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42-530: The museum was established by the Tatra Museum Society, and the building which today serves as the main branch, located in the centre of Zakopane, at 10 Krupówki Street, was designed specifically for this purpose by Stanisław Witkiewicz and Franciszek Mączyński . The building is an example of a "brick-and-stone" variety of Zakopane style architecture. The design was prepared in 1913, and the building started between 1913 and 1914. Count Władysław Zamoyski ,

84-477: A health resort and centre of the arts and culture in the interwar period. The exhibition presents the time of Zakopane's rapid development and the emergence of a society of active artists and social activists in Podhale at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. Tytus Chałubiński , Stanisław Witkiewicz and many other Polish artists had chosen Zakopane as their resort of choice, fascinated by

126-772: A central role in Lithuania's wars against the crusading order of the Teutonic Knights (Knights of the Cross and Knights of the Sword). Invasions started in Lithuania in 1229. Combined military forces undertook numerous campaigns against Samogitians and Lithuanians. Saule (1236), Skuodas (1259), Durbe (1260), Lievarde (1261) are just a few of the battles that took place. Since Žemaitija was the last pagan region in Europe left to be invaded and christened,

168-426: A famous painter, playwright, novelist and philosopher, also known (from the conflation of his surname and middle name) by the pseudonym "Witkacy." Samogitia Samogitia , often known by its Lithuanian name Žemaitija ( Samogitian : Žemaitėjė ; see below for alternative and historical names) is one of the five cultural regions of Lithuania and formerly one of the two core administrative divisions of

210-450: A higher land. Also, the people of Samogitia have long called themselves as Lithuanians and never as Samogitians, and because of such identity ( sic ) we do not write about Samogitia in our letter, because everything is one: one country and the same inhabitants." — Vytautas the Great , excerpt from his 11 March 1420 Latin letter sent to Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor , in which he described

252-423: A large collection of glass painting, as well as folk sculpture and crafts, especially made of metal and leather. Many of these items are on display in the main building. 49°17′41″N 19°57′00″E  /  49.2948°N 19.9499°E  / 49.2948; 19.9499 Stanis%C5%82aw Witkiewicz Stanisław Witkiewicz ( Lithuanian : Stanislovas Vitkevičius ) (8 May 1851 – 5 September 1915 )

294-603: A member of the Tatra Museum Society, donated the stones used for building. After the first world war, which had slowed the completion of building, the remaining works and preparations of exhibitions were possible thanks to a loan from Maria Skłodowska-Curie . Apart from the main branch in Zakopane, at Krupówki Street 10, the museum has 7 other branches in Zakopane and 4 other branches, located in Czarna Góra , Jurgów , Chochołów and Łopuszna . The museum holds and presents: Besides

336-476: A son, Stanisław Ignacy . The son's godmother was the internationally famous actress Helena Modjeska , whom the elder Witkiewicz in 1876 had nearly accompanied to California in the United States . In 1884–1887, Witkiewicz worked as the artistic director of "Wędrowiec" weekly, for which he wrote a series of articles concerning the values of a work of art and the role of art critics (published in book form under

378-514: Is also known in English as Lower Lithuania or, in reference to its Yiddish names, זאַמעט Zamet or זאַמוט Zamut . The largest city is Šiauliai ( Šiaulē ). Telšiai ( Telšē ) is the capital , although Medininkai (now Varniai ; Varnē ) was once the capital of the Duchy of Samogitia . The major cities are: Samogitia is bordered by Lithuania Minor in the south-west, Suvalkija in

420-607: Is now considered Aukštaitija and Suvalkija as well. The Duchy of Samogitia was an autonomous administrative unit in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania with some similarities to a voivodeship . In contrast to some other aristocrats of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Lithuanian language was intensively used in the Duchy of Samogitia and its nobility throughout the early modern period . This

462-420: Is one of the most ethnically homogeneous regions of the country, with an ethnic Lithuanian population exceeding 99.5% in some districts . During the first part of the 19th century, Žemaitija was a major center of Lithuanian culture (Žemaičiai traditionally tended to oppose any anti-Lithuanian restrictions). The local religion is predominantly Roman Catholic , although there are significant Lutheran minorities in

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504-531: Is proven by the letter of Stanisław Radziwiłł to his brother Mikołaj Krzysztof Radziwiłł immediately after becoming the Elder of Samogitia that: "While learning various languages, I forgot Lithuanian , and now I see, I have to go to school again, because that language, as I see, God willing, will be needed." After the partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 18th century, Samogitia

546-458: Is represented by the Samogitian cultural society , a group interested in preserving Samogitian culture and language. The coat of arms depicts a black bear with silver claws and a collar on a red shield topped with a crown. The greater arms are supported by a knight with a sword and a woman with an anchor and has the motto Patria Una ( Latin : One Fatherland). The current emblazonment of the arms

588-499: The Duchy of Samogitia . These are the oldest symbols of the Lithuanian ethnographic regions. On 21 July 1994, these symbols were recognized by the government of Lithuania. Because Žemaitija (Samogitia) does not correspond to any current administrative division of Lithuania, these symbols are not officially used anymore. However, the Samogitian bear was used in the coats of arms of Šiauliai County and Telšiai County . It also appears on

630-528: The Grand Duchy of Lithuania alongside Lithuania proper . Žemaitija is located in northwestern Lithuania . Its capital city is Telšiai and the largest city is Šiauliai (located on the border between Samogitia and Aukštaitija ). Throughout centuries, Samogitia developed a separate culture featuring diverse architecture, folk costumes, dances, songs, traditions, and a distinct Samogitian language . Famous landmarks include Tauragė Castle , Plungė Manor and Hill of Crosses . Ruthenian sources mentioned

672-757: The January Uprising . He was a student at the Academy of Fine Arts in Saint Petersburg (1868–1871) and furthered his education in Munich (1872–1875). During his stay in Munich, he befriended painters Aleksander Gierymski , Józef Chełmoński and Henryk Siemiradzki . In 1875, he moved to Warsaw and set up a painting workshop in the laundry at the Hotel Europejski . In 1884, he married Maria Pietrzkiewicz. The pair had

714-768: The Klaipėda region , but it became extinct after World War II after its inhabitants fled the region as a result of being expelled or persecuted by the Soviet authorities. During the 15th and 16th centuries, the Samogitians of the Klaipėda region called themselves " Lietuvininkai ", whereas at the end of the 19th century when the area, known in German as the Memelland , was part of Prussia (Germany), they were known as "Prūsai". After World War II ,

756-588: The United Kingdom , Germany and Russia . Žemaičių Kalvarija (or New Jerusalem as it used to be called) is visited by pilgrims from all around the world, due to its annual The Great Žemaičių Kalvarija Church Festival (usually in June or July). Samogitia historically was an autonomous region in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , although it lost this status once Lithuania was annexed by the Russian Empire following

798-526: The Zakopane Style ( styl zakopiański ) (also known as Witkiewicz Style ( styl witkiewiczowski )) in architecture, in which he designed homes and interiors for well-off, artistically-minded Poles. He was strongly associated with Zakopane and promoted it in the art community. Witkiewicz had strong views against formal education: "school is completely at odds with the psychological make-up of human beings" . He applied this principle in his son's upbringing and

840-799: The Samogitians (Lithuanians) ). After World War I , Samogitia became a part of the newly re-established Lithuanian state. The Žemaičiai resisted the Bolsheviks and the Bermontians . During World War II, Lithuania was first occupied by the Stalinist Soviet Union in 1940, then in 1941 by Nazi Germany, and in 1944 again by the USSR. The Soviet Union recognized the independence of Lithuania on 6 September 1991. The last Soviet troops withdrew in August 1993. In 1945,

882-589: The Soviets denied the existence of the Lithuania Minor ethnographic region, out of political advantage, and declared the Klaipėda region a part of Samogitia. Tourist destinations in Samogitia include Palanga , Kretinga and Žemaičių Kalvarija . The majority of tourists come from Latvia , Poland , Belarus , Russia , Germany , Spain , Finland and Sweden . Palanga is a tourist destination among tourists from

