The Beatitudes ( / b i ˈ æ t ɪ tj u d z / ) are blessings recounted by Jesus in Matthew 5:3-10 within the Sermon on the Mount in the Gospel of Matthew , and four in the Sermon on the Plain in the Gospel of Luke , followed by four woes which mirror the blessings.
77-483: Tapper Zukie (or Tappa Zukie ) (born David Sinclair , 1955, Kingston , Jamaica ) is a roots reggae deejay and producer . Tapper was the nickname given to him by his grandmother in his adolescence, while Zukie was a name that came from his friends' association as a young boy; their gang was called 'The Zukies'. In 1973 his mother, concerned with Zukie's tendency to get into trouble, sent him to England to stay with some relatives. Producer Bunny Lee arranged with
154-607: A "diabetic episode" in October 2015, Zukie was out of the public eye until he performed at a concert in December 2018. He stated in January 2019 that he was recording a new album and planned to perform in Europe in the summer. Kingston, Jamaica Kingston is the capital and largest city of Jamaica , located on the southeastern coast of the island. It faces a natural harbour protected by
231-410: A camp on the sea front. Approximately two thousand people died due to mosquito-borne diseases . Initially the people lived in a tented camp on Colonel Barry's Hog Crawle . The town did not begin to grow until after the further destruction of Port Royal by fire in 1703. Surveyor John Goffe drew up a plan for the town based on a grid bounded by North, East, West, and Harbour Streets. The new grid system of
308-502: A central role in Jamaica's economy. The vast majority of economic activity takes place within Kingston, and as most government ministries are located in the city, it is a key force in legislation in regards to Jamaica's finances. The high population density of the capital city means that the majority of monetary transactions occur in Kingston – stimulating much of Jamaica's local economy. The city
385-573: A cult following in the United Kingdom, and he returned there in 1975, releasing the track "MPLA" as a single, which was sufficiently successful for Klik to issue the album of the same name in the UK. The bass line and rhythm of the track "MPLA" was based on the Rhythm and blues song "Freedom Blues" by Little Richard , a song which had gained popularity in the sound system community due to Coxsone Dodd 's version of
462-602: A dry season from December to April. During the dry season, there is not much rainfall, however, cold and stationary fronts occur at this time, and often bring heavy showers, especially in March. Kingston is in the rain shadow of the Blue Mountains; therefore, little to none of the moisture carried by the Northeast Trade Winds falls over Kingston, causing Kingston to be very dry in comparison to Portland and Saint Mary on
539-672: A group of people normally thought to be unfortunate and pronounces them blessed. The nine Beatitudes in Matthew: Blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the Kingdom of Heaven. Blessed are those who mourn, for they will be comforted. Blessed are the meek, for they will inherit the Earth. Blessed are those who hunger and thirst for righteousness, for they will be satisfied. Blessed are
616-472: A motor bus service was operated by a company called Jamaica Utilities. The government revoked its franchise in 1953. From 1953 to 1983, the Jamaica Omnibus Service operated a service, which at its peak consisted of over 600 buses and served an area spanning Spanish Town, Border, Mt. James, Bull Bay and Port Royal. It was wound up by the government in 1983 after being nationalised in 1974. Kingston
693-558: A multi-functional entertainment complex should be built on the site. The large financial input needed for either venture, was not forthcoming. In 2002 Cabinet granted approval for the transfer of the land to the National Housing Trust on the condition that a park was built and maintained at that location. The land was transferred for one Jamaican dollar. The park is well known for the 11 ft. (approximately 3m) high bronze sculpture done by Jamaican artist Laura Facey, situated at
770-672: A number of other features including the Coconut Museum, the Sunken Gardens, the Orchid House, the Lily Pond, the Maze and Palm Avenue. The Hope Gardens has an adjoining zoo referred to as Hope Gardens Zoo. The gardens and zoo are undergoing redevelopment to improve the physical landscape and the animal inventory as a part of Bring Back The Hope campaign. The St William Grant Park (Parade) in
847-470: A prison cell in 1977 by the racist South African police force. After 1976, he concentrated on producing music in Jamaica, working with such reggae musicians as The Mighty Diamonds , Max Romeo , Ken Boothe , Sugar Minott and U-Roy . In 1978 he scored a big hit with "Oh Lord", which spent six weeks on top of the Jamaican charts. Also popular that summer was "She Want a Phensic". In the mid-1980s, Zukie
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#1732880160301924-464: A recreational and social club for the upper class in society, located on Knutsford Boulevard, owned over 35 acres (14 ha) of land including the former Liguanea Park now the site of Emancipation Park. The club gave the land measuring seven acres as a gift to the Jamaican Government. Several government members argued that the land should be converted into a business district, while others felt
1001-634: A sermon to a group of people in the Americas shortly after His death and resurrection. This event, believed by adherents to be part of Christ’s visit to the Americas around the year 34, is recorded in 3 Nephi 12, where Jesus teaches a version of the Beatitudes similar to that found in Matthew 5. Yea, blessed are the poor in spirit who come unto me, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. And blessed are all they that mourn, for they shall be comforted. And blessed are
1078-562: A transition to electric trams, initially operated by the West India Electric Company and later by the Jamaica Public Service Company, was undertaken. This transition to the electric tram was completed on 31 March 1899. This service continued to operate, but the inflexibility of a tram service could not keep pace with a growing city, and the tram service ceased to operate on 7 August 1948. Between 1948 and 1953,
1155-515: A way to boost the city's financial sector and create more jobs, especially for professionals such as accountants and lawyers. The city's major industries include tourism, apparel manufacturing, and shipping. Many international exports are traded through the city's seaport, with major exports including bauxite, sugar and coffee. The city is also a major tourist destination, and tourism is one of its largest sources of economic activity. The city has suffered economic troubles recently, however, along with
1232-709: Is a strong Roman Catholic community in Kingston. The Holy Trinity Cathedral is the seat of the metropolitan archbishop and was consecrated in 1911. There are several Catholic schools and institutions, including the Immaculate Conception High School and St. Francis Primary and Infant School. Holy Childhood High School was founded and is owned by the Franciscan Missionary Sisters of the Immaculate Heart of Mary of our Lady of Perpetual Help (FMS). Afro-Christian syncretic religions such as
1309-477: Is also home to Red Hills, Norbrook, Cherry Gardens, Stony Hill, Jack's Hill, suburbs that hold some of the most expensive houses in all of Jamaica. The city of Kingston is home to a number of urban parks which are frequently transformed to accommodate various events and festivities on the Jamaican calendar. The most popular parks include: Emancipation Park, Hope Gardens, Devon House, National Heroes' Park, St William Grant Park and Mandela Park. The Liguanea Club,
1386-513: Is also home to the highest number of schools , hospitals and universities anywhere in Jamaica. Kingston is also the island's main transportation hub and its largest seaport. Many multinational conglomerates and financial institutions are headquartered in and around the Kingston Metropolitan Area . Air Jamaica was headquartered in Kingston. The idea of making Jamaica an International Financial Centre has also been proposed as
1463-653: Is how their ancestors treated the false prophets. These woes are distinct from the Seven Woes of the Pharisees which appear later in Luke 11:37–54 . Each Beatitude consists of two phrases: the condition and the result. In almost all cases the phrases used are familiar from an Old Testament context, but in the Sermon on the Mount Jesus elevates them to new levels and teachings. Together,
1540-632: Is not." The phrase "poor in spirit" ( πτωχοὶ τῷ πνεύματι ) in Matthew 5:3 has been subject to a variety of interpretations. A.W. Tozer describes poverty of spirit as "an inward state paralleling the outward circumstances of the common beggar in the streets." It is not a call to material poverty, but spiritual need. The idea being that when one realizes how much they need God, he will satisfy their need by giving them himself. Conversely, if someone does not really believe they need God, he will not reveal himself to them. These blessed poor are no longer slaves to
1617-720: Is served well by a modern bus system, the Jamaica Urban Transit Company (JUTC), mini buses, and taxis, which operate throughout the city with major hubs at Parade, Cross Roads , Half Way Tree and elsewhere. The now disused Kingston railway station served the Kingston to Montego Bay main line with branches from Spanish Town to Ewarton , Bog Walk to Port Antonio , Linstead to New Works and May pen to Frankfield . The railway station opened in 1845 and closed in October 1992 when all passenger traffic on Jamaica's railways abruptly ceased. Kingston's international airport
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#17328801603011694-562: Is the Norman Manley International Airport , while Tinson Pen Aerodrome in Kingston provides domestic services. Historically, the Kingston waterfront was Jamaica's main port with many finger piers at which freighters and passenger liners could dock. More recently, with the containerisation of freight, the port has moved to Newport West. Beatitudes In the Latin Vulgate , each of these blessings begins with
1771-568: Is the kingdom of heaven. Though the teachings in 3 Nephi 12 closely mirror the Beatitudes in Matthew, the Book of Mormon version emphasizes the importance of baptism and receiving the Holy Ghost , which is seen as central to the blessings. Additionally, in 3 Nephi 12:48, Jesus invites the people to be perfect, “even as I, or your Father who is in heaven is perfect,” expanding the call to divine perfection to include Himself, thus highlighting His divinity in
1848-496: Is unique to Matthew. While thematically similar, the introduction of the phrase "Poor in spirit" spiritualizes or ethicizes the poor in their predicament (in alignment with Isaiah 61), while the Lucan version focuses on their actual hardship, poverty, marginalization and rejection of the poor who will see eventual vindication. The four Beatitudes in Luke 6:20–22 are set within the Sermon on
1925-562: Is your reward in heaven, for in the same way they persecuted the prophets who were before you... The ninth beatitude (Matthew 5:11–12) refers to the bearing of reviling and is addressed to the disciples. R.T. France considers verses 11 and 12 to be based on Isaiah 51:7 . The Beatitudes unique to Matthew are the meek, the merciful, the pure of heart, and the peacemakers, while the other four have similar entries in Luke, but are followed almost immediately by "four woes". The term "poor in spirit"
2002-635: The Epistle of James contains a verse which is worded in much the same way as the Beatitudes; and which shares themes particularly with Matthew 5:10,12: Blessed is the one who perseveres under trial because, having stood the test, that person will receive the crown of life that the Lord has promised to those who love Him. (James 1:12) In the Book of Mormon , a religious text of the Latter Day Saint movement , Jesus delivers
2079-489: The Kingston and St. Andrew Corporation (KSAC). Greater Kingston, or the "Corporate Area" refers to those areas under the KSAC; however, it does not solely refer to Kingston Parish, which only consists of the old downtown and Port Royal. Kingston Parish had a population of 89,057, and St. Andrew Parