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42-511: According to the epitaph on the sarcophagus of Lucius Cornelius Scipio Barbatus , consul of Rome in 3 BC , he captured Taurasia (and Cisauna ) from the Samnites . However, modern scholars have ruled out that ancient Taurasia (surely located north-east of Beneventum ) could be related to modern Taurasi. The town was centred on by a Longobard castle which was enlarged by the Normans. Taurasi

84-475: A canon of St Peter's Basilica. In 1758, putting an end to an engagement to be married, Braschi was ordained to the priesthood. He was also appointed in 1758 Referendary of the Apostolic Signatura and held that position until the following year. He also became the auditor and secretary to Cardinal Carlo Rezzonico , the nephew of Pope Clement XIII . In 1766, Clement XIII appointed Braschi treasurer of

126-660: A conspiracy against the church. The pope condemned both the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen and the Civil Constitution of the Clergy and supported a league against the revolution. He issued two briefs – Quod aliquantum (1791) and Caritas (1791) – to condemn the ecclesiastical reforms that were proposed. 1791 marked the end of diplomatic relations with France and

168-560: A major center of Pontifical trade. Pius was a great patron of the arts and humanities; he also added a new sacristy to Saint Peter's Basilica . At the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789, Pius VI witnessed the suppression of the old Gallican Church as well as the confiscation of pontifical and ecclesiastical possessions in France. He saw the events as a sign of opposition against the social order ordained by God and also viewed it as

210-557: A martyr on 17 June 1793 in a meeting with cardinals, giving hope to a potential possibility of sainthood. In 1820, two decades following the death of Pius VI, the Congregation of Rites put an end to the possible sainthood since it was impossible to prove the king died for religious reasons rather than political ones. Pius VI argued that the main thrust of the revolution was against the Catholic religion and Louis XVI himself. He also wrote that

252-512: A reconstruction, while it can not be proved, is at least plausible and in accord with the other available evidence." The bones of Barbatus, along with a gold signet ring taken from his finger bone, were removed from the sepulcher in the excavations of 1780 and initially went to the Vatican along with everything else of value in the tomb. Pope Pius VI gave the bones to a Venetian Senator, Angelo Quirini, who re-interred them in an elaborate sepulcher in

294-612: A reward system to encourage agriculture. Upon his election, Pius VI ordered the release of Lorenzo Ricci , Superior General of the Society of Jesus , who was held prisoner in the Castel Sant'Angelo , but Ricci died before the decree of liberation arrived. It is perhaps due to Pius VI that the Jesuits managed to escape dissolution in White Ruthenia and Silesia . In 1792, the pope considered

336-491: A way of influencing appointments within the Catholic hierarchy, were seen as such a threat touched to papal authority that Pius VI adopted the exceptional course of travelling in person to Vienna . The Pope set out from Rome on 27 February 1782 and, though magnificently received by the Emperor, his mission proved a failure. Nevertheless, not many years later he did succeed in curbing the attempts of several German archbishops at

378-401: Is a centre of production of the red wine Taurasi DOCG . It is a full-bodied dry wine with an aromatic vein. The wine must be aged for three years, of which one must be in chestnut or oak casks. In the three succeeding years, the wine can be tasted in the fullness of its quality and is particularly good as an accompaniment to roasted red meats. The variety of grapes it is made from, Aglianico ,

420-707: Is a solid tuff burial coffin, once located in the Tomb of the Scipios . It is now found in the Vestibolo Quadrato of the Pio-Clementine Museum in the Vatican Museum complex. The name is incised on the lid ( CIL VI 1284) and the epitaph ( CIL VI 1285) on the front of the only intact sarcophagus (some of the decorative detail has been restored). The letters were originally painted red. A Doric-style decorative panel

462-609: Is above the inscription featuring roses alternating with column-like triglyphs. The top of the sarcophagus is modeled as a cushion. His sarcophagus preserves his epitaph, written in Old Latin Saturnian meter: which has been stated in modern upper- and lower-case script as the verse: and also transcribed in classical Latin as: A translation is: There is a rough-hewn area above the epitaph, where it appears that some text has been erased. This has traditionally been interpreted as evidence of an earlier, shorter epitaph, which