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924-473: The Teutonic Order and ended their crusading era. "We do not know on whose merits or guilt such a decision was made, or with what we have offended Your Lordship so much that Your Lordship has deservedly been directed against us, creating hardship for us everywhere. First of all, you made and announced a decision about the land of Samogitia, which is our inheritance and our homeland from the legal succession of

966-661: The Teutonic Order set their sights on this last mission. Between 1345 and 1382, the Knights of the Cross attacked from Prussia some 70 times, while the Livonian Knights of the Sword made 30 military forays. Year after year, fortresses were attacked, farms and crops were put to the torch, women and children enslaved and men killed. Despite all their effort, the Žemaičiai managed to defend their lands until 1410 decisive Battle of Grunwald or Žalgiris, where united Polish-Lithuanian forces defeated

1008-774: The Third Partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1795 as a part of the Vilnius Governorate . In 1843, Samogitia was incorporated into the Kaunas Governorate , with a minor part attached to the Courland Governorate . Since then, Samogitia has not had a separate political status, but there were attempts to create a separate state during the uprising in February 1831 . Currently, Samogitia

1050-480: The ancestors and elders. We still own it, it is and has always been the same Lithuanian land, because there is one language and the same inhabitants . But since the land of Samogitia is located lower than the land of Lithuania , it is called as Samogitia, because in Lithuanian it is called lower land [ Žemaitija ]. And the Samogitians call Lithuania as Aukštaitija , that is, from the Samogitian point of view,

1092-459: The core of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , composed from Žemaitija (lowlands) and Aukštaitija (highlands). Term Aukštaitija has been known since the 13th century. In the 15th century, Samogitia was the last region in Core Europe to be converted to Christianity . During the 15–18th centuries, it was known as the Duchy or Eldership of Samogitia , which included some territories of what

1134-538: The expense of Žemaitija. Because during the 13th through 16th centuries the Teutonic Order and the Livonian Order bordered Žemaitija, it was long threatened by their expansionist aims. As such, the Samogitian territory was offered to these orders, or exchanged in peace treaties, a number of times. Lithuania would then regain Žemaitija during subsequent conflicts. For more than two hundred years, old Samogitia played

1176-484: The local folklore and nature. The exhibition traces further developments of the city and region until the present day. The ethnographic exhibition presents, among others, an interior of a typical 19th century Podhale cottage, with two spaces – the "white" and "black" rooms separated by a vestibule . An original entrance door decorated with diagonal wooden pegs – originally part of Stanisław Wójciak's house in Kościeliska –

1218-574: The main branch, within Zakopane there are 11 branches of the Tatra Museum, including: The main building houses an exhibition presenting the history of the Polish Tatras . Photographs, archival documents and publications present a history of the Podhale region from prehistoric times, through first human settlements, the development of towns and villages, the development of Zakopane from a small village into

1260-454: The museum and its ethnographic collection features approximately 10,750 items. Many enthusiasts of the culture of Podhale Gorals donated historical items and clothing to The Tatra Museum: Countess Róża Krasińska , Bronisław Dembowski , and Zygmunt Gnatowski . In 1949, after the museum was nationalised, ethnographers were employed to acquire items missing from the already rich and valuable collection. The new acquisitions were mainly paintings and

1302-580: The region as жемотьская земля, Žemot'skaja zemlja ; this gave rise to its Polish form, Żmudź , and probably to the Middle High German Sameiten, Samaythen . In Latin texts, the name is usually written as Samogitia, Samogetia , etc. The area has long been known to its residents and to other Lithuanians exclusively as Žemaitija (the name Samogitia is no longer in use within Lithuania and has not been used for at least two centuries); Žemaitija means "lowlands" in Lithuanian. The region

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1344-545: The south-east, Aukštaitija in the east, and Semigallia and Courland in the north. The people of Žemaitija speak Samogitian, a variety of Lithuanian that was previously considered one of three main dialects (modern linguists have determined that it is one of two dialects, the other being the Aukštaitian dialect and that both of these dialects have subdialects each). Samogitian has northern and southern dialects, which are further subdivided. A western dialect once existed in

1386-484: The south. The use of the Samogitian language is decreasing as more people tend to use Lithuanian, although there have been some minor attempts by local councils, especially in Telšiai , to write certain roadside information in Samogitian as well some schools teach children Samogitian in schools. The modern concept of " dialectological " Žemaitija appeared only by the end of the 19th century. The territory of ancient Samogitia

1428-639: The territory of the western subdialect was resettled mainly by northern and southern Žemaičiai and by other Lithuanians. Samogitian has a broken intonation ("laužtinė priegaidė", a variant of a start-firm accent ) similar to that of the Latvian language . In 2010, the Samogitian language was assigned with an ISO 639-3 standard language code ("sgs"), as some languages, that were considered by ISO 639-2 to be dialects of one language, are now in ISO 639-3 in certain contexts considered to be individual languages themselves. Žemaitija

1470-505: The title "Painting and criticism among us", Sztuka i krytyka u nas , in 1891 and 1899). In 1887, he held the same position in "Kłosy" magazine. In 1886, he visited Zakopane for the first time. He developed a fascination with the Tatras , the Podhale highlanders and their vernacular traditions. His ambition became to create a Polish national style based on the highlanders' art, which he considered quintessentially Polish. He formulated

1512-529: Was a Polish painter of Lithuanian origin, art theoretician, and amateur architect, known for his creation of " Zakopane Style ". Witkiewicz was born in the Samogitian village of Pašiaušė , present-day Lithuania , in the lands of the partitioned Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth , ruled at the time by the Russian Empire . As an adolescent, he spent several years in Siberian Tomsk , where his parents and two older siblings were exiled for their support of

1554-438: Was created by artist Algis Kliševičius. The flag of Samogitia depicts the coat of arms on a white background. It is a swallowtail flag . A variant of the flag charged with the greater coat of arms additionally has a red border around the flag. Both symbols are assumed to have been used for centuries, especially the coat of arms (differing claims assert it was first used in the 14th or 16th centuries). The symbols were used by

1596-633: Was disappointed when the 20-year-old Witkacy chose to enroll at the Academy of Fine Arts in Kraków . In 1908, suffering from tuberculosis , the elder Witkiewicz left his family in Zakopane and relocated to Lovran , a fashionable resort in what was then Austria-Hungary , which today is in Croatia . He died there in 1915. His first monographic art exhibition was staged in Zachęta Fine Arts Society in 1927. His son, Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz , became

1638-446: Was incorporated into the Russian Empire along with the rest of Lithuania. Samogitia was the main source of the Lithuanian cultural revival during the 19th century and was a focal point for the smuggling of books printed in the Lithuanian language, which was banned by the occupying Russians. In 1883, Edmund Veckenstedt published a book Die Mythen, Sagen und Legenden der Zamaiten (Litauer) (English: The myths, sagas and legends of

1680-578: Was inhabited by southern Semigallians and southern Curonians ) became ethnically Lithuanian between the 13th and 16th centuries. The primal eastern boundary of historical Samogitia was the Šventoji River (a tributary of the Neris River ); in 1387, the Lithuanian ruler (regent of Lithuania for Jogaila) Skirgaila had expanded the territory of Grand Duke's domain in Aukštaitija along the Nevėžis River at

1722-544: Was much larger than current ethnographic or "dialectological" Žemaitija and embraced all of central and western Lithuania. The very term "Samogitians" is a Latinized form of the ancient Lithuanian name for the region's lowlanders, who dwelt in Central Lithuania's lowlands. The original subethnic Samogitia, i.e. Central Lithuania's flat burial grounds culture, was formed as early as the 5th-6th centuries. The western part of historical Žemaitija (before 12th–13th centuries it

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1764-412: Was purchased by the museum in 1905 and now leads to the reconstruction of the cottage. The inside of the cottage presents the way of life of 19th century Podhale families. Daily life concentrated in the ‘black’ chamber, its walls darkened by the smoke from the stove. Other exhibits include the historic clothing of Podhale Gorals and the arts and crafts. The Ethnographic department is the second-oldest in

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