Abaszkiewicz, Abramowicz, Adamkiewicz, Adamkowicz, Adamowicz, Aksan, Aksanow, Albicki, Alechnowicz, Anczewski, Andrzejewicz, Anszewski, Antoniewski, Antoszewski, Anusiewicz, Anuszewicz, Anuszewski.
126-466: Tarnów ( Polish pronunciation: [ˈtarnuf] ) is a city in southeastern Poland with 105,922 inhabitants and a metropolitan area population of 269,000 inhabitants. The city is situated in the Lesser Poland Voivodeship . It is a major rail junction, located on the strategic east–west connection from Lviv to Kraków , and two additional lines, one of which links the city with
252-494: A Fellowship of the Royal Society . In 1791, Great Sejm parliament adopted the 3 May Constitution , the first set of supreme national laws, and introduced a constitutional monarchy . The Targowica Confederation , an organisation of nobles and deputies opposing the act, appealed to Catherine and caused the 1792 Polish–Russian War . Fearing the reemergence of Polish hegemony, Russia and Prussia arranged and in 1793 executed,
378-469: A tram line, with the length of 2.5 kilometres, since replaced by buses. Members of Parliament ( Sejm ) elected from Tarnów constituency in 2005 included: Urszula Augustyn , PO , Edward Czesak , PiS , Aleksander Grad , PO, Barbara Marianowska , PiS, Józef Rojek , PiS, Wiesław Woda , PSL and Michał Wojtkiewicz , PiS. Member of the European Parliament elected in 2007, and Consul General at
504-587: A 'selection' in which those deemed 'non-essential' were singled out for deportation to Belzec. About 8,000 people were deported. Thereafter, deportations from Tarnów to extermination camps continued sporadically; the Germans deported a group of 2,500 in November 1942. In the midst of the 1942 deportations, some Jews in Tarnów organized a Jewish resistance movement . Many of the resistance leaders were young Zionists involved in
630-608: A German Nazi saboteur conducted the Tarnów rail station bomb attack killing 20 civilians and wounding 35, four days before the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany and the outbreak of World War II . During the German invasion of Poland, the city was overrun by the German forces on 7 September 1939. Under German occupation , Tarnów was incorporated into the General Government territory as
756-454: A Goldman family, remained in the care of family friend Jerzy Poetschkes after Blanka Drillich (née Goldman), the last remnant of the family, left Poland after the war. In 1987 Poetchkes, with the advice of parish lawyers, claimed that the plot has been abandoned (i.e. the last owner is unknown, or had perished), despite being in contact with the Drillichs; he then sold half the plot and transferred
882-668: A coastline spanning 770 km (480 mi); extending from the shores of the Baltic Sea, along the Bay of Pomerania in the west to the Gulf of Gdańsk in the east. The beach coastline is abundant in sand dune fields or coastal ridges and is indented by spits and lagoons, notably the Hel Peninsula and the Vistula Lagoon , which is shared with Russia. The largest Polish island on the Baltic Sea
1008-484: A crescent and a mullet. Original coat of arms of Leliwa, otherwise referred to as Leliwa I include Azure Shield (in Polish heraldry, this tincture is always sky blue), a crescent or, surmounted by a mullet of six points of the second, a Polish nobleman's helm, Crest out of a Polish nobleman's coronet, a fan of seven peacock's feathers proper, charged with the elements of the shield. Azure Mantling and or Motto Leliwa, signifying
1134-629: A document from Michal Borawski born in 1926, featured at the entry of the Bimah as part of the panel offered by the Batory Foundation, the street stairs ("małe schody" or little stairs) from the town-center to the Bernardynski street (where the Bernardine Monastery is located), had to be cleaned of the blood by the local fire brigade for three days. Poles gave shelter to several Jewish escapees from
1260-548: A leading power and a major cultural entity, exercising political control over parts of Central, Eastern , Southeastern and Northern Europe. The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth occupied approximately 1 million km (390,000 sq mi) at its peak and was the largest state in Europe. Simultaneously, Poland imposed Polonisation policies in newly acquired territories which were met with resistance from ethnic and religious minorities. In 1573, Henry de Valois of France ,
1386-645: A legendary ruler of the Lechites , or from the Lendians , a West Slavic tribe that dwelt on the south-easternmost edge of Lesser Poland . The origin of the tribe's name lies in the Old Polish word lęda (plain). Initially, both names Lechia and Polonia were used interchangeably when referring to Poland by chroniclers during the Middle Ages . The first Stone Age archaic humans and Homo erectus species settled what
SECTION 10
#17330863057871512-646: A new provisional pro-Communist coalition government in Moscow, which ignored the Polish government-in-exile based in London. This action angered many Poles who considered it a betrayal by the Allies. In 1944, Stalin had made guarantees to Churchill and Roosevelt that he would maintain Poland's sovereignty and allow democratic elections to take place. However, upon achieving victory in 1945,
1638-433: A pan South-Slavic Illyrian movement heraldic term Leliwa ( Croatian : Leljiva ) also entered Croatian heraldry as a name for the coat of arms considered to be the oldest known symbol ; Bleu celeste, a mullet of six points Or surmounted above a crescent Argent – A golden six-pointed star (representing the morning star) over a silver crescent moon on a blue shield, but also as a name for all other coats of arms that have
1764-548: A political force. Despite persecution and imposition of martial law in 1981 by General Wojciech Jaruzelski , it eroded the dominance of the Polish United Workers' Party and by 1989 had triumphed in Poland's first partially free and democratic parliamentary elections since the end of the Second World War. Lech Wałęsa , a Solidarity candidate, eventually won the presidency in 1990 . The Solidarity movement heralded
1890-610: A popular rebellion against Christianity (see Baptism of Poland ), or Czech invasion of Lesser Poland . In the mid-11th century, a new gord was established on the Biała river. It was a royal property, which in the late 11th or early 12th century was handed over to the Tyniec Benedictine Abbey. The name Tarnów, with a different spelling, was for the first time mentioned in a document of Papal legate , Cardinal Gilles de Paris (1124). The first documented mention of Tarnów occurs in
2016-500: A postwar recovery. In 1957, State Theatre of Ludwik Solski was opened. From 1975 to 1998, it was the capital of the Tarnów Voivodeship . Before World War II, about 25,000 Jews lived in Tarnów. Jews, whose recorded presence in the town went back to the mid-15th century, comprised about half of the town's total population. A large portion of Jewish business in Tarnów was devoted to garment and hat manufacturing. The Jewish community
2142-680: A rival Habsburg electoral candidate, Archduke Maximilian III , in the War of the Polish Succession (1587–1588) . In 1592, Sigismund succeeded his father and John Vasa , in Sweden . The Polish-Swedish union endured until 1599, when he was deposed by the Swedes. In 1609, Sigismund invaded Russia which was engulfed in a civil war , and a year later the Polish winged hussar units under Stanisław Żółkiewski occupied Moscow for two years after defeating
2268-845: A tribal federation and later a centralised monarchical state. Poland began to form into a recognisable unitary and territorial entity around the middle of the 10th century under the Piast dynasty . In 966, ruler of the Polans Mieszko I accepted Christianity under the auspices of the Roman Church with the Baptism of Poland . In 968, a missionary bishopric was established in Poznań . An incipit titled Dagome iudex first defined Poland's geographical boundaries with its capital in Gniezno and affirmed that its monarchy
2394-9639: Is Mount Rysy at 2,501 metres (8,205 ft) in elevation, located in the Tatras. The highest summit of the Sudetes massif is Mount Śnieżka at 1,603.3 metres (5,260 ft), shared with the Czech Republic. The lowest point in Poland is situated at Raczki Elbląskie in the Vistula Delta , which is 1.8 metres (5.9 ft) below sea level. Leliwa coat of arms Babczyński, Babiński, Bacewicz, Bachrynowski, Badkowski, Bagarewicz, Bagrycewicz, Bahrynowicz, Bahrynowski, Bajer, Bakrynowski, Baluczyński, Bałuczyński, Barancewicz, Baranowicz, Bartkowski, Bassowski, Baszowski, Bauer, Baur, Baurski, Bądkowski, Bedliński, Bereziński, Bernatowicz, Bes, Besowski, Będzimirowski, Bękowski, Białas, Białobłocki, Białopiotrowicz, Białoszycki, Bielicki, Bielowski, Bieniewski, Błocki, Błudnicki, Błudowski, Bobiński, Bobola, Boboński, Boczkowski, Bodzanowski, Bodzanta, Bodzewski, Bolcewicz, Bolte, Bonuchowski, Borzuchowski, Bóbr, Brandt, Brażewski, Brażyński, Brăescu, Bremer, Broniewski, Bryżyński, Brzeszewski, Brzozdowski, Brzozogajski, Budiło, Budzewicz, Budziewicz, Bujwid, Bukowiecki, Bułajewski, Bułhak, Bułhal, Bułharowski, Burakowski, Buywid, Byszewski, Bytoński. Cebrzyk, Centomirski, Cerkas, Chełmowski, Chleb, Chlebowicz, Chłasiewicz, Chłasko, Chłopecki, Chmielewski, Chmurzyński, Choberski, Choborski, Chociatowski, Chrościcki, Chrucki, Chruścicki, Chryściński, Cichiński, Cichowicz, Cichowski, Cidzik, Ciszkowski, Cudzinowicz, Czachowski, Czacki, Czaiński, Czajęcki, Czajkowski, Czajowski, Czapiewski, Czapkowski, Czapski, Czarnecki, Czarnicki, Czarnołęski, Czawszajewicz, Czawszkiewicz, Czechowicz, Czechowski, Czehryński, Czejłytko, Czelatycki, Czelatyński, Czerczycki, Czerkas, Czerkies, Czernczycki, Czeski, Czeyłytko, Czobor, Czubicki, Czubiński, Czubowski, Czudzinowicz, Czulski, Czuprynowski, Czybiński. Dackiewicz, Daćkiewicz, Damerau, Damerkaw, Danecki, Danilewicz, Daniła, Daniło, Daniłowicz, Darnowski, Daszczenko, Daszkowski, Dawidowicz, Dąb, Dąbrowski, Dewejn, Długołęcki, Dłużniowski, Dobaniewski, Dobrzański, Dobrzyński, Dokurno, Dorohostajski, Dorpowski, Dowejn, Dowgiałło, Dowgiało, Drasławski, Dreszkowski, Drowdwiłło, Drublański, Drzeczkowski, Duchowicz, Dudziecki, Dusejko, Dusieyko, Duszkiewicz, Dymitrowski, Dyrżewicz, Dyszewicz, Dziewiętnicki, Dzieża, Dziubiński, Dżur. Ezofowicz. Fersen, Francuzewicz, Francuzowicz, Freiman-Ostaniewicz, Fryjewicz. Gabriałowicz, Gabryałowicz, Ganglowski, Gangłowski, Gaugłowski, Gawłowski, Gąglawski, Gągławski, Geczewski, Gesztowt-Łokiański, Giecewicz, Gieczewicz, Gieczewski, Gierłowicz, Gierszod, Gierzad, Giesztołd, Giesztowt łokiański, Gietowć, Gietowt, Gintowt, Gintowt-Dziewałtowski, Girowski, Gliński, Goleniewski, Goleniowski, Gołuchowski, Gordziałkowski, Gorka, Gorkański, Gortatowski, Gotartowski, Gozdzki, Górka, Górkański, Graniewski, Granowski, Grell, Grochowski, Grunowski, Gurkowski, Gurnowski, Gwiazdowski. Hanusowski, Haraszkiewicz, Haustein, Hegel, Hegliński, Herżod, Hlaska, Hleb, Hlebicki, Hlebowicz, Hłaska, Hłasko, Horn, Hortyński, Howig, Hubal. Ibiański, Iłłakowicz, Irzykiewicz, Irzykowicz, Iwonicz, Iwowicz. Jacewicz, Jachimowicz, Jackiewicz, Jacosławski, Jaczewski, Jaczyntowicz, Jagielnicki, Jagintowicz, Jahelnicki, Jahołkowski, Jakowicz, Jaksmanicki, Jaksmański, Janecki, Janisławski, Jankiewicz, Janowicz, Jarosławowicz, Jarosławski, Jaroszewicz, Jaskmanicki, Jaskold, Jaskołd, Jawsza, Jawszowicz, Jelec, Jelowski, Jerzyk, Jerzykowicz, Jeżowski, Joachimowicz, Jotkiewicz, Józefowicz, Jucewicz, Juchniewicz, Juchnowicz, Judinowicz, Juniewicz, Junowicz, Jurkowski, Juskiewicz, Juszkiewicz, Juśkiewicz. Kadziński, Kadzyński, Kalenicki, Kalenik, Kamieński, Kappel, Karaczowski, Karaszewicz, Karsznicki, Karśnicki, Karwacki, Kaski, Kasperowicz, Kaszański, Kewlicz, Kiersz, Kiewlicz, Kikowicz, Kirsz, Kirsza, Kisielowski, Kiski, Kiszelowski, Kiszkiewicz, Knipowicz, Koczanowski, Kokocki, Kolański, Komorski, Konczacki, Koniński, Konopiński, Kończacki, Kopestyński, Kopystyński, Korczyc, Korczycki, Korczyński, Korzeniewski, Korzeniowski, Kostewicz, Koszański, Kościa, Kościc, Kościewicz, Kotaszewicz, Kozicki, Kozielski, Kozieł, Koziełł, Kraiński, Krajewski, Krajowski, Krajski, Kraśnik, Krenz, Kronicki, Krosno, Krupka, Krysiński, Kryżan, Krzesz, Krzywiecki, Krzywięcki, Krzywobłocki, Księski, Kszyniecki, Kuchmistrzowicz, Kuchmistrzowski, Kuciński, Kukiel, Kumaniecki, Kummer, Kuniński, Kurczukowicz, Kurmin, Kurowski, Kuzmicki, Kwiatkowski. Laskowski, Ledycki, Lejkowski, Lekszewicz, Leliwa, Lenkszewicz, Leonowicz, Lesieniewicz, Leskiewicz, Leśkiewicz, Lgocki, Lipański, Lipen, Lipeń, Lipień, Lipiński, Lisiecki, Lisowski, Lissowski, Liszeń, Liszyń, Lityński, Lostin, Ludkiewicz. Łabcewski, Łabiewski, Łachoyski, Ładowski, Łakowicz, Łapszyński, Łaszkiewicz, Ławiński, Ławrynowicz, Łohojski, Łokiański-Gesztowt, Łopacki, Łosiew, Łostowski, Łoziński, Łubanka, Łukowski, Łyczkiewicz, Łysakowski. Macewicz, Marcholenko, Marcinkiewicz, Marcinowicz, Margiewicz, Martynowicz, Martyszewski, Matusewicz, Matuszewic, Matuszewicz, Medeksza, Melsztyński, Meslicz, Miaskowski, Miastkowski, Micewicz, Michałowski, Mickiewicz, Mierciński, Mierczyński, Mierzeński, Mierzyński, Mikulicz, Minejko, Mineyko, Minwid, Mislicz, Miszkiewicz, Mitko, Młaszkowski, Młodkowski, Młotkowski, Mokierski, Molwiłło, Moniwid, Moniwidowicz, Montwid, Montwił, Montwiłło, Montwit, Montywid, Monwid, Monwidowicz, Morstein, Morstin, Morstyn, Morsztyn, Mutykalski, Myszkowicz. Naguszewski, Nakwaski, Narmont, Narmunt, Nasmont, Natalski, Nazdrowicz, Newelski, Niedoma, Niemiera, Niemierzyc, Niesiołowski, Nieścinko, Nietowć, Nieustępowicz, Niewiardowski, Niezwiecki, Ninieński, Norewicz, Normont, Notowicz, Nozdrowicz, Nutowć, Nutowicz, Nutowiec. Odyniec, Oklejski, Okuszka, Okuszko, Olchowicz, Olchowiecki, Olechnowicz, Olechowicz, Ososkowicz, Osostowicz, Ostaniewicz, Ostankowicz, Ostaszkiewicz, Ostrowski, Ostrzeszewicz, Ostrzewski. Pacenko, Pacewicz, Pacyna, Pacynka, Pacynko, Pajewski, Pantalowski, Paruszewski, Parys, Parzenczewski, Parzęczewski, Parzęczowski, Paszkowski, Pausza, Pawłowski, Pawsza, Pereszczak, Pereszczaka, Petkiewicz, Petroch, Petruszewicz, Petyhorski, Piaszczyński, Piechocki, Piechowski, Pieczychowski, Pieniążek, Pietkiewicz, Pietraszko, Pietrusiński, Pigłowski, Pilecki, Piorun, Piotrewicz, Piotrowicz, Piotrowski, Piórkowski, Piórowicz, Pławiński, Pobłocki, Podgorski, Podhajecki, Podlęski, Podłęski, Pogorski, Pokrywnicki, Pokrzywnicki, Połocki, Połoniewicz, Połoński, Popławski, Postawka, Postawko, Preuss, Prusakiewicz, Pruski, Pruszak, Pruszakiewicz, Przegaliński, Przyborowski, Przyłuski, Przywidzki, Pstrocki, Ptaszyński, Pudliszkowski, Putianowicz, Putraszko, Putyanowicz, Puzyno. Raczkowski, Radwański, Rajcewicz, Rakiewicz, Rakowic, Rakowicki, Rakowicz, Rączkowski, Rekscia, Rekszyński, Rekść, Rekuć, Rentfiński, Rezwic, Rętfiński, Rimsza, Rogowski, Rohoziński, Rojcewicz, Roman, Romaszka, Romaszko, Roycewicz, Rozdzwienicki, Rozmanik, Rykowski, Rymsz, Rymsza, Ryx, Rzadki. Sachnowski, Sakel, Sakiel, Saltejewicz, Salewski, Samotycki, Samotyk, Sawojski, Scierski, Sczepiecki, Serbin, Sępieński, Sępiński, Siąski, Siciński, Sieczko, Siedleszczeński, Siedleszczyński, Siedliszczański, Siedliszczeński, Sieniawski, Sienkiewicz, Sierpski, Siezieniewski, Sięski, Sikorski, Skinder, Skorupa, Skorupka, Skorupko, Skumin, Sławaniewski, Sławicki, Sławiński, Sławoczyński, Sławoszyński, Słobodziński, Słobotski, Słotwiński, Słowacki, Słowaczyński, Słucki, Słupowski, Smoiski, Smojski, Sojkowski, Songin, Soroka, Soroko, Specymirski, Spicymirski, Spiner, Spławski, Srzechiński, Srzedzieński, Srzedziński, Stalkiewicz, Stancewicz, Stanczewicz, Staniewicz, Stanilewicz, Stanilewski, Stańczyk, Starowolski, Starzechowski, Staszkiewicz, Stawryłło, Stawryło, Stecewicz, Sterpejko, Stiiernski, Stirnski, Stiruski, Strejkowski, Streżowicz, Strubnica, Stryjkowski, Styrnski, Styrpejko, Styruski, Suchorowski, Sudnik, Swołyński, Sworski, Syćko, Syniewski, Szalamuński, Szalkiewicz, Szałkiewicz, Szaniecki, Szawernowski, Szczepicki, Szczepiecki, Szczypiecki, Szeński, Szott, Szpiner, Szredziński, Szuczewski, Szulakiewicz, Szuplewicz, Szwojnicki, Szymkiewicz, Szymkowicz. Ścierski, Śledziewicz, Śniadecki, Śnieżko, Średziński, Śrzedziński, Świniarski, Świrski. Talmont, Tarło, Tarnau, Tarnow, Tarnowski, Temruk, Tędziagolski, Tędziogolski, Tomkowicz, Tongin, Towgin, Towginowicz, Trojanowski, Trzcieński, Trzciński, Tułkowski, Tulikowski Tyszkiewicz. Ulęzgęłło, Urak, Urbanowicz, Urbański, Ustarbowski. Virion. Wacławski, Wapczyński, Wardeski, Wardęski, Warnsdorf, Warszewicz, Wasilewicz, Wawpszewicz, Wawszewicz, Wedecki, Węcławski, Węsierski, Wiazewicz, Wiaziewicz, Wiażewicz, Wiąz, Wicki, Wiedecki, Wieroszemski, Wierozemski, Wierzbicki, Więcławski, Wilkowski, Wisiecki, Wiszacki, Witcki, Witski, Wodzicki, Wojakowski, Wojanowski, Wojniat, Wojnowski, Woliński, Wolski, Wołkowski, Wołodko, Wołodźko, Woronowicz, Wrzosek, Wyrowski, Wyrozembski, Wyrozemski, Wyrozębski, Wyrozęski, Wyrzykowski, Wyskocki, Wysocki. Zaborowski, Zaborski, Zabrzeziński, Zabrzeżański, Zacharewicz, Zacharowicz, Zajączkowski, Zawadzki, Zbirochowski, Zbiroski, Zbirowski, Ziembowski, Zienkowski, Zongołowicz, Zuroch, Zurowski, Zygmuntowicz. Żagliński, Żagowicz, Żarski, Żebrowski, Żłobicki, Żodan, Żongołłowicz, Żuk, Żuławski, Żurawicki, Żurawski, Żurowski, Życzyński, Żyła, Żyłowski, Żyrawski, Żytowski Leliwa
2520-654: Is Warsaw ; other major cities include Kraków , Wrocław , Łódź , Poznań , Gdańsk , and Szczecin . Prehistoric human activity on Polish soil dates to the Lower Paleolithic , with continuous settlement since the end of the Last Glacial Period . Culturally diverse throughout late antiquity , in the early medieval period the region became inhabited by the West Slavic tribal Polans , who gave Poland its name . The process of establishing statehood coincided with
2646-803: Is Wolin , located within Wolin National Park . Poland also shares the Szczecin Lagoon and the Usedom island with Germany. The mountainous belt in the extreme south of Poland is divided into two major mountain ranges ; the Sudetes in the west and the Carpathians in the east. The highest part of the Carpathian massif are the Tatra Mountains , extending along Poland's southern border. Poland's highest point
SECTION 20
#17330863057872772-554: Is a Polish coat of arms . It was used by several hundred szlachta families during the existence of the Kingdom of Poland and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth , and remains in use today by many of the descendants of these families. There are several forms of the arms, all of which bear the name, Leliwa, but which may be distinguished as variations of the same arms by the addition of a Roman numeral. In 19th century during
2898-749: Is a founding member state of the United Nations and a member of the World Trade Organization , OECD , NATO , and the European Union (including the Schengen Area ). The native Polish name for Poland is Polska . The name is derived from the Polans , a West Slavic tribe who inhabited the Warta River basin of present-day Greater Poland region (6th–8th century CE). The tribe's name stems from
3024-662: Is almost 14 meters tall, and stands in St. Anne Chapel, which is located in northern nave of the Tarnów Cathedral. Padovano completed his work in 1573; furthermore, he designed the Renaissance town hall, and oversaw its remodelling in the 1560s. At that time, in 28 niches of the town hall were portraits of members of the Tarnowski family – from Spicymir Leliwita to Jan Krzysztof Tarnowski , who died in 1567. In 1570 Tarnów became property of
3150-467: Is an important center of natural gas industry, with headquarters of three different gas corporations. Another significant company based in Tarnów is the Zakłady Mechaniczne Tarnów operating in the defence industry . It manufactures handguns, assault rifles, sniper rifles and anti-air guns. It is part of the state-controlled Bumar Corporation. Among the major shopping malls in Tarnów are
3276-568: Is classified as marine west coast ( Cfb ) by Köppen . Tarnów is one of the warmest cities in Poland. The average temperature in January is −0.4 °C (31 °F) and 19.8 °C (68 °F) in July. It is claimed that Tarnów has the longest summer in Poland spreading from mid May to mid September (above 118 days). Tarnów is an important center of economy and industry . The city has chemical plants including Zakłady Azotowe w Tarnowie-Mościcach S.A., which
3402-487: Is internal waters and 8,783 km (3,391 sq mi) is territorial sea. Topographically, the landscape of Poland is characterised by diverse landforms , water bodies and ecosystems . The central and northern region bordering the Baltic Sea lie within the flat Central European Plain , but its south is hilly and mountainous. The average elevation above the sea level is estimated at 173 metres. The country has
3528-452: Is part of Poland's biggest company operating within the chemical sector Grupa Azoty , Becker Farby Przemysłowe Sp. z o.o., Summit Packaging Polska Sp. z o.o.; as well as food plants (Fritar), building materials (Leier Polska S.A., Bruk-Bet), textiles (Spółdzielnia "Tarnowska Odzież, Tarnospin, Tarkonfex"), and several warehouses, as well as a distribution center of the Lidl supermarket chain. Tarnów
3654-598: Is widely used in different forms across Slavic Europe , and lands which used to be inhabited by Slavs , such as eastern Germany , Hungary , and northern Greece . There is a German town, Tarnow , Greek Tyrnavos (also spelled as Tirnovo), Czech Trnov , Bulgarian Veliko Tarnovo and Malko Tarnovo , as well as different Trnovos/Trnowos in Slovenia , Slovakia , Serbia , Bosnia , and North Macedonia . The name Tarnów comes from an early Slavic word trn/tarn , which means "thorn", or an area covered by thorny plants. Already in
3780-482: The Armia Krajowa ( Home Army ), fought against German occupation. It was one of the three largest resistance movements of the entire war, and encompassed a range of clandestine activities, which functioned as an underground state complete with degree-awarding universities and a court system . The resistance was loyal to the exiled government and generally resented the idea of a communist Poland; for this reason, in
3906-533: The Battle of Vienna . The Saxon era, under Augustus II and Augustus III , saw neighboring powers grow in strength at the expense of Poland. Both Saxon kings faced opposition from Stanisław Leszczyński during the Great Northern War (1700) and the War of the Polish Succession (1733) . The royal election of 1764 resulted in the elevation of Stanisław II Augustus Poniatowski to the monarchy. His candidacy
Tarnów - Misplaced Pages Continue
4032-468: The Biała rivers. The area of the city is 72.4 square kilometres (28.0 sq mi). It is divided into sixteen districts, known in Polish as osiedla . A few kilometers west of the city lies the district of Mościce , built in the late 1920s, together with a large chemical plant. Located to the southeast is Saint Martin's Peak . The district was named after President of Poland, Ignacy Mościcki . Its climate
4158-720: The Consulate General of the Republic of Poland in New York City , was Urszula Gacek , PO, EPP-ED. Tarnów is an important tourist, cultural and economic center in Lesser Poland Voivodeship . The old town of Tarnów, called the "pearl of the Polish Renaissance", is one of the most beautiful examples of the Renaissance architectural layout of Polish cities. In 2022, CNN included Tarnów on the list of "Europe's most beautiful towns". Tourist Information Detailed information about
4284-563: The Curzon Line by Stalin . The western border became the Oder-Neisse line . As a result, Poland's territory was reduced by 20%, or 77,500 square kilometres (29,900 sq mi). The shift forced the migration of millions of other people , most of whom were Poles, Germans, Ukrainians, and Jews. At the insistence of Joseph Stalin , the Yalta Conference sanctioned the formation of
4410-538: The Duke of Milan and queen consort to Sigismund I, made considerable contributions to architecture , cuisine , language and court customs at Wawel Castle . The Union of Lublin of 1569 established the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth , a unified federal state with an elective monarchy , but largely governed by the nobility. The latter coincided with a period of prosperity; the Polish-dominated union thereafter becoming
4536-642: The European Spring of Nations , Poles took up arms in the Greater Poland Uprising of 1848 to resist Germanisation , but its failure saw duchy's status reduced to a mere province ; and subsequent integration into the German Empire in 1871. In Russia, the fall of the January Uprising (1863–1864) prompted severe political, social and cultural reprisals , followed by deportations and pogroms of
4662-576: The European Union (green) – [ Legend ] Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe . It extends from the Baltic Sea in the north to the Sudetes and Carpathian Mountains in the south, bordered by Lithuania and Russia to the northeast, Belarus and Ukraine to the east, Slovakia and the Czech Republic to the south, and Germany to
4788-578: The Grand Duke of Lithuania , thus forming the Jagiellonian dynasty and the Polish–Lithuanian union which spanned the late Middle Ages and early Modern Era . The partnership between Poles and Lithuanians brought the vast multi-ethnic Lithuanian territories into Poland's sphere of influence and proved beneficial for its inhabitants, who coexisted in one of the largest European political entities of
4914-454: The Hashomer Hatzair youth movement. Many of those who left the ghetto to join the partisans fighting in the forests later fell in battle with SS units. Other resisters sought to establish escape routes to Hungary, but with limited success. The Germans decided to destroy the Tarnów ghetto in September 1943. The surviving 10,000 Jews were deported, 7,000 of them to Auschwitz and 3,000 to the Plaszow concentration camp in Kraków. In late 1943, Tarnów
5040-412: The Ostrogski family , after Zofia Tarnowska , the daughter of the hetman, married prince Konstanty Wasyl Ostrogski . In 1588, after Konstanty's death, the town changed hands several times, belonging to different families, which slowed its development. Until the Partitions of Poland , Tarnów belonged to the County of Pilzno , Sandomierz Voivodeship . The town, like almost all locations of Lesser Poland,
5166-553: The Proto-Slavic noun pole meaning field, which in-itself originates from the Proto-Indo-European word *pleh₂- indicating flatland. The etymology alludes to the topography of the region and the flat landscape of Greater Poland. During the Middle Ages , the Latin form Polonia was widely used throughout Europe. The country's alternative archaic name is Lechia and its root syllable remains in official use in several languages, notably Hungarian , Lithuanian , and Persian . The exonym possibly derives from either Lech ,
Tarnów - Misplaced Pages Continue
5292-477: The Second Partition , which left the country deprived of territory and incapable of independent existence. On 24 October 1795, the Commonwealth was partitioned for the third time and ceased to exist as a territorial entity. Stanisław Augustus, the last King of Poland, abdicated the throne on 25 November 1795. The Polish people rose several times against the partitioners and occupying armies. An unsuccessful attempt at defending Poland's sovereignty took place in
5418-409: The Slovak border. Tarnów is known for its traditional Polish architecture , which was influenced by foreign cultures and foreigners that once lived in the area, most notably Jews , Germans and Austrians . The Old Town, featuring 16th century tenements , houses and defensive walls, has been preserved. Tarnów is also the warmest city of Poland, with the highest long-term mean annual temperature in
5544-558: The Soviet invasion of Poland on 17 September. On 28 September 1939, Warsaw fell . As agreed in the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact , Poland was split into two zones, one occupied by Nazi Germany , the other by the Soviet Union . In 1939–1941, the Soviets deported hundreds of thousands of Poles. The Soviet NKVD executed thousands of Polish prisoners of war (among other incidents in the Katyn massacre ) ahead of Operation Barbarossa . German planners had in November 1939 called for "the complete destruction of all Poles" and their fate as outlined in
5670-419: The Teutonic Knights to aid in combating the Baltic Prussians; a decision that later led to centuries of warfare with the Knights. In the first half of the 13th century, Henry I the Bearded and Henry II the Pious aimed to unite the fragmented dukedoms, but the Mongol invasion and the death of Henry II in battle hindered the unification. As a result of the devastation which followed, depopulation and
5796-454: The University of Kraków , one of the oldest institutions of higher learning in Europe. Upon his death in 1370, the Piast dynasty came to an end. He was succeeded by his closest male relative, Louis of Anjou , who ruled Poland, Hungary , and Croatia in a personal union . Louis' younger daughter Jadwiga became Poland's first female monarch in 1384. In 1386, Jadwiga of Poland entered a marriage of convenience with Władysław II Jagiełło ,
5922-421: The War of the Fourth Coalition . In accordance with the 1807 Treaty of Tilsit , Napoleon proclaimed the Duchy of Warsaw , a client state ruled by his ally Frederick Augustus I of Saxony . The Poles actively aided French troops in the Napoleonic Wars , particularly those under Józef Poniatowski who became Marshal of France shortly before his death at Leipzig in 1813. In the aftermath of Napoleon's exile,
6048-459: The armistice with Germany in November 1918, Poland regained its independence as the Second Polish Republic . The Second Polish Republic reaffirmed its sovereignty after a series of military conflicts , most notably the Polish–Soviet War , when Poland inflicted a crushing defeat on the Red Army at the Battle of Warsaw . The inter-war period heralded a new era of Polish politics. Whilst Polish political activists had faced heavy censorship in
6174-472: The collapse of communist regimes and parties across Europe . A shock therapy program, initiated by Leszek Balcerowicz in the early 1990s, enabled the country to transform its Soviet-style planned economy into a market economy . As with other post-communist countries , Poland suffered temporary declines in social, economic, and living standards, but it became the first post-communist country to reach its pre-1989 GDP levels as early as 1995, although
6300-594: The first of its neighbors, initiating the fall of the Iron Curtain . Poland is a parliamentary republic with its bicameral legislature comprising the Sejm and the Senate . Considered a middle power , it is a developed market and high-income economy that is the sixth largest in the EU by nominal GDP and the fifth largest by GDP (PPP) . Poland enjoys a very high standard of living , safety, and economic freedom , as well as free university education and universal health care . The country has 17 UNESCO World Heritage Sites , 15 of which are cultural. Poland
6426-484: The 1794 Kościuszko Uprising , where a popular and distinguished general Tadeusz Kościuszko , who had several years earlier served under George Washington in the American Revolutionary War , led Polish insurgents. Despite the victory at the Battle of Racławice , his ultimate defeat ended Poland's independent existence for 123 years . In 1806, an insurrection organised by Jan Henryk Dąbrowski liberated western Poland ahead of Napoleon's advance into Prussia during
SECTION 50
#17330863057876552-424: The 1950s. Despite widespread objections, the new Polish government accepted the Soviet annexation of the pre-war eastern regions of Poland (in particular the cities of Wilno and Lwów ) and agreed to the permanent garrisoning of Red Army units on Poland's territory. Military alignment within the Warsaw Pact throughout the Cold War came about as a direct result of this change in Poland's political culture. In
6678-409: The Allies, providing much of the intelligence from Europe and beyond, Polish code breakers were responsible for cracking the Enigma cipher and Polish scientists participating in the Manhattan Project were co-creators of the American atomic bomb . In the east, the Soviet-backed Polish 1st Army distinguished itself in the battles for Warsaw and Berlin . The wartime resistance movement , and
6804-441: The Brave . In 1000, at the Congress of Gniezno , Bolesław obtained the right of investiture from Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor , who assented to the creation of additional bishoprics and an archdioceses in Gniezno. Three new dioceses were subsequently established in Kraków , Kołobrzeg , and Wrocław . Also, Otto bestowed upon Bolesław royal regalia and a replica of the Holy Lance , which were later used at his coronation as
6930-589: The Diocese of Tarnów attending Mass. Tarnów is twinned with: Former twin towns: In June 2021, the Tarnów city council decided to suspend its partnership with the Ukrainian town of Ternopil as a reaction to the naming of a stadium in Ternopil in honour of Roman Shukhevych , one of the leaders of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army responsible for massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia perpetrated between 1943–1945. [REDACTED] Media related to Tarnów at Wikimedia Commons Poland – in Europe (green & dark grey) – in
7056-469: The Duchy of Warsaw was abolished at the Congress of Vienna in 1815 and its territory was divided into Russian Congress Kingdom of Poland , the Prussian Grand Duchy of Posen , and Austrian Galicia with the Free City of Kraków . In 1830, non-commissioned officers at Warsaw's Officer Cadet School rebelled in what was the November Uprising . After its collapse, Congress Poland lost its constitutional autonomy , army and legislative assembly. During
7182-400: The European Union were dismantled, allowing for full freedom of movement within most of the European Union. On 10 April 2010, the President of Poland Lech Kaczyński , along with 89 other high-ranking Polish officials died in a plane crash near Smolensk , Russia. In 2011, the ruling Civic Platform won parliamentary elections . In 2014, the Prime Minister of Poland , Donald Tusk ,
7308-543: The European scene, it came to characterise the full-fledged integration of Poland into the brotherhood of communist nations. The new communist government took control with the adoption of the Small Constitution on 19 February 1947. The Polish People's Republic ( Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa ) was officially proclaimed in 1952 . In 1956, after the death of Bolesław Bierut , the régime of Władysław Gomułka became temporarily more liberal, freeing many people from prison and expanding some personal freedoms. Collectivisation in
7434-544: The Gemini Park Tarnów and Galeria Tarnovia. Tarnów is an important road and rail hub. It lies at the intersection of two major roads – the [REDACTED] motorway along European route E40 , and the National Road No. 73, which goes from Kielce to Jasło . Furthermore, the city is a rail junction, with four lines: three main electrified routes (westward to Kraków , eastward to Dębica and southward to Nowy Sącz ), as well as secondary-importance local connection to Szczucin . The history of rail transport in Tarnów dates back to
7560-405: The German occupation of Poland , including between 50,000 and 100,000 members of the Polish intelligentsia – academics, doctors, lawyers, nobility and priesthood. During the Warsaw Uprising alone, over 150,000 Polish civilians were killed, most were murdered by the Germans during the Wola and Ochota massacres. Around 150,000 Polish civilians were killed by Soviets between 1939 and 1941 during
7686-408: The Germans deported 3,000 Varsovians from the Dulag 121 camp in Pruszków , where they were initially imprisoned, to Tarnów. Those Poles were mainly old people, ill people and women with children. The Wehrmacht retreated from Tarnów on 18 January 1945, and the city was captured by the Red Army , and then restored to Poland. A few months later, the Museum of Tarnów Land was opened, and Tarnów began
SECTION 60
#17330863057877812-409: The Jews of Tarnów became increasingly precarious. The Germans imposed a large collective fine on the community. Jews were required to hand in their valuables. Roundups for labor became more frequent and killings became more commonplace and arbitrary. Deportations from Tarnów began in June 1942, when about 13,500 Jews were sent to the Belzec extermination camp . The first major act in the extermination of
7938-405: The Jews of Tarnów was the so-called "first operation" from 11–19 June 1942. The Germans gathered thousands of Jews in the Rynek (market place), and then they were tortured and killed. During this time period, on the streets of the town and in the Jewish cemetery, about 3,000 Jews were shot; in the woods of Zbylitowska Góra a few kilometers away from Tarnów a further 7,000 were murdered. According to
8064-436: The Polish People's Republic failed. A similar situation repeated itself in the 1970s under Edward Gierek , but most of the time persecution of anti-communist opposition groups persisted. Despite this, Poland was at the time considered to be one of the least oppressive states of the Eastern Bloc. Labour turmoil in 1980 led to the formation of the independent trade union " Solidarity " (" Solidarność "), which over time became
8190-447: The Polish-Jewish population. Towards the end of the 19th century, Congress Poland became heavily industrialised; its primary exports being coal, zinc , iron and textiles. In the aftermath of World War I , the Allies agreed on the reconstitution of Poland, confirmed through the Treaty of Versailles of June 1919. A total of 2 million Polish troops fought with the armies of the three occupying powers, and over 450,000 died. Following
8316-464: The Prussian rulers to pay tributes . The Jagiellonian dynasty also established dynastic control over the kingdoms of Bohemia (1471 onwards) and Hungary. In the south, Poland confronted the Ottoman Empire (at the Varna Crusade ) and the Crimean Tatars , and in the east helped Lithuania to combat Russia . Poland was developing as a feudal state, with a predominantly agricultural economy and an increasingly powerful landed nobility that confined
8442-404: The Russians at Klushino . Sigismund also countered the Ottoman Empire in the southeast; at Khotyn in 1621 Jan Karol Chodkiewicz achieved a decisive victory against the Turks, which ushered the downfall of Sultan Osman II . Sigismund's long reign in Poland coincided with the Silver Age . The liberal Władysław IV effectively defended Poland's territorial possessions but after his death
8568-591: The Soviet Union's occupation of eastern Poland ( Kresy ), and another estimated 100,000 Poles were murdered by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) between 1943 and 1944 in what became known as the Wołyń Massacres . Of all the countries in the war, Poland lost the highest percentage of its citizens: around 6 million perished – more than one-sixth of Poland's pre-war population – half of them Polish Jews. About 90% of deaths were non-military in nature. In 1945, Poland's borders were shifted westwards . Over two million Polish inhabitants of Kresy were expelled along
8694-465: The St. Martin Hill was completed by Castellan of Kraków , Spycimir Leliwita of Leliwa coat of arms (its ruins can still be seen). Tarnów remained in the hands of the Leliwa family, out of which in the 15th century the Tarnowski family emerged. In the 14th century, numerous German settlers immigrated from Kraków and Nowy Sącz (see Walddeutsche , Ostsiedlung ). During the 17th century Scottish immigrants began to come in large numbers. In 1528
8820-423: The battle cry, 'to the Liwa', of these proclamatio-arms. Bearers mostly resided in the regions Kraków , Poznań and Sandomierz of Poland, Wolyn and Podolia of Ukraine. Families: Tarnowski family , Sieniawski family , Roycewicz family , Morsztyn family , Hlebowicz family , Czapski family , Tyszkiewicz family , Średziński families ( Śrzedziński, Srzedziński, Sredziński ), Sudnik family of Sudniki in
8946-422: The beginning of World War II , which resulted in the Holocaust and millions of Polish casualties . Forced into the Eastern Bloc in the global Cold War , the Polish People's Republic was a founding signatory of the Warsaw Pact . Through the emergence and contributions of the Solidarity movement , the communist government was dissolved and Poland re-established itself as a democratic state in 1989, as
9072-787: The city, tourist attractions, cultural events and other things are provided by Tourist Information Center, located in the southern part of Main Square. Office is well equipped with a wide variety of brochures and souvenirs, it also serves as a bike rental spot, luggage storage and small guesthouse (4 rooms/8 beds). Tourist Information Center Points of interest around the city include: The list features selected sport teams based in Tarnów: Besides Catholics, other Christian denominations are also present in Tarnów including Baptist Church, Free Brothers Church, Jehovah's Witnesses, Methodist Church, Pentecostal Church, Seventh-day Adventist Church and
9198-659: The conversion of a pagan ruler of the Polans to Christianity, under the auspices of the Roman Catholic Church in 966. The Kingdom of Poland emerged in 1025, and in 1569 cemented its long-standing association with Lithuania , thus forming the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . At the time, the Commonwealth was one of the great powers of Europe, with an elective monarchy and a uniquely liberal political system, which adopted Europe's first modern constitution in 1791. With
9324-403: The decades up until World War I , a new political tradition was established in the country. Many exiled Polish activists, such as Ignacy Jan Paderewski , who would later become prime minister, returned home. A significant number of them then went on to take key positions in the newly formed political and governmental structures. Tragedy struck in 1922 when Gabriel Narutowicz , inaugural holder of
9450-552: The demand for craft labour spurred a migration of German and Flemish settlers into Poland, which was encouraged by the Polish dukes. In 1264, the Statute of Kalisz introduced unprecedented autonomy for the Polish Jews , who came to Poland fleeing persecution elsewhere in Europe. In 1320, Władysław I the Short became the first king of a reunified Poland since Przemysł II in 1296, and
9576-538: The doctrine of the so-called Polish Brethren , who separated from their Calvinist denomination and became the co-founders of global Unitarianism . The European Renaissance evoked under Sigismund I the Old and Sigismund II Augustus a sense of urgency in the need to promote a cultural awakening . During the Polish Golden Age , the nation's economy and culture flourished. The Italian-born Bona Sforza , daughter of
9702-686: The earliest evidence of European cheesemaking (5500 BC) was discovered in Polish Kuyavia , and the Bronocice pot is incised with the earliest known depiction of what may be a wheeled vehicle (3400 BC). The period spanning the Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age (1300 BC–500 BC) was marked by an increase in population density, establishment of palisaded settlements ( gords ) and the expansion of Lusatian culture . A significant archaeological find from
9828-470: The early stages of the offensive, Tarnów was shelled by German-Austrian heavy artillery, which brought destruction to some of its districts. Tarnów was one of the first Polish cities to be freed during the rebirth of Poland following World War I. The Polish Legions liberated the city on the night of 30–31 October 1918. In the Second Polish Republic , Tarnów belonged to Kraków Voivodeship , and gave
9954-484: The east, while a large influx of refugees from elsewhere in occupied Poland continued to increase the town's Jewish population. In early November, the Germans ordered the establishment of a Jewish council ( Judenrat ) to transmit orders and regulations to the Jewish community. Among the duties of the Jewish council were enforcement of special taxation on the community and providing workers for forced labor. During 1941, life for
10080-584: The elections organised by the occupying Soviet authorities were falsified and were used to provide a veneer of legitimacy for Soviet hegemony over Polish affairs. The Soviet Union instituted a new communist government in Poland, analogous to much of the rest of the Eastern Bloc . As elsewhere in Communist Europe , the Soviet influence over Poland was met with armed resistance from the outset which continued into
10206-498: The exiled King of Hungary János Szapolyai lived in the town. The town prospered during the Polish Golden Age , when it belonged to Hetman Jan Tarnowski (1488–1561). In the mid-16th century, its population was app. 1,200, with 200 houses located within town's defensive wall (the wall itself had been built in the mid-15th century, and expanded in the early 16th century). In 1467, the waterworks and sewage systems were completed, with large cisterns filled with drinking water built in
10332-497: The first King of Poland in c. 1025 , when Bolesław received permission for his coronation from Pope John XIX . Bolesław also expanded the realm considerably by seizing parts of German Lusatia , Czech Moravia , Upper Hungary , and southwestern regions of the Kievan Rus' . The transition from paganism in Poland was not instantaneous and resulted in the pagan reaction of the 1030s . In 1031, Mieszko II Lambert lost
10458-625: The first elected king, approbated the Henrician Articles which obliged future monarchs to respect the rights of nobles. When he left Poland to become King of France , his successor, Stephen Báthory , led a successful campaign in the Livonian War , granting Poland more lands across the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea. State affairs were then headed by Jan Zamoyski , the Crown Chancellor . Stephen's successor, Sigismund III , defeated
10584-598: The first mass transport left the Tarnów station to Auschwitz concentration camp , with 728 Polish political prisoners, including at least 67 underage boys. All throughout the German occupation of Poland Tarnów was an important center of the Armia Krajowa (AK) and other resistance organizations. In mid-1944 AK's 16th Infantry Regiment "Barbara" took part in Operation Tempest . After the Warsaw Uprising , in October 1944,
10710-516: The first to be crowned at Wawel Cathedral in Kraków. Beginning in 1333, the reign of Casimir III the Great was marked by developments in castle infrastructure , army, judiciary and diplomacy . Under his authority, Poland transformed into a major European power; he instituted Polish rule over Ruthenia in 1340 and imposed quarantine that prevented the spread of Black Death . In 1364, Casimir inaugurated
10836-1400: The former Vilnius poviat (modern day Belarus). Notable bearers of this coat of arms include: Henryk Leliwa-Roycewicz , Krzysztof Monwid Dorohstajski , Rafał Jarosławski , Jan Andrzej Morsztyn , Adam Sieniawski , Adam Mikołaj Sieniawski , Mikołaj Sieniawski , Mikołaj Hieronim Sieniawski , Konstanty Słotwinski , Jędrzej Śniadecki , Jan Tarnowski , Jan z Tarnowa , Ludwik Tyszkiewicz , Ludwik Skumin Tyszkiewicz , Jan Janowicz Zabrzeziński , Jan Jurejewicz Zabrzeziński , Juliusz Słowacki , Witold Pilecki , Andrzej Bobola , Józef Czapski , Karol Hutten-Czapski , Emeryk Hutten-Czapski , Agenor Romuald Gołuchowski , Spytek I Jarosławski , Jan Chrucki , Henryk Dobrzański , Kazimierz Antoni Wodzicki , Michael Bisping There are also: Lipka Tatar families of Aksan , Aksanow , Adamowicz , Abramowicz , Musicz , Illasiewicz and Smolski . Zaporozhian Cossack families of Hłasko (Hlaska). Hungarian families of Hontpazmany or conte Panzano, Urak and Czobor . Circassian families of Szymkowicz and Temruk . French families of de Virion and de Spiner . German, Prussian families of Morstyn, Beyer, Brandt , Bolte, Przywidzki, Damerau , Kappel, Lipen . Flemish family of Bremer and Dutch/Netherlands families of De Kunder/Kunter/Kunther . Moldavian family Brăescu . Drawings of Leliwa during
10962-635: The genocidal Generalplan Ost . Poland made the fourth-largest troop contribution in Europe, and its troops served both the Polish Government in Exile in the west and Soviet leadership in the east . Polish troops played an important role in the Normandy , Italian , North African Campaigns and Netherlands and are particularly remembered for the Battle of Britain and Battle of Monte Cassino . Polish intelligence operatives proved extremely valuable to
11088-533: The ghetto, however, several Poles were eventually captured and murdered by the Germans for rescuing Jews . Many Poles were imprisoned by the Germans in the local prison for rescuing and helping Jews and then often deported to Auschwitz and other concentration camps , in which some died, while some fortunately survived until the end of the war. After the June deportations, the Germans forced the surviving Jews of Tarnów, along with thousands of Jews from neighboring towns, into
