Misplaced Pages

#860139

30-404: The agreement established minimum prices for the purchase of surplus coffee production by governments, that the export of inferior types of coffee was to be discouraged, the improvement of the advertising of Brazilian coffee abroad, the stimulation of domestic consumption and the restrictment of the expansion of coffee crops. Purchases would be financed by issues backed by external loans. In addition,

60-528: A Brazilian economist and one of the most distinguished intellectuals of the 20th century. His work focuses on development and underdevelopment and on the persistence of poverty in peripheral countries throughout the world. He is viewed, along with Raúl Prebisch , as one of the main formulators of economic structuralism , an economics school that is largely identified with CEPAL , which achieved prominence in Latin America and other developing regions during

90-528: A joint policy to value coffee, subject to approval by the President of the Republic . Earlier proposals for federal intervention in the coffee market had already been made, notably by Alessandro Vincenzo Siciliano, an Italian-born Brazilian coffee grower and industrialist, in 1903. However, president Rodrigues Alves was reluctant to intervene, due to his liberal and austerity policies. The coffee valorization policy

120-443: A result of the great immigration wave to Brazil at the end of the 19th century, largely contributed to the expansion of the coffee economy. In 1886, a period defined by an expressive increase in coffee prices began. The beginning of this cycle was marked by other movements that occurred at the same time: there was a strong growth in foreign demand, while the supply grew at an increasing yet irregular rhythm due to climatic conditions,

150-555: A thesis on the economy of Brazil during the colonial period . In 1949, he moved to Santiago, Chile , where he joined the team of the newly created United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (best known by its Latin American acronym, CEPAL ), which was then headed by Argentine economist Raúl Prebisch . While working at CEPAL, Furtado and Prebisch were decisive for

180-582: Is also based currently, i.e. the model where consumerism and individualism are the basis for corporate actions. For instance, if everybody could afford to buy a car, our cities would be completely gridlocked. Furtado's critique of the myths of economic development was based on a report of the Club of Rome , which is summarized in Abstract of The limits to Growth: a report to The Club of Rome ; 2) On poverty: in countries that have no "central" economies (countries that are not

210-821: The Brazilian military coup d'état , in 1964, he was forced into exile and worked as professor at Yale University , in the United States, and later at Cambridge University and the University of Paris ( Sorbonne ), in France. After the Law of Amnesty, in 1979, he returned to Brazil and was appointed Ambassador of Brazil at the EEC, in Brussels (1985–1986) and Minister of Culture in the government of president José Sarney (1985–1990). In 2004, Celso Furtado

240-662: The Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) in 1944. That same year, he was conscripted to the Brazilian Expeditionary Force to fight in Italy , during World War II , alongside the Allies . Seeing countries destroyed in post-war Europe had a profound impact on him, leading to the decision that he would study Economics : he enrolled in a doctorate program at the University of Paris ( Sorbonne ), in 1946, and presented

