still has 1,400 hectares of forest up to 1,200 meters, or about 30% of its area. Essentially, it subsists on

2278-662: The Federal Commissioner for Jewish Life and the fight against antisemitism, Felix Klein, called for the cancellation of a keynote address by Mbembe scheduled to be delivered on 14 August that summer at the Ruhrtriennale . He claimed Mbembe had "relativised the Holocaust and denied Israel's right to exist". The invitation was withdrawn, and the festival itself was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic . The evidence for this charge

2345-732: The Postcolony was published in Paris in 2000 in French and the English translation was published by the University of California Press, Berkeley, in 2001. In 2015, Wits University Press published a new, African edition. He has an A1 rating from the National Research Foundation. On March 14, 2024, Achille Mbembe was awarded the 2024 Holberg Prize for arts and letters, humanities, law and theology. The handover ceremony takes place on June 6, 2024 at

2412-628: The Postcolony ) (2000); Sortir de la grande nuit: Essai sur l'Afrique décolonisée (2010); Critique de la raison nègre (2013). His central work On the Postcolony was translated into English and released by University of California Press in 2001. This influential work has also been republished in an African edition by Wits University Press and contains a new preface by Achille Mbembe. In this text, Mbembe argues that academic and popular discourse on Africa gets caught within various cliches tied to Western fantasies and fears. Following Frantz Fanon and Sigmund Freud , Mbembe holds that this depiction

2479-646: The University of Bergen, Norway. Mbembe is currently a member of the staff at the Wits Institute for Social and Economic Research (WISER) at the University of the Witwatersrand in Johannesburg , South Africa, and has an annual visiting appointment at the Franklin Humanities Institute at Duke University . He is a contributing editor to the scholarly journal Public Culture . Mbembe's main research topics are African history , postcolonial studies and politics and social science . Although he

2546-513: The aim of developing the eco-tourism offer as an alternative source of income for the locals. A renewable fund of 1,000,000 francs has likewise been put in place by the community with the support of the UNDP's GEF SPG in order to allocate microcredits to women, and also to finance entrepreneurial initiatives.17 A series of strip cartoons which present the adventure of Tayap development and the problems of African villages facing deforestation and cultivation on burned ground has likewise been created within

2613-418: The basin's forest is important for mitigating climate change in its role as a carbon sink . However, deforestation and degradation of the ecology by the impacts of climate change may increase stress on the forest ecosystem, in turn making the hydrology of the basin more variable. A 2012 study found that the variability in precipitation caused by climate change will negatively affect economic activity in

2680-685: The basin. Eight sites of the Congo Basin are inscribed on the World Heritage List , five being also on the list of World Heritage in Danger (all five located in Democratic Republic of the Congo ). Fourteen percent of the humid forest is designated as protected. The Congo Basin is a large depression within the Congo Craton , making it a patch of relatively recent ( Phanerozoic -aged, and mostly Mesozoic & onwards) sedimentary rock within

2747-579: The case, there could be a financial incentive for protecting forests. L’Île Mbiye, an island in the Lualaba River in Kisangani , is part of a project about forest ecosystem conservation, conducted by Stellenbosch University . Democratic Republic of the Congo is also looking to expand the area of forest under protection, for which it hopes to secure compensation through emerging markets for forest carbon. The main Congolese environmental organization working to save

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2814-556: The creation of zones of death where death becomes the ultimate exercise of domination and the primary form of resistance. He has also examined Johannesburg as a metropolitan city and the work of Frantz Fanon . In May 2019 the German Parliament passed a resolution branding the BDS movement antisemitic . In addition all German states were advised to deny public funding for events or people supportive of that movement. In early 2020,

2881-504: The deaths of many Cameroonians, the UPC was dissolved and its leaders began resistance. The area around Tayap was one of the bastions of nationalist resistance in the Bassa led by Ruben Um Nyobe. According to the historian of postcolonialism , Achille Mbembe , the village of Ngog included after 1956 fifteen or so of its inhabitants who were engaged in resistance in the bush. Tayap is a chieftainate of

2948-494: The forest. The humid forests cover 1.6 million km². The Congo Basin is an important source of African teak , used for building furniture and flooring. An estimated 40 million people depend on these woodlands, surviving on traditional livelihoods. At a global level, Congo's forests act as the planet's second lung, counterpart to the rapidly dwindling Amazon. They are a huge " carbon sink ", trapping carbon that could otherwise remain carbon dioxide. The Congo Basin holds roughly 8% of

3015-417: The forests is an NGO called OCEAN, which serves as the link between international outfits like Greenpeace and local community groups in the concessions. 0°00′00″N 22°00′00″E  /  0.0000°N 22.0000°E  / 0.0000; 22.0000 Achille Mbembe Joseph-Achille Mbembe ( / ə m ˈ b ɛ m b eɪ / ; born 1957), is a Cameroonian historian and political theorist who

3082-625: The framework of the project. In 2015, the AFD (French Development Agency) and the CIRAD (Centre for international cooperation in agronomical research for development) awarded the Ecological Orchards of Tayap “Agriculture and Forests Climate Challenge” prize for Lessening of climatic disruption in agriculture. In 2016, the ISTF Innovation Prize from Yale University was awarded to the project. Tayap

3149-516: The global carbon cycle . Averaged across the whole basin, there are two major rainfall seasons in March to May and September to November. In both hemispheres the rainfall maximises in September to November, at above 210 mm per month. In northern hemisphere winter, rainfall is relatively low to the north of the equator (<80 mm per month). In southern hemisphere winter, rainfall is instead lower to

3216-587: The global climatic importance of the Congo Basin, it has been suggested that, along with the Amazon, severe changes in the rainfall or climate of the Congo Rainforest could act as a ' tipping point ', with widespread impacts on the Earth System. The Congo forest is home to the okapi , African forest elephant , pygmy hippopotamus , bongo (antelope) , chimpanzee , bonobo and the Congo peafowl . Its apex predator

3283-475: The last linked legislative and municipal elections which took place in Cameroon on 30 September 2013, the UPC received 32% of the vote compared with 68% for the RDPC. Tayap contained 254 inhabitants (57 households) comprising 132 men (52%) and 122 women (48%) at the last census in 2010.10 The population of Tayap represents 2.5% of the population of the commune of Ngog Mapubi. A majority of the population are young and for

3350-441: The most part comprise Bassa people , plus a minority (8%) made up of other Cameroon tribes (Bamenda, Bamileke , Hausa , Beti ). It is distributed along the roads and pathways in a multitude of hamlets. The latter are from 0.5 to 2 kilometers from each other. The two main agglomerations are central Tayap and Libolo. The village comprises about sixty houses. Tayap does not possess any health establishments. The nearest health centre

3417-504: The peaks of hills. In the aftermaths of World War II , Cameroon was placed under the protection of France and Britain and obtained, like Togo , the status of associated territory of the French Union . From the 1940s and 1950s onwards, the Union of the Peoples of Cameroon (UPC), a national liberation movement led by Ruben Um Nyobe , played a central role in Cameroon's progress towards independence. In 1955, following violence which caused

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3484-511: The population of the region low, with the prevention of hunter-gatherer society, whose remnants of their culture survive to the present day. Eventually Bantu peoples migrated there and founded the Kingdom of Kongo . Belgium , France , and Portugal later established colonial control over the entire region by the late 19th century. The General Act of the Berlin Conference of 1885 gave

3551-630: The present day. Deposits throughout the Jurassic suggest the presence of a freshwater, lacustrine habitat in the basin, and this continued into the Early Cretaceous . By the start of the Late Cretaceous , a connection with the Trans-Saharan seaway led to a significant marine incursion into the basin (evidence of an earlier, Late Jurassic marine intrusion is disputed), causing it to serve as

3618-416: The raising of small animals, fishing and hunting. Tayap has 6 units for pressing palm oil and mutual microfinance. With the construction of two ecolodges and the recognition of existing guest houses, an offer of eco-tourism is in the process of becoming established as an activity which generates extra income for the village. Illegal exploitation of the forest is also a means of subsistence for certain members of

3685-402: The renewal of existing concessions. The government has written a new forestry code that requires companies to invest in local development and follow a sustainable, 25-year cycle of rotational logging. When a company is granted a concession from the central government to log in Congo, it must sign an agreement with the local chiefs and hereditary land owners, who give permission for it to extract

3752-537: The river empties into the Gulf of Guinea on the Atlantic Ocean. The basin is a total of 3.7 million square kilometers and is home to some of the largest undisturbed stands of tropical rainforest on the planet, in addition to large wetlands. Countries wholly or partially in the Congo region: The first inhabitants of the Congo Basin area were believed to be pygmies , and at that time, the dense forests and wet climate kept