11214-452: The main market square. In the 16th century, during the period known as the Polish Golden Age , Tarnów had a school, a synagogue, a Calvinist prayer house, Roman Catholic churches, and up to twelve guilds . After the death of Jan Tarnowski (16 May 1561), Italian sculptor Jan Maria Padovano began creating one of the most beautiful examples of Renaissance headstones in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . The monument of hetman Tarnowski
11340-501: The mid-9th century, on the Tarnów's St. Martin Mount (Góra sw. Marcina, 2.5 kilometers from the centre of today's city), a Slavic gord was established, probably by the Vistulans . Due to efforts of local archaeologists, we know that the size of the gord was almost 16 hectares , and it was surrounded by a rampart . The settlement was probably destroyed in the 1030s or the 1050s, during either
11466-426: The new Prime Minister leading a coalition made up of Civic Coalition , Third Way , and The Left . Law and Justice became the leading opposition party. Poland covers an administrative area of 312,722 km (120,743 sq mi), and is the ninth-largest country in Europe . Approximately 311,895 km (120,423 sq mi) of the country's territory consists of land, 2,041 km (788 sq mi)
11592-404: The new Tarnów Ghetto. The ghetto was surrounded by a high wooden fence. Living conditions in the ghetto were deplorable, marked by severe food shortages, a lack of sanitary facilities, and a forced-labor regimen in factories and workshops producing goods for the German war industry. In September 1942, the Germans ordered all ghetto residents to report to Targowica Square, where they were subjected to
11718-428: The newly established country many outstanding figures, such as Franciszek Latinik and Wincenty Witos . In early 1927, construction of a large chemical plant was initiated in the suburban village of Świerczków , which is now a part of the industrial borough of Mościce , a district of the city. Before the outbreak of World War II , the population of Tarnów was 40,000, of which almost half were Jewish. On 28 August 1939,
11844-571: The nobility in the Galician slaughter . The massacre, led by Jakub Szela (born in Smarżowa ), began on 18 February 1846. Szela's peasant units surrounded and attacked manor houses and settlements located in three counties – Sanok , Jasło , and Tarnów. According to Austrians, the revolt got out of hand and the Austrians had to put it down as they were subjugating a previously free people. Tarnów went through
11970-516: The nobility. The failed attempts at government restructuring as well as the domestic turmoil provoked its neighbours to invade. In 1772, the First Partition of the Commonwealth by Prussia, Russia and Austria took place; an act which the Partition Sejm , under considerable duress, eventually ratified as a fait accompli . Disregarding the territorial losses, in 1773 a plan of critical reforms
12096-506: The non-denominational Evangelical Movement "The Lord is my Banner". Before World War II there was a large population of Jews comprising half of the city's population, but now there remain just monuments of their past presence. According to 2007 Catholic Church statistics provided by the Instytut Statystyki Kościoła Katolickiego SAC , Tarnów is the most religious city in Poland, with 72.5% of the congregation of
12222-557: The other half to the Church. In 2016, following a lengthy legal battle, a three judge panel found the Church had acted in bad faith and had no legal rights to the property. A year later the case was re-opened after the Church appealed to the local district attorney, with the personal involvement of Minister of Justice Zbigniew Ziobro . Tarnów lies at the Carpathian foothills, on the Dunajec and
12348-478: The passing of the prosperous Polish Golden Age , the country was partitioned by neighbouring states at the end of the 18th century. Poland regained its independence at the end of World War I in 1918 with the creation of the Second Polish Republic , which emerged victorious in various conflicts of the interbellum period. In September 1939, the invasion of Poland by Germany and the Soviet Union marked
12474-484: The period known as Golden Liberty , when the state was ruled by the seemingly free and equal Polish nobles . The 16th century saw Protestant Reformation movements making deep inroads into Polish Christianity, which resulted in the establishment of policies promoting religious tolerance, unique in Europe at that time. This tolerance allowed the country to avoid the religious turmoil and wars of religion that beset Europe. In Poland, Nontrinitarian Christianity became
12600-526: The period of quick development in the second half of the 19th century, due to the program of construction of the railway system. In 1852, the town received rail connection with Kraków , due to the Galician Railway of Archduke Charles Louis , and in 1870, its population was 21,779. In 1878, gas lighting was introduced, and three years later, the first daily newspaper appeared. In 1888, the Diocese Museum
12726-563: The population to private manorial farmstead known as folwarks . In 1493, John I Albert sanctioned the creation of a bicameral parliament composed of a lower house, the Sejm , and an upper house, the Senate . The Nihil novi act adopted by the Polish General Sejm in 1505, transferred most of the legislative power from the monarch to the parliament, an event which marked the beginning of
12852-473: The presence of Roman Legions sent to protect the amber trade . The Polish tribes emerged following the second wave of the Migration Period around the 6th century AD; they were Slavic and may have included assimilated remnants of peoples that earlier dwelled in the area. Beginning in the early 10th century, the Polans would come to dominate other Lechitic tribes in the region, initially forming
12978-621: The presidency, was assassinated at the Zachęta Gallery in Warsaw by a painter and right-wing nationalist Eligiusz Niewiadomski . In 1926, the May Coup , led by the hero of the Polish independence campaign Marshal Józef Piłsudski , turned rule of the Second Polish Republic over to the nonpartisan Sanacja ( Healing ) movement to prevent radical political organisations on both the left and
13104-515: The protohistory of Poland is a fortified settlement at Biskupin , attributed to the Lusatian culture of the Late Bronze Age (mid-8th century BC). Throughout antiquity (400 BC–500 AD), many distinct ancient populations inhabited the territory of present-day Poland, notably Celtic , Scythian , Germanic , Sarmatian , Baltic and Slavic tribes. Furthermore, archaeological findings confirmed
13230-494: The right from destabilizing the country. By the late 1930s, due to increased threats posed by political extremism inside the country, the Polish government became increasingly heavy-handed, banning a number of radical organisations, including communist and ultra-nationalist political parties, which threatened the stability of the country. World War II began with the Nazi German invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939, followed by
13356-770: The seat of the Kreishauptmanschaft Tarnow administrative unit in the Kraków District on 26 October 1939. In September 1939, the Einsatzgruppe I entered the city to commit atrocities against Poles , and the Einsatzgruppe zbV entered to take over the Polish industry. Poles expelled in December 1939 from various places in German-annexed western Poland were deported in freight trains to Tarnów. On 14 June 1940,
13482-562: The summer of 1944 it initiated Operation Tempest , of which the Warsaw Uprising that began on 1 August 1944 is the best-known operation. Nazi German forces under orders from Adolf Hitler set up six German extermination camps in occupied Poland, including Treblinka , Majdanek and Auschwitz . The Germans transported millions of Jews from across occupied Europe to be murdered in those camps. Altogether, 3 million Polish Jews – approximately 90% of Poland's pre-war Jewry – and between 1.8 and 2.8 million ethnic Poles were killed during
13608-603: The time. In the Baltic Sea region, the struggle of Poland and Lithuania with the Teutonic Knights continued and culminated at the Battle of Grunwald in 1410, where a combined Polish-Lithuanian army inflicted a decisive victory against them. In 1466, after the Thirteen Years' War , king Casimir IV Jagiellon gave royal consent to the Peace of Thorn , which created the future Duchy of Prussia under Polish suzerainty and forced
