67-581: Tahawus (also called Adirondac, or McIntyre, pronounced / t ə ˈ h ɔː z / tə- HAWZ ) was a village in the Town of Newcomb , Essex County , New York , United States. It is now a ghost town situated in the Adirondack Park . Tahawus is located in Essex County within the unpopulated northern area designated to the town of Newcomb . Tahawus was the site of major mining and iron smelting operations in
134-617: A thin film , its refractive index and colour make it an excellent reflective optical coating for dielectric mirrors ; it is also used in generating decorative thin films such as found in "mystic fire topaz". Some grades of modified titanium based pigments as used in sparkly paints, plastics, finishes and cosmetics – these are man-made pigments whose particles have two or more layers of various oxides – often titanium dioxide, iron oxide or alumina – in order to have glittering, iridescent and or pearlescent effects similar to crushed mica or guanine -based products. In addition to these effects
201-558: A "safe level for daily intake of the food additive could not be established". In 2022, the UK Food Standards Agency and Food Standards Scotland announced their disagreement with the EFSA ruling, and did not follow the EU in banning titanium dioxide as a food additive. Health Canada similarly reviewed the available evidence in 2022 and decided not to change their position on titanium dioxide as
268-446: A direct hydrometallurgical process or through the main industrial production processes, the sulfate process and the chloride process . The sulfate process represents 40% of the world’s titanium dioxide production and is protected in 23% of patent families. The chloride process is only mentioned in 8% of patent families, although it provides 60% of the worldwide industrial production of titanium dioxide. Key contributors to patents on
335-671: A diseased or physically damaged dermis could be the true cause of insufficient barrier protection. SCCS research found that when nanoparticles had certain photostable coatings (e.g., alumina , silica , cetyl phosphate, triethoxycaprylylsilane , manganese dioxide ), the photocatalytic activity was attenuated and no notable skin penetration was observed; the sunscreen in this research was applied at amounts of 10 mg/cm2 for exposure periods of 24 hours. Coating TiO 2 with alumina, silica, zircon or various polymers can minimize avobenzone degradation and enhance UV absorption by adding an additional light diffraction mechanism. TiO 2
402-526: A food coloring, it has E number E171. World production in 2014 exceeded 9 million tonnes. It has been estimated that titanium dioxide is used in two-thirds of all pigments, and pigments based on the oxide have been valued at a price of $ 13.2 billion. In all three of its main dioxides, titanium exhibits octahedral geometry , being bonded to six oxide anions. The oxides in turn are bonded to three Ti centers. The overall crystal structures of rutile and anatase are tetragonal in symmetry whereas brookite
469-506: A limited colour change is possible in certain formulations depending on how and at which angle the finished product is illuminated and the thickness of the oxide layer in the pigment particle; one or more colours appear by reflection while the other tones appear due to interference of the transparent titanium dioxide layers. In some products, the layer of titanium dioxide is grown in conjunction with iron oxide by calcination of titanium salts (sulfates, chlorates) around 800 °C One example of
536-443: A local structure in which each Ti is coordinated to, on average, about 5 oxygen atoms. This is distinct from the crystalline forms in which Ti coordinates to 6 oxygen atoms. Synthetic TiO 2 is mainly produced from the mineral ilmenite . Rutile , and anatase , naturally occurring TiO 2 , occur widely also, e.g. rutile as a 'heavy mineral' in beach sand. Leucoxene , fine-grained anatase formed by natural alteration of ilmenite,
603-536: A long time. Widely-occurring minerals and even gemstones are composed of TiO 2 . All natural titanium, comprising more than 0.5% of the Earth's crust, exists as oxides. As of 2006, titanium dioxide had been regarded as "completely nontoxic when orally administered". However, concerns persist. TiO 2 whitener in food was banned in France from 2020, due to uncertainty about safe quantities for human consumption. In 2021,
670-506: A new mine opened, this time for the purpose of obtaining the titanium dioxide that had been partly responsible for the previous mine's commercial failure. In 1940 National Lead Industries reopened the mines along Sanford Lake. This location, known as the Lower Works, was about a mile south of the original operation. A new community was established in 1943 for the mine workers which was called Tahawus. By 1945, Tahawus had 84 buildings. Some of
737-423: A pearlescent pigment is Iriodin, based on mica coated with titanium dioxide or iron (III) oxide. The iridescent effect in these titanium oxide particles is unlike the opaque effect obtained with usual ground titanium oxide pigment obtained by mining, in which case only a certain diameter of the particle is considered and the effect is due only to scattering. In cosmetic and skin care products, titanium dioxide
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#1732901532935804-495: A photocatalyst, attempts have been made to mineralize pollutants (to convert into CO 2 and H 2 O) in waste water. The photocatalytic destruction of organic matter could also be exploited in coatings with antimicrobial applications. Although nanosized anatase TiO 2 does not absorb visible light, it does strongly absorb ultraviolet (UV) radiation ( hv ), leading to the formation of hydroxyl radicals. This occurs when photo-induced valence bond holes (h vb ) are trapped at
871-468: A pigment, titanium dioxide can be added to paints, cements, windows, tiles, or other products for its sterilizing, deodorizing, and anti-fouling properties, and is used as a hydrolysis catalyst . It is also used in dye-sensitized solar cells , which are a type of chemical solar cell (also known as a Graetzel cell). The photocatalytic properties of nanosized titanium dioxide were discovered by Akira Fujishima in 1967 and published in 1972. The process on
938-477: A result, biphasic titanium dioxide is often considered to possess enhanced functionality as a photocatalyst. It has been reported that titanium dioxide, when doped with nitrogen ions or doped with metal oxide like tungsten trioxide, exhibits excitation also under visible light. The strong oxidative potential of the positive holes oxidizes water to create hydroxyl radicals . It can also oxidize oxygen or organic materials directly. Hence, in addition to its use as
1005-458: A small number of crystallites from the mean crystal size and modifies the physical behaviour of TiO 2 . The optical properties of the finished pigment are highly sensitive to purity. As little as a few parts per million (ppm) of certain metals (Cr, V, Cu, Fe, Nb) can disturb the crystal lattice so much that the effect can be detected in quality control. Approximately 4.6 million tons of pigmentary TiO 2 are used annually worldwide, and this number
1072-687: Is Henderson Lake , a 450-acre (1.8 km) lake cartographically stated to be the true source of the Hudson River . Tahawus also contains Mount Adams and several minor Adirondack peaks. According to the Adirondack Park Agency, wildlife in the tract include "bears, deer, loons, coyotes, foxes...and the elusive Pine Marten ". Only one county-maintained highway passes through Tahawus, Essex County Route 25 , better known as Tahawus Road. CR 25 brings drivers northward to Henderson Lake. It connects with New York State Route 28N approximately south of
1139-474: Is expected to increase as use continues to rise. TiO 2 is also an effective opacifier in powder form, where it is employed as a pigment to provide whiteness and opacity to products such as paints , coatings , plastics , papers , inks , foods , supplements , medicines (i.e. pills and tablets), and most toothpastes ; in 2019 it was present in two-thirds of toothpastes on the French market. In paint, it
1206-557: Is found as a mineral in magmatic rocks and hydrothermal veins, as well as weathering rims on perovskite . TiO 2 also forms lamellae in other minerals. The largest TiO 2 pigment processors are Chemours , Venator , Kronos [ de ] , and Tronox . Major paint and coating company end users for pigment grade titanium dioxide include Akzo Nobel , PPG Industries , Sherwin Williams , BASF , Kansai Paints and Valspar . Global TiO 2 pigment demand for 2010
1273-765: Is found in the majority of physical sunscreens because of its strong UV light absorbing capabilities and its resistance to discolouration under ultraviolet light. This advantage enhances its stability and ability to protect the skin from ultraviolet light. Nano-scaled (particle size of 20–40 nm) titanium dioxide particles are primarily used in sunscreen lotion because they scatter visible light much less than titanium dioxide pigments, and can give UV protection. Sunscreens designed for infants or people with sensitive skin are often based on titanium dioxide and/or zinc oxide , as these mineral UV blockers are believed to cause less skin irritation than other UV absorbing chemicals. Nano-TiO 2 , which blocks both UV-A and UV-B radiation,
1340-447: Is generally used in cosmetic and sunscreen products due to it not possessing any observed ability to damage the skin under normal conditions and having a higher UV absorption . In 2016 Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (SCCS) tests concluded that the use of nano titanium dioxide (95–100% rutile, ≦5% anatase) as a UV filter can be considered to not pose any risk of adverse effects in humans post-application on healthy skin, except in
1407-570: Is inside the Adirondack Park and contains the Lake Harris Campground . The town is the largest by area in Essex County. The town lies in an area historically claimed by both Iroquois and Algonquian tribes, and was on the frontier between colonial New York and New France. The town was settled around 1816. Most of the early industry was devoted to harvesting lumber until the discovery of large iron ore deposits. The town of Newcomb
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#17329015329351474-511: Is known as riesite. Both of which can be found at the Ries crater in Bavaria . It is mainly sourced from ilmenite , which is the most widespread titanium dioxide-bearing ore around the world. Rutile is the next most abundant and contains around 98% titanium dioxide in the ore. The metastable anatase and brookite phases convert irreversibly to the equilibrium rutile phase upon heating above temperatures in
1541-413: Is often referred to offhandedly as "brilliant white", "the perfect white", "the whitest white", or other similar terms. Opacity is improved by optimal sizing of the titanium dioxide particles. In food, it is commonly found in ice creams, chocolates, all types of candy, creamers, desserts, marshmallows, chewing gum, pastries, spreads, dressings, cakes, some cheeses, and many other foods. When deposited as
1608-415: Is orthorhombic. The oxygen substructures are all slight distortions of close packing : in rutile, the oxide anions are arranged in distorted hexagonal close-packing, whereas they are close to cubic close-packing in anatase and to "double hexagonal close-packing" for brookite. The rutile structure is widespread for other metal dioxides and difluorides, e.g. RuO 2 and ZnF 2 . Molten titanium dioxide has
1675-524: Is produced in varying particle sizes which are both oil and water dispersible, and in certain grades for the cosmetic industry. It is also a common ingredient in toothpaste. The exterior of the Saturn V rocket was painted with titanium dioxide; this later allowed astronomers to determine that J002E3 was likely the S-IVB stage from Apollo 12 and not an asteroid . Titanium dioxide is an n-type semiconductor and
1742-406: Is reportedly most pronounced at the {001} planes of anatase, although the {101} planes are thermodynamically more stable and thus more prominent in most synthesised and natural anatase, as evident by the often observed tetragonal dipyramidal growth habit . Interfaces between rutile and anatase are further considered to improve photocatalytic activity by facilitating charge carrier separation and as
1809-405: Is surpassed only by a few other materials (see list of indices of refraction ). Titanium dioxide crystal size is ideally around 220 nm (measured by electron microscope) to optimize the maximum reflection of visible light. However, abnormal grain growth is often observed in titanium dioxide, particularly in its rutile phase. The occurrence of abnormal grain growth brings about a deviation of
1876-401: Is the inorganic compound derived from titanium with the chemical formula TiO 2 . When used as a pigment , it is called titanium white , Pigment White 6 ( PW6 ), or CI 77891 . It is a white solid that is insoluble in water, although mineral forms can appear black. As a pigment, it has a wide range of applications, including paint , sunscreen , and food coloring . When used as
1943-716: Is used as a pigment, sunscreen and a thickener . As a sunscreen, ultrafine TiO 2 is used, which is notable in that combined with ultrafine zinc oxide , it is considered to be an effective sunscreen that lowers the incidence of sun burns and minimizes the premature photoaging , photocarcinogenesis and immunosuppression associated with long term excess sun exposure. Sometimes these UV blockers are combined with iron oxide pigments in sunscreen to increase visible light protection. Titanium dioxide and zinc oxide are generally considered to be less harmful to coral reefs than sunscreens that include chemicals such as oxybenzone , octocrylene and octinoxate . Nanosized titanium dioxide
2010-436: Is used extensively in plastics and other applications as a white pigment or an opacifier and for its UV resistant properties where the powder disperses light – unlike organic UV absorbers – and reduces UV damage, due mostly to the particle's high refractive index. In ceramic glazes , titanium dioxide acts as an opacifier and seeds crystal formation. It is used as a tattoo pigment and in styptic pencils . Titanium dioxide
2077-528: Is used in dye-sensitized solar cells . It is also used in other electronics components such as electrodes in batteries. Between 2002 and 2022, there were 459 patent families that describe the production of titanium dioxide from ilmenite . The majority of these patents describe pre-treatment processes, such as using smelting and magnetic separation to increase titanium concentration in low-grade ores, leading to titanium concentrates or slags. Other patents describe processes to obtain titanium dioxide, either by
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2144-406: Is used in fiber and paper applications. The sulfate process is run as a batch process ; the chloride process is run as a continuous process . In chloride process , the ore is treated with chlorine and carbon to give titanium tetrachloride , a volatile liquid that is further purified by distillation. The TiCl4 is treated with oxygen to regenerate chlorine and produce the titanium dioxide. In
2211-429: Is used in sunscreens and other cosmetic products. The EU Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety considered nano sized titanium dioxide to be safe for skin applications, in concentrations of up to 25 percent based on animal testing. The risk assessment of different titanium dioxide nanomaterials in sunscreen is currently evolving since nano-sized TiO 2 is different from the well-known micronized form. The rutile form