270-4358: The WTO (World Trade Organization) would, on the one hand, increase control over the world economy, also increasing freedom for capital flows and for the actions of big corporations, while, on the other hand, it would reduce the number of possible choices available for governments, mainly for poor country's governments. This is the kind of development that has been taking place for the last 30 years. 1 ( Adelino Fontoura ): Luís Murat ► Afonso d'Escragnolle Taunay ► Ivan Monteiro de Barros Lins ► Bernardo Élis ► Evandro Lins e Silva ► Ana Maria Machado 2 ( Álvares de Azevedo ): Coelho Neto ► João Neves da Fontoura ► João Guimarães Rosa ► Mário Palmério ► Tarcísio Padilha ► Eduardo Giannetti da Fonseca 3 ( Artur de Oliveira ): Filinto de Almeida ► Roberto Simonsen ► Aníbal Freire da Fonseca ► Herberto Sales ► Carlos Heitor Cony ► Joaquim Falcão 4 ( Basílio da Gama ): Aluísio Azevedo ► Alcides Maia ► Viana Moog ► Carlos Nejar 5 ( Bernardo Guimarães ): Raimundo Correia ► Oswaldo Cruz ► Aloísio de Castro ► Cândido Mota Filho ► Rachel de Queiroz ► José Murilo de Carvalho ► Ailton Krenak 6 ( Casimiro de Abreu ): Teixeira de Melo ► Artur Jaceguai ► Goulart de Andrade ► Barbosa Lima Sobrinho ► Raimundo Faoro ► Cícero Sandroni 7 ( Castro Alves ): Valentim Magalhães ► Euclides da Cunha ► Afrânio Peixoto ► Afonso Pena Júnior ► Hermes Lima ► Pontes de Miranda ► Diná Silveira de Queirós ► Sérgio Correia da Costa ► Nelson Pereira dos Santos ► Cacá Diegues 8 ( Cláudio Manuel da Costa ): Alberto de Oliveira ► Oliveira Viana ► Austregésilo de Athayde ► Antônio Calado ► Antônio Olinto ► Cleonice Berardinelli ► Ricardo Cavaliere 9 ( Gonçalves de Magalhães ): Carlos Magalhães de Azeredo ► Marques Rebelo ► Carlos Chagas Filho ► Alberto da Costa e Silva ► Lilia Moritz Schwarcz 10 ( Evaristo da Veiga ): Rui Barbosa ► Laudelino Freire ► Osvaldo Orico ► Orígenes Lessa ► Lêdo Ivo ► Rosiska Darcy de Oliveira 11 ( Fagundes Varela ): Lúcio de Mendonça ► Pedro Augusto Carneiro Lessa ► Eduardo Ramos ► João Luís Alves ► Adelmar Tavares ► Deolindo Couto ► Darcy Ribeiro ► Celso Furtado ► Hélio Jaguaribe ► Ignácio de Loyola Brandão 12 ( França Júnior ): Urbano Duarte de Oliveira ► Antônio Augusto de Lima ► Vítor Viana ► José Carlos de Macedo Soares ► Abgar Renault ► Lucas Moreira Neves ► Alfredo Bosi ► Paulo Niemeyer Filho 13 ( Francisco Otaviano ): Alfredo d'Escragnolle Taunay ► Francisco de Castro ► Martins Júnior ► Sousa Bandeira ► Hélio Lobo ► Augusto Meyer ► Francisco de Assis Barbosa ► Sérgio Paulo Rouanet ► Ruy Castro 14 ( Franklin Távora ): Clóvis Beviláqua ► Antônio Carneiro Leão ► Fernando de Azevedo ► Miguel Reale ► Celso Lafer 15 ( Gonçalves Dias ): Olavo Bilac ► Amadeu Amaral ► Guilherme de Almeida ► Odilo Costa Filho ► Marcos Barbosa ► Fernando Bastos de Ávila ► Marco Lucchesi 16 ( Gregório de Matos ): Araripe Júnior ► Félix Pacheco ► Pedro Calmon ► Lygia Fagundes Telles ► Jorge Caldeira 17 ( Hipólito da Costa ): Sílvio Romero ► Osório Duque-Estrada ► Edgar Roquette-Pinto ► Álvaro Lins ► Antônio Houaiss ► Affonso Arinos de Mello Franco ► Fernanda Montenegro 18 ( João Francisco Lisboa ): José Veríssimo ► Barão Homem de Melo ► Alberto Faria ► Luís Carlos ► Pereira da Silva ► Peregrino Júnior ► Arnaldo Niskier 19 ( Joaquim Caetano ): Alcindo Guanabara ► Silvério Gomes Pimenta ► Gustavo Barroso ► Silva Melo ► Américo Jacobina Lacombe ► Marcos Almir Madeira ► Antônio Carlos Secchin 20 ( Joaquim Manuel de Macedo ): Salvador de Mendonça ► Emílio de Meneses ► Humberto de Campos ► Múcio Leão ► Aurélio de Lira Tavares ► Murilo Melo Filho ► Gilberto Gil 21 ( Joaquim Serra ): José do Patrocínio ► Mário de Alencar ► Olegário Mariano ► Álvaro Moreira ► Adonias Filho ► Dias Gomes ► Roberto Campos ► Paulo Coelho 22 ( José Bonifácio