13734-612: The title of king and fled amidst the violence. The unrest led to the transfer of the capital to Kraków in 1038 by Casimir I the Restorer . In 1076, Bolesław II re-instituted the office of king, but was banished in 1079 for murdering his opponent, Bishop Stanislaus . In 1138, the country fragmented into five principalities when Bolesław III Wrymouth divided his lands among his sons. These were Lesser Poland , Greater Poland, Silesia , Masovia and Sandomierz , with intermittent hold over Pomerania . In 1226, Konrad I of Masovia invited
13860-617: The town ceased to be private property, became the seat of a county (German: kreis), and of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Tarnów (1783). On 14 March 1794, Józef Bem was born in Tarnów. In the 1830s, under the influence of events in Congress Poland (see November Uprising ), Tarnów emerged as a center of Polish conspiratorial organizations. Plans for a national uprising in Galicia failed in early 1846, when local peasants began murdering
13986-489: The unemployment rate increased. Poland became a member of the Visegrád Group in 1991, and joined NATO in 1999. Poles then voted to join the European Union in a referendum in June 2003, with Poland becoming a full member on 1 May 2004, following the consequent enlargement of the organisation . Poland has joined the Schengen Area in 2007, as a result of which, the country's borders with other member states of
14112-528: The vast Commonwealth began declining from internal disorder and constant warfare. In 1648, the Polish hegemony over Ukraine sparked the Khmelnytsky Uprising , followed by the decimating Swedish Deluge during the Second Northern War , and Prussia's independence in 1657. In 1683, John III Sobieski re-established military prowess when he halted the advance of an Ottoman Army into Europe at
14238-477: The west. The territory is characterised by a varied landscape, diverse ecosystems, and temperate transitional climate. Poland is composed of sixteen voivodeships and is the fifth most populous member state of the European Union (EU), with over 38 million people, and the fifth largest EU country by land area, covering a combined area of 312,696 km (120,733 sq mi). The capital and largest city
14364-540: The whole country. Companies headquartered in the city include Poland's largest chemical industry company Grupa Azoty and defence industry company ZMT . The city is currently subdivided into 16 districts and is a member of the Association of Polish Cities ( Związek Miast Polskich ). The first documented mention of the settlement dates back to 1105, spelled as Tharnow . The name later evolved to Tarnowo (1229), Tarnów (1327), and Tharnow (1473). The place name Tarnów
14490-462: The year 1309, when a list of miracles of Kinga of Poland specifies a woman named Marta, who was resident of the settlement. In 1327, a knight named Spicymir ( Leliwa coat of arms ) purchased a village of Tarnów Wielki, and three years later, founded his own private town . On 7 March 1330, King Władysław I the Elbow-high granted Magdeburg rights to Tarnów. One year later, construction of a castle on
14616-820: The year 1856, when the Galician Railway of Archduke Charles Louis reached the city. The architectural complex of Tarnów Main Station, fashioned after the Lviv railway station was completed in 1906 in the Austrian Partition of Poland. Since 2010, Tarnów station houses a gallery of modern art, the only such gallery located in a rail station in Poland. Tarnów also has three additional stations: Tarnów Mościce, as well as Tarnów Północny and Tarnów Klikowa, both of which are currently out of service. The city's public transport system consists of 29 municipal bus routes, which provide convenient transportation to all districts. In 1911–1942 Tarnów had
14742-610: Was chosen to be President of the European Council , and resigned as prime minister. The 2015 and 2019 elections were won by the national-conservative Law and Justice Party (PiS) led by Jarosław Kaczyński , resulting in increased Euroscepticism and increased friction with the European Union. In December 2017, Mateusz Morawiecki was sworn in as the Prime Minister, succeeding Beata Szydlo , in office since 2015. President Andrzej Duda , supported by Law and Justice party,
14868-479: Was declared "free of Jews" (Judenrein). By the end of the war, the overwhelming majority of Tarnów Jews had been murdered by the Germans. Although 700 Jews returned in 1945, some of them soon left the city. Many moved to Israel . The church of Our Lady of the Scapular in Tarnów was built on a plot that was illegally obtained by the parish from the descendants of Jewish Holocaust survivors . The plot, which belonged to
14994-700: Was devastated in October 1655, during the Swedish invasion of Poland , and as a result, its population declined from 2,000 to 768. In 1723, the town became the property of the Sanguszko family , which purchased it from the Lubomirski family . After the first partition of Poland (1772), Tarnów was annexed by the Habsburg Empire , and remained in Austrian Galicia until late 1918. Austrian subjugation brought changes, as
15120-517: Was established, in which the Commission of National Education , the first government education authority in Europe, was inaugurated. Corporal punishment of schoolchildren was officially prohibited in 1783. Poniatowski was the head figure of the Enlightenment , encouraged the development of industries, and embraced republican neoclassicism . For his contributions to the arts and sciences he was awarded
15246-508: Was extensively funded by his sponsor and former lover, Empress Catherine II of Russia . The new king maneuvered between his desire to implement necessary modernising reforms, and the necessity to remain at peace with surrounding states. His ideals led to the formation of the 1768 Bar Confederation , a rebellion directed against the Poniatowski and all external influence, which ineptly aimed to preserve Poland's sovereignty and privileges held by
15372-629: Was founded by Rev. Jozef Baba, and in 1910, Tarnów received modern waterworks, a power plant and a new complex of the main rail station. The city remained a hotspot of Polish conspirational activities, with up to 20% of all members of the Polish Legions in World War I coming from Tarnów and its area. On 10 November 1914, units of the Russian Imperial Army captured Tarnów, and remained in the city until 6 May 1915 (see Gorlice–Tarnów Offensive ). In
15498-511: Was ideologically diverse and included religious Hasidim , secular Zionists , and many more. Immediately following the German occupation of the city on 8 September 1939, the persecution of the Jews began. German units burned down most of the city's synagogues on 9 September and drafted Jews for forced-labor projects. Tarnów was incorporated into the Generalgouvernement . Many Tarnów Jews fled to
15624-481: Was re-elected in the 2020 presidential election . As of November 2023 , the Russian invasion of Ukraine had led to 17 million Ukrainian refugees crossing the border to Poland. As of November 2023 , 0.9 million of those had stayed in Poland. In October 2023, the ruling Law and Justice (PiS) party won the largest share of the vote in the election , but lost its majority in parliament. In December 2023, Donald Tusk became
15750-447: Was to become Poland approximately 500,000 years ago, though the ensuing hostile climate prevented early humans from founding more permanent encampments. The arrival of Homo sapiens and anatomically modern humans coincided with the climatic discontinuity at the end of the Last Glacial Period ( Northern Polish glaciation 10,000 BC), when Poland became habitable. Neolithic excavations indicated broad-ranging development in that era;
15876-511: Was under the protection of the Apostolic See . The country's early origins were described by Gallus Anonymus in Gesta principum Polonorum , the oldest Polish chronicle. An important national event of the period was the martyrdom of Saint Adalbert , who was killed by Prussian pagans in 997 and whose remains were reputedly bought back for their weight in gold by Mieszko's successor, Bolesław I
#786213