3819-427: The source of the region's famous diamonds . By the Cenozoic , an uplift in the borders of the Cuvette Centrale had blocked any further marine connections. During the Paleogene , high rainfall turned the basin into a series of marshy ponds and swamps. A shift to more arid conditions with seasonal droughts occurred with the start of the Neogene . Later in the Neogene, a sudden shift to fluvial deposits suggests

3886-433: The south of the equator (<80 mm per month). The annual rhythm of the wind systems which carry water vapour account for the rainfall seasonality. Much of the rainfall is derived from large Mesoscale convective systems . The systems last over 11 hours on average and have a mean size exceeding 500 km2 in some parts of the Congo Basin. Temperatures in the Congo Basin (usually between 20 and 30 °C) are lower than in

3953-431: The third degree in Cameroon, traditional chieftainates are a scale of administrative organization. Chieftainates were micro-states before colonization and can be of first, second or third degree according to their territorial or historic importance. To date, the last chief of the village, Germain Francois Yogo, died on 17 June 2008. Ever since, the village has been without a chief. A transparent election should be organized by

4020-568: The trees in return for development packages. In theory, the companies must pay the government nearly $ 18 million rent per year for these concessions, of which 40% should be returned to provincial governments for investment in social development of the local population in the logged areas. In its current form, the Kyoto Protocol does not reward so-called "avoided deforestation"—initiatives that protect forest from being cut down. But many climate scientists and policymakers hope that negotiations for Kyoto's successor will include such measures. If this were

4087-451: The village. Since 2011, Tayap has been the site of a pilot project to develop agro-ecology and ecotourism as part of the struggle against deforestation, to protect the biodiversity of the village lands and to develop activities which generate income for the inhabitants. This project, called The Ecological Orchards of Tayap, in 2011 received the SEED prize awarded by the SEED initiative (Supporting Entrepreneurs for Environment and Development),

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4154-424: The world's forest-based carbon. If these woodlands are deforested, the carbon they trap will be released into the atmosphere. Predictions for future unabated deforestation estimate that by 2050 activities in the DRC will release roughly the same amount of carbon dioxide as the United Kingdom has emitted over the last 60 years. A 2013 study by British scientists showed that deforestation in the Congo Basin rainforest

4221-501: Was also a visiting professor at the University of California, Berkeley, in 2001, and a visiting professor at Yale University in 2003. He was a research professor in history and politics at Harvard University 's W. E. B. Du Bois Research Institute . In 2020 Mbembe delivered the presidential lecture in the Humanities at Stanford University . Mbembe has written extensively on African history and politics, including La naissance du maquis dans le Sud-Cameroun (Paris: Karthala, 1996). On

4288-413: Was assistant professor of history at Columbia University, New York, from 1988 to 1991, a senior research fellow at the Brookings Institution in Washington, D.C., from 1991 to 1992, associate professor of history at the University of Pennsylvania from 1992 to 1996, executive director of the Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa (Codesria) in Dakar, Senegal, from 1996 to 2000. Achille

4355-508: Was based on comments Mbembe made in two books where he drew parallels between the separatist policies deployed in the Israeli occupation of the Palestinian territories and South Africa under Apartheid. Mbembe was supported by groups of Israeli and Jewish academics, including some prominent German Holocaust scholars. Concerns were raised over what some argued was a " weaponization of antisemitism ", and, later that year, in December, representatives of 32 prominent cultural institutions issued

4422-418: Was involved in the academic boycott of Israeli professor, Shifra Sagy Mbembe and another academic took the lead to boycott Prof. Shifra Sagy, a psychology professor at Ben-Gurion University, who was eventually disinvited from the South African Stellenbosch University’s conference. In 2010 and 2015, he signed petitions endorsing the academic boycott of Israel Mbembe is married to Sarah Nuttall , who

4489-566: Was slowing down. In 2017, British scientists discovered that peatlands in the Cuvette Centrale , which cover a total of 145,500 sq km, contain 30 billion tonnes of carbon, or 20 years of U.S. fossil fuel emissions. In 2021, the deforestation rate of the Congolese rainforest increased by 5%. The Global Forest Atlas estimated that the logging industry covers from 44 to 66 million hectares of forest. A study published in 2019 in Nature Sustainability showed that 54,000 miles of roads for forest concessions were built between 2003 and 2018, reaching

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