2278-408: Is yet another ore. Star sapphires and rubies get their asterism from oriented inclusions of rutile needles. Titanium dioxide occurs in nature as the minerals rutile and anatase . Additionally two high-pressure forms are known minerals: a monoclinic baddeleyite -like form known as akaogiite , and the other has a slight monoclinic distortion of the orthorhombic α-PbO 2 structure and
2345-535: The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) ruled that as a consequence of new understandings of nanoparticles , titanium dioxide could "no longer be considered safe as a food additive", and the EU health commissioner announced plans to ban its use across the EU, with discussions beginning in June 2021. EFSA concluded that genotoxicity —which could lead to carcinogenic effects—could not be ruled out, and that
2412-624: The Mount Adams Fire Observation Station , located atop Mount Adams , are listed on the National Register of Historic Places . According to the United States Census Bureau , the town has a total area of 233.2 square miles (603.9 km ), of which 226.3 square miles (586.0 km ) is land and 6.9 square miles (17.9 km ), or 2.96%, is water. The Hudson River officially starts at Henderson Lake in
2479-568: The Sorel-Tracy plant of QIT-Fer et Titane and the Eramet Titanium & Iron smelter in Tyssedal Norway. The Becher process is another method for the production of synthetic rutile from ilmenite. It first oxidizes the ilmenite as a means to separate the iron component. For specialty applications, TiO 2 films are prepared by various specialized chemistries. Sol-gel routes involve
2546-443: The census of 2000, there were 481 people, 211 households, and 140 families residing in the town. The population density was 2.1 inhabitants per square mile (0.81/km ). There were 655 housing units at an average density of 2.9 per square mile (1.1/km ). The racial makeup of the town was 95.22% White , 0.62% Native American , 0.62% from other races , and 3.53% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.42% of
2613-480: The 19th century. Although standing as recently as 2005, the last mining facilities have since been demolished and removed (with the exception of some minor garages, blast furnaces and outbuildings). It was in Tahawus in 1901 that Vice President Theodore Roosevelt learned President William McKinley was dying. The Adirondack Iron and Steel Company was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977. In
2680-522: The President's good prognosis and expecting a quick recovery, Roosevelt embarked on a hiking trip up Mount Marcy from Adirondac, where his family was staying. Three hours into the trip, a mounted park ranger alerted him that McKinley was in critical condition. Roosevelt began the trip from Tahawus to Buffalo, and learned of McKinley's death while at the North Creek Railroad Station . In 1940
2747-791: The Tahawus Tract project undertaken by the Open Space Institute which purchased the area in August 2003. Also, as part of a grant given for area cleanup and historic preservation, the old MacNaughton Cottage (built in 1845, one of the approximately ten remaining buildings) underwent restoration. This was the house that Vice President Theodore Roosevelt stayed in during his hike to Mount Marcy when he received news of President William McKinley being close to death after being shot in Buffalo, New York on September 6, 1901. No buildings are known to remain at
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2814-405: The average family size was 2.81. In the town, the population was spread out, with 19.5% under the age of 18, 3.7% from 18 to 24, 18.9% from 25 to 44, 31.0% from 45 to 64, and 26.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 51 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.5 males. The median income for a household in the town
2881-469: The blast furnace and forge, a puddling furnace, charcoal and brick kilns, trip hammers and a grist and saw mill. The Village consisted of sixteen dwellings and a building with a cupola, used as school, church and the general assembly room. The first bank in the Adirondack Mountains opened in the hamlet of Adirondac. The mine and related works operated from 1827 to 1857, after which residents abandoned
2948-607: The buildings left over at Adirondac were also used. Forty million tons of titanium were extracted at the National Lead Industries' mines before operations ceased in 1989. The Open Space Institute took an interest in the property for conservation purposes because of its interest in the Hudson River watershed. Joe Martens , former president of the institute, described the Tahawus tract as "absolutely breathtaking." He continues, "Its defining natural features include rugged mountains, crystal clear, glacially carved lakes, and
3015-504: The case the application method would lead to substantial risk of inhalation (ie; powder or spray formulations). This safety opinion applied to nano TiO 2 in concentrations of up to 25%. Initial studies indicated that nano-TiO 2 particles could penetrate the skin, causing concern over its use. These studies were later refuted, when it was discovered that the testing methodology couldn't differentiate between penetrated particles and particles simply trapped in hair follicles and that having