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504-579: Is believed to have been introduced by Hellenic peoples around the time of the foundation of Cumae . It is found in virtually the whole of southern Italy but the wines produced from it are considerably different, depending on the places where the vines grow. Aglianico has a medium-sized cluster of grapes which is cylindrical-conical in shape. This Campanian location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Sarcophagus of Lucius Cornelius Scipio Barbatus The sarcophagus of Lucius Cornelius Scipio Barbatus , consul in 298 B.C.,

546-527: Is best remembered in connection with the expansion of the Pio-Clementine Museum , which was begun at the suggestion of his predecessor Clement XIV ; and with an attempt to drain the Pontine Marshes , but Pius VI did successfully drain the marshes near Città della Pieve , Perugia , and Spoleto . He also restored the Via Appia . Pius VI also deepened and expanded the harbors of Terracina and Porto d'Anzio,

588-486: Is the fifth-longest in papal history. Giovanni Angelo Braschi was born in Cesena on Christmas Day in 1717 as the eldest of eight children to Count Marco Aurelio Tommaso Braschi and Anna Teresa Bandi . His siblings were Felice Silvestro, Giulia Francesca, Cornelio Francesco, Maria Olimpia, Anna Maria Costanza, Giuseppe Luigi and Maria Lucia Margherita. His maternal grandmother was Countess Cornelia Zangheri Bandi . His uncle

630-512: The 1740 papal conclave and when the latter became the Dean of the College of Cardinals in 1740, Braschi was appointed as his auditor , a post he held until 1753. His skill in the conduct of a mission to the court of Naples won him the esteem of Pope Benedict XIV . In 1753, following the death of Cardinal Ruffo, Benedict appointed Braschi one of his own secretaries. In 1755, the pope appointed him as

672-479: The Abbey of Saint Scholastica, Subiaco , of which he was commendatory abbot . Pope Clement XIV died in 1774 and in the ensuing conclave to choose a successor, Spain , France and Portugal dropped all objections to the election of Braschi, who was one of the more moderate opponents of the anti- Jesuit stance of the late pope. Braschi received support from those who disliked the Jesuits and believed he would continue

714-510: The Congress of Ems in 1786 to win greater independence. In the Kingdom of Naples the liberal minister Bernardo Tanucci agitated for certain concessions regarding feudal homage due to the papacy and some concessions were made. More serious disagreements arose with Leopold II , later emperor, and Scipione de' Ricci , bishop of Pistoia and Prato , upon the questions of proposed liberal reforms to

756-616: The French Revolution and the suppression of the Catholic Church in France that resulted from it. French troops commanded by Napoleon Bonaparte defeated the Papal army and occupied the Papal States in 1796. In 1798, upon his refusal to renounce his temporal power, Pius was taken prisoner and transported to France. He died eighteen months later in Valence . His reign of more than twenty-four years

798-607: The Vatican Grottoes . His remains were placed in an ancient marble sarcophagus. The inscription on the wall above the container reads: "The mortal remains of Pius VI, consumed in unjust exile, by order of Pius XII were placed fittingly here and decorated by a marble ornament most excellent for its art and history in 1949". A long audience with Pius VI is one of the most extensive scenes in the Marquis de Sade 's narrative Juliette , published in 1798. Juliette shows off her learning to

840-414: The camera apostolica . Braschi was a conscientious administrator, which was not good news for some. The latter managed to convince Pope Clement XIV to curb his zeal by promoting him to the cardinalate and accordingly on 26 April 1773 he was made Cardinal-Priest of Sant'Onofrio . For a brief period of time this rendered him innocuous to the less scrupulous. Left without any specific task, he retired to

882-756: The American clergy from the jurisdiction of the Vicar Apostolic in England, and erected the first American episcopal see, the Diocese of Baltimore in November 1789. Pius VI elevated 73 cardinals in 23 consistories. He canonized no saints during his pontificate but beatified a total of 39 individuals that included Lawrence of Brindisi and Amato Ronconi . The pope also set the Papal States' finances on much steadier ground. Pius

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924-739: The Church in the Grand Duchy of Tuscany . The papal bull Auctorem fidei , issued on 28 August 1794, is a condemnation of the Gallican and Jansenist propositions and tendencies of the Synod of Pistoia (1786). On 17 August 1775, Pope Pius VI promulgated with a Papal Decree the authenticity of Our Lady of Šiluva . Pius VI saw the development of the Catholic Church in the United States of America . He released

966-478: The French revolutionaries abolished "the monarchy, the best of all governments". In 1796, French Republican troops under the command of Napoleon Bonaparte invaded Italy and defeated the Papal troops. The French occupied Ancona and Loreto . Pius VI sued for peace which was granted at Tolentino on 19 February 1797; but on 28 December 1797, in a riot blamed by papal forces on some Italian and French revolutionists,

1008-495: The ample space available on the front of the sarcophagus. It would surely have been placed more in the middle and in larger letters... Barbatus’ erasure suggests that the letters were the same size and the lines the same length as the extant text. The erasure comprises exactly the length of two of the Saturnian verses below. All these considerations strongly suggest that part of this same text was erased. The question remains as to what

1050-459: The archbishop- elector of Mainz , wrote under the pseudonym of "Febronius", expounding Gallican ideas of national Catholic Churches. Although Hontheim was himself induced (not without public controversy) publicly to retract his positions, they were nevertheless adopted in Austria . There the social and ecclesiastical reforms which had been undertaken by Emperor Joseph II and his minister Kaunitz , as

1092-444: The erasure itself. In effect, a fine sarcophagus, which was inscribed with a long and carefully executed text, is marred by a rough erasure. If the erasure was made before the new text was cut, why was more trouble not taken to smooth and prepare the stone? Moreover, why does our text start at a distance of a third of a line from the margin? It would have been easy for the mason to produce a better surface so that he could have started at

1134-495: The gardens of his villa near Padua . The gardens were later destroyed, and the fate of the bones is unknown. The gold ring was given by Pius IV to a French scholar, Louis Dutens, who later sold it to the Earl of Beverley . By the late 19th century it had found its way into the collection of the Dukes of Northumberland at Alnwick Castle . The classicist Mary Beard confirmed in 2015 that it

1176-402: The margin. The whole execution of the inscription itself is very fine and clearly not the work of an amateur. The overall impression is that no expense was spared in the layout of a large tomb and the manufacture of a magnificent sarcophagus for its first occupant. If a short, earlier text had indeed been inscribed, there would have been no reason to write it in small letters at the very top of

1218-520: The papal nuncio , Antonio Dugnani, was recalled to Rome as a result. One of the reasons for the breach was the seizure by the revolutionaries of the Comtat Venaissin , ending 516 years of Papal rule in Avignon. King Louis XVI of France was executed via guillotine on 21 January 1793, and his daughter Marie Thérèse petitioned Rome for the canonization of her father. Pius VI hailed the late king as

1260-404: The policy of Clement XIV and maintain the provisions of Clement's brief Dominus ac Redemptor (1773) which had dissolved the order. On the other hand, the pro-Jesuit Zelanti faction believed him to be secretly sympathetic towards the order and expected him to remedy the wrongs the Jesuits suffered in the previous pontificate. These various expectations would face Braschi after his election with

1302-414: The popular brigadier-general Mathurin- Léonard Duphot , who had gone to Rome with Joseph Bonaparte as part of the French embassy, was killed and a new pretext was furnished for invasion. General Louis-Alexandre Berthier marched to Rome, entered it unopposed on 10 February 1798, and, proclaiming a Roman Republic , demanded of the pope the renunciation of his temporal authority. Upon his refusal, Pius

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1344-459: The problem of corruption in the Papal States . He reprimanded Prince Potenziani, the governor of Rome, for failing to adequately deal with corruption in the city, appointed a council of cardinals to remedy the state of the finances and relieve the pressure of imposts , called to account Nicolò Bischi for the spending of funds intended for the purchase of grain, reduced the annual disbursements by denying pensions to many prominent people, and adopted