300-525: The article wizard to submit a draft for review, or request a new article . Search for " Caixa de Conversão " in existing articles. Look for pages within Misplaced Pages that link to this title . Other reasons this message may be displayed: If a page was recently created here, it may not be visible yet because of a delay in updating the database; wait a few minutes or try the purge function . Titles on Misplaced Pages are case sensitive except for

330-543: The 1820s. Initially, coffee plantations spread through the fertile Paraíba Valley in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. Continuing its ascending march, there was an expansion of coffee production in the province of Minas Gerais ( Zona da Mata and the south of the province), at the same time that production was consolidated in the interior of São Paulo. The last 20 years of the Empire of Brazil saw an accentuated development of coffee growing in

SECTION 10

#1732872506861

360-499: The 1960s and 1970s and sought to stimulate economic development through governmental intervention, largely inspired on the views of John Maynard Keynes . As a politician, Furtado was appointed Minister of Planning ( Goulart government ) and Minister of Culture ( Sarney government ). Born in Pombal , a city set in the semi-arid region of the state of Paraíba , Celso Furtado moved to Rio de Janeiro in 1939, to study law, and graduated from

390-462: The base for giant corporations), at most 10% of population could reach the level of wealth achieved by people in the richest countries. Peripheral economies, which would not create an independent and more complete economy, would remain poor and experience growing disparities between their poor and their rich inhabitants; 3) On the world economic superstructure: The world superstructure of the capitalist economy (mainly IMF and GATT , which gave rise to

420-483: The causes of underdevelopment. In O Mito do Desenvolvimento Econômico (The myth of economic development, in Portuguese), published in 1974, Furtado almost prophetically refers to the "globalisation of the world economy" ("mundialização da economia") when describing the ongoing economic process known today as globalization and raises questions about issues we experience today: 1) The myth of economic development versus

450-447: The country controlled alone three quarters of the entire world supply. In February 1906, the governors of the states of Minas Gerais (Francisco Antônio de Sales), São Paulo (Jorge Tibiriçá Piratininga) and Rio de Janeiro (Nilo Procópio Peçanha, later replaced by Alfredo Backer), met in Taubaté and as a result, on the ninth day of that month, signed an agreement that laid the foundations for

480-512: The federal government was committed to the creation of the Caixa de Conversão  [ pt ] in order to stabilize the exchange rate, and thus, the income of coffee growers in domestic currency. The agreement started the first coffee price defense operation, which was made up of a policy of valuing the product and another of stabilizing the exchange rate. Coffee production in Brazil was established in

510-402: The first character; please check alternative capitalizations and consider adding a redirect here to the correct title. If the page has been deleted, check the deletion log , and see Why was the page I created deleted? Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caixa_de_Conversão " Celso Furtado Celso Monteiro Furtado (July 26, 1920 – November 20, 2004) was

540-590: The formulation of socioeconomic policies for the development of Latin America which emphasized industrialization and import substitution. Upon his return to Brazil in 1959, he published his most famous book – The Economic Growth of Brazil: A Survey from Colonial to Modern Times (in Portuguese: Formação Econômica do Brasil ) – and was appointed the director of the Brazilian Development Bank (BNDE) in charge of issues concerning states of

570-492: The government of president João Goulart (1961–1964), Furtado became Minister of Planning and was responsible for Brazil's Triennial Plan of development. Furtado was also one of the founders of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), an intergovernmental body created in 1964, whose work has since centered around issues related to development and the asymmetries of international trade. With

600-474: The mobilization of planters, who came together to create a strategy that would keep the price of the product valued in times of crisis. Since the Panic of 1893 , which particularly affected the United States, the main buyer of Brazilian coffee, the price of coffee fell significantly. Brazilian intervention in the international level of coffee prices was only possible thanks to its dominance in international production, as

630-468: The more or less appropriate treatment given to the plantantions and the fact that periods of great production were followed by a transitional period of plant exhaustion, which largely stimulated speculation . Due to the expansion of demand and the dynamics of supply, the international price of coffee doubled between 1885 and 1890, further stimulating the expansion of coffee plantations. The large expansion of production and other activities related to coffee, on

SECTION 20

#1732872506861

660-405: The need for natural resources for economic processes: it is mistaken to think that economic development and its benefits will some day reach everyone in the world if the model of economic development does not change. For instance, there are not sufficient natural resources available for everyone in the world if we take as a benchmark the economic model on which the economy was based in the 1970s and

690-588: The northeastern region, which are poor and face chronic droughts and desertification . During this period, he developed a plan which resulted in the creation of the Superintendency for the Development of the Northeast ( Sudene ), a governmental agency that worked to stimulate economic growth in that region, and was appointed by Brazilian president Juscelino Kubitschek (1956–1961) the agency's first director. During

720-457: The one hand, brought some wealth and progress to the country, but, on the other hand, resulted in overproduction which caused the fall of prices. Initially, the effects of this fall were mitigated by the devaluation of the Brazilian currency. At the beginning of the 20th century, the overproduction crisis began to take shape. Coffee prices on the international market dropped significantly, prompting

750-522: The pressure of domestic supply on the trend of falling prices observed. However, he himself agrees that such governmental action would be very difficult because it did not correspond to the prevailing political interests at the time, linked to the export of coffee. The Taubaté Agreement only helped to postpone the imminent end of the coffee cycle in Brazil, which happened with the crash of the New York Stock Exchange in 1929. The Taubaté Agreement

780-562: The so-called "Oeste Paulista" (Western São Paulo), up until that point an almost deserted region and whose vacant lands were quickly invaded by the new culture. The inauguration of railroads such as the São Paulo Railway Company in 1867, which crossed the Serra do Mar , connecting the coffee growing areas in the interior of São Paulo to the Port of Santos , and the abundance of cheap workforce,

810-508: The surpluses. The State acquired the product for resale in more favorable moments until 1924, the year in which the Coffee Institute of São Paulo was created, from when the intervention started to take place indirectly. Also according to Celso Furtado, the biggest flaw of this policy of artificial valorization of coffee was that the government did not encourage the diversification of Brazilian exports, through subsidies, in order to alleviate

840-512: Was nominated to the Nobel Prize of Economics ( Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences ) . Furtado published more than 30 books during his lifetime. (with Sue Branford) The Economic Growth of Brazil (original title, Formação Econômica do Brasil ) is his best known book and considered by many to be a national classic. First published in 1959, it depicts Brazil's economic history and

870-404: Was then carried out by his successor, Afonso Pena . Celso Furtado , in his work Formação Econômica do Brasil , summarized the measures as follows: As a result, coffee prices were kept artificially high, guaranteeing coffee growers' profits. These, instead of reducing coffee production, continued to produce it on a large scale, forcing the government to contract more loans to continue acquiring

900-1337: Was used to enrich coffee owners, who invested in the industrialization of São Paulo, since the production had guaranteed sales. With the impossibility of paying the debts that the São Paulo government contracted abroad after the 1929 crisis, Getúlio Vargas ' government assumed all debts by nationalizing them in 1930. Caixa de Convers%C3%A3o Look for Caixa de Conversão on one of Misplaced Pages's sister projects : [REDACTED] Wiktionary (dictionary) [REDACTED] Wikibooks (textbooks) [REDACTED] Wikiquote (quotations) [REDACTED] Wikisource (library) [REDACTED] Wikiversity (learning resources) [REDACTED] Commons (media) [REDACTED] Wikivoyage (travel guide) [REDACTED] Wikinews (news source) [REDACTED] Wikidata (linked database) [REDACTED] Wikispecies (species directory) Misplaced Pages does not have an article with this exact name. Please search for Caixa de Conversão in Misplaced Pages to check for alternative titles or spellings. You need to log in or create an account and be autoconfirmed to create new articles. Alternatively, you can use

#860139