3082-745: The club was reorganized and incorporated as the "Adirondack Club" and the entire Tahawus Tract was leased from the heirs of the original Adirondack Iron Works. In 1898 the club renamed itself again to the Tahawus Club. Club management continued to lease the Tahawus tract lands from the mine owners' heirs. Vice President Theodore Roosevelt was visiting Tahawus in 1901 during the final days of President William McKinley 's presidency. Roosevelt had been vacationing in Vermont, but quickly left for Buffalo, New York after learning that President William McKinley had recently been shot by anarchist Leon Czolgosz . Hearing of
3149-524: The community. The enterprise closed due in part to difficulties in extracting an unknown impurity from the local ore. During the latter nineteenth century the principal land uses at the Tahawus tract were lumbering and game. The private and relatively informal Preston Ponds Club was formed in February 1876 by James R. Thompson, an agent of the Adirondack Iron Works. Prior to this time he had been using
3216-478: The former village site; most of them were constructed between 1890 and 1930 by the Tahawus Club. Only one of the buildings still standing on the site dates from the years when the old mining village of Adirondac was in operation, along with the remnants of the McIntyre Blast Furnace (built 1854). The furnace site has recently been cleared, and the furnace stack stabilized and cleaned. This was done as part of
3283-657: The headwaters of the Hudson River." Four years after the 1989 mine closure the Open Space Institute opened purchase negotiations, which concluded in 2003 as a public-private partnership with the New York Department of Environmental Conservation purchasing the 10,000-acre (40 km) Tahawus tract in August 2003 for US$ 8.5 million and the OSI sharing management responsibilities. The remains of at least 10 buildings remain on
3350-421: The hydrolysis of titanium alkoxides such as titanium ethoxide : A related approach that also relies on molecular precursors involves chemical vapor deposition . In this method, the alkoxide is volatilized and then decomposed on contact with a hot surface: First mass-produced in 1916, titanium dioxide is the most widely used white pigment because of its brightness and very high refractive index , in which it
3417-450: The latter community of Tahawus along Sanford Lake, including the mines. Tahawus is also a name sometimes used for Mount Marcy , the highest peak in New York, located outside of the town. However, the name was likely never used by the aboriginal peoples of the area to refer to the mountain, and its meaning, "Cloud-Splitter", may have no roots in any language. Located within the Tahawus tract
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#17329015329353484-739: The lattice structure of the surface layer of titanium dioxide nanocrystals, permitting infrared absorption. Visible-light-active nanosized anatase and rutile has been developed for photocatalytic applications. In 1995 Fujishima and his group discovered the superhydrophilicity phenomenon for titanium dioxide coated glass exposed to sun light. This resulted in the development of self-cleaning glass and anti-fogging coatings. Nanosized TiO 2 incorporated into outdoor building materials, such as paving stones in noxer blocks or paints, could reduce concentrations of airborne pollutants such as volatile organic compounds and nitrogen oxides . A TiO 2 -containing cement has been produced. Using TiO 2 as
3551-460: The nineteenth century the area was mined for iron ore. Adirondac, New York was a company town of the Adirondack Iron Works. Iron deposits were first found here in 1826 by Archibald McIntyre and David Henderson. The iron was extracted at what was known as the Upper Works with moderate success between 1827 and 1857. In 1857, after a struggle, the Adirondack Iron Works surrendered to the remoteness of
3618-616: The northeastern part of town and flows southward through the center of town. The northern part of the western town line is the border of Hamilton County . The western section of the northern town boundary is the border of Franklin County . New York State Route 28N , an east–west road, is a major highway in Newcomb. Newcomb has a humid continental climate ( Dfb ) with warm summers coupled with cool nights and cold, snowy winters with seasonal snowfall averaging 104.9 inches (266 centimeters). As of
3685-407: The population. There were 211 households, out of which 19.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.2% were married couples living together, 4.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.2% were non-families. 30.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.26 and
3752-469: The production of titanium dioxide are companies from China, Australia and the United States, reflecting the major contribution of these countries to industrial production. Chinese companies Pangang and Lomon Billions Groups hold major patent portfolios. Nanosized titanium dioxide, particularly in the anatase form, exhibits photocatalytic activity under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. This photoactivity
3819-466: The property for his own recreational purposes, inviting family and friends to come for hunting and fishing trips. But with the official club, he and his associates were better able to protect the fish and game and to socialize as well. The club leased an area around the three Preston Ponds from the Adirondack Iron and Steel Company – a later incorporation of the Adirondack Iron Works. In January 1877,
3886-423: The range 600–800 °C (1,110–1,470 °F). Titanium dioxide has twelve known polymorphs – in addition to rutile, anatase, brookite, akaogiite and riesite, three metastable phases can be produced synthetically ( monoclinic , tetragonal , and orthorhombic ramsdellite-like), and four high-pressure forms (α-PbO 2 -like, cotunnite -like, orthorhombic OI, and cubic phases) also exist: The cotunnite -type phase
3953-413: The sulfate process, ilmenite is treated with sulfuric acid to extract iron(II) sulfate pentahydrate . This process requires concentrated ilmenite (45–60% TiO 2 ) or pretreated feedstocks as a suitable source of titanium. The resulting synthetic rutile is further processed according to the specifications of the end user, i.e. pigment grade or otherwise. Examples of plants using the sulfate process are
4020-561: The surface of TiO 2 leading to the formation of trapped holes (h tr ) that cannot oxidize water. Anatase can be converted into non-carbon nanotubes and nanowires . Hollow TiO 2 nanofibers can be also prepared by coating carbon nanofibers by first applying titanium butoxide . Titanium dioxide is insoluble in water, organic solvents, and inorganic acids. It is slightly soluble in alkali , soluble in saturated potassium acid carbonate, and can be completely dissolved in strong sulfuric acid and hydrofluoric acid after boiling for
4087-551: The surface of the titanium dioxide was called the Honda-Fujishima effect [ ja ] . In thin film and nanoparticle form, titanium dioxide has the potential for use in energy production: As a photocatalyst, it can break water into hydrogen and oxygen. With the hydrogen collected, it could be used as a fuel. The efficiency of this process can be greatly improved by doping the oxide with carbon. Further efficiency and durability has been obtained by introducing disorder to
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#17329015329354154-608: The town. 44°03′02″N 74°03′04″W / 44.05056°N 74.05111°W / 44.05056; -74.05111 Newcomb, New York Newcomb is a town in Essex County , New York , United States. The population was 436 at the 2010 census. The town is on the western border of the county. It is 86 miles (138 km) by road southwest of Plattsburgh , 77 miles (124 km) southwest of Burlington, Vermont , 110 miles (180 km) northeast of Utica , 112 miles (180 km) north-northwest of Albany , and 146 miles (235 km) south-southwest of Montreal . The town
4221-530: The wilderness and Adirondac became known as the "deserted village". Impurities of titanium dioxide were present in the iron, which made it difficult for equipment of that era to properly process the ore. A local flood and a nationwide economic crisis were also factors in the closure of the Upper Works. According to the New York State Adirondack Park Agency: Throughout its existence, the Adirondack Iron Works operated two farms,
4288-604: Was $ 32,639, and the median income for a family was $ 41,875. Males had a median income of $ 35,750 versus $ 28,750 for females. The per capita income for the town was $ 17,043. About 5.8% of families and 9.1% of the population were below the poverty line , including 19.5% of those under age 18 and 3.5% of those age 65 or over. 43°58′10″N 74°09′53″W / 43.96944°N 74.16472°W / 43.96944; -74.16472 Titanium dioxide 3.15 eV (rutile) Titanium dioxide , also known as titanium(IV) oxide or titania / t aɪ ˈ t eɪ n i ə / ,
4355-399: Was 5.3 Mt with annual growth expected to be about 3–4%. The production method depends on the feedstock. In addition to ores, other feedstocks include upgraded slag . Both the chloride process and the sulfate process (both described below) produce titanium dioxide pigment in the rutile crystal form, but the sulfate process can be adjusted to produce the anatase form. Anatase, being softer,
4422-510: Was claimed to be the hardest known oxide with the Vickers hardness of 38 GPa and the bulk modulus of 431 GPa (i.e. close to diamond's value of 446 GPa) at atmospheric pressure. However, later studies came to different conclusions with much lower values for both the hardness (7–20 GPa, which makes it softer than common oxides like corundum Al 2 O 3 and rutile TiO 2 ) and bulk modulus (~300 GPa). Titanium dioxide (B)
4489-467: Was established in 1828 from parts of the towns of Minerva and Moriah . It includes the hamlet of Newcomb, but does not contain an incorporated village. By the end of the 19th century, the town was becoming famous as a sportsman's paradise. Theodore Roosevelt was informed of the impending death of President William McKinley in September 1901 while hunting and hiking in the town. Camp Santanoni and
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