1386-476: The universal re-establishment of the Society of Jesus as a bulwark against the ideas of the French Revolution , but did not carry this through. Besides facing dissatisfaction with this temporising policy, Pius VI also faced elements of Enlightenment thinking which sought to limit papal authority. Johann Nikolaus von Hontheim , since 1749 bishop of Myriophiri in partibus and auxiliary bishop and vicar-general to

1428-557: The virtual impossibility of satisfying either side. Cardinal Braschi was elected pope on 15 February 1775 and took the name "Pius VI". He was consecrated bishop on 22 February 1775 by Cardinal Gian Francesco Albani and was crowned that same day by the Cardinal Protodeacon Alessandro Albani . Pius VI first opened a jubilee his predecessor had already convoked, the 1775 Jubilee Year. The early acts of Pius VI gave fair promise of reformist rule and tackled

1470-691: Was Cardinal Giovanni Carlo Bandi . He was baptized in Cesena two days later on 27 December and was given the baptismal name of Angelo Onofrio Melchiorre Natale Giovanni Antonio. After completing his studies in the Jesuit college of Cesena and receiving his doctorate of both canon and civil law in 1734, Braschi continued his studies at the University of Ferrara . Braschi became the private secretary of papal legate Cardinal Tommaso Ruffo , Bishop of Ostia and Velletri . Cardinal Ruffo took him as his conclavist at

1512-407: Was done partly by invention and partly by substitution of the cognomen Scipio for earlier ones of branches that later died out... It is possible, therefore, that Barbatus'...[epitaph contained some claim to be the first Scipio, and that this]...became an obstacle to later family members who were eager to find earlier ancestors and other founders, who could compete with the claims of rival families. Such

1554-531: Was embalmed, but was not buried until 30 January 1800 after Napoleon saw political advantage to burying the deceased Pope in efforts to bring the Catholic Church back into France. His entourage insisted for some time that his last wishes were to be buried in Rome, then behind the Austrian lines. They also prevented a Constitutional bishop from presiding at the burial, as the laws of France then required, so no burial service

1596-499: Was erased by a later family member... Whatever was rubbed out must have been controversial or unsatisfactory from the family’s point of view Since the tomb was closed in the late Republic, the erasure must date to the middle Republic, and since the tombs were private, the erasure must have been done at the request of an authoritative male family member. In her review of the epitaph, Harriet Flower notes that "The Scipios are also known for their continued search for earlier ancestors. This

1638-551: Was held. This return of the investiture conflict was settled by the Concordat of 1801 . Pius VI's body was removed from Valence on 24 December 1801 and buried at Rome 19 February 1802, when Pius VI was given a Catholic funeral, attended by Pope Pius VII , his successor. By decree of Pope Pius XII in 1949, the remains of Pius VI were moved to the Chapel of the Madonna below St. Peter's in

1680-410: Was replaced by the surviving text at a later date. More recently, however, a detailed analysis of the epitaph has suggested that the surviving text is the original inscription, but that the first part of the epitaph has been deleted. A summary of this analysis states: The most compelling arguments that suggest the removal of part of the same verse text we now have relate to the shape and character of

1722-456: Was still in the collection, which makes it the only ancient Roman ring which can be traced to an original owner. Pope Pius VI Pope Pius VI ( Italian : Pio VI ; born Count Giovanni Angelo Braschi , 25 December 1717 – 29 August 1799) was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 15 February 1775 to his death in August 1799. Pius VI condemned

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1764-643: Was taken prisoner, and on 20 February was escorted from the Vatican to Siena , and thence to the Certosa near Florence . The French declaration of war against Tuscany led to his removal (he was escorted by the Spaniard Pedro Gómez Labrador, Marquis of Labrador ) by way of Parma , Piacenza , Turin and Grenoble to the citadel of Valence , the chief town of Drôme where he died six weeks after his arrival, on 29 August 1799, having then reigned longer than any pope since Saint Peter . Pius VI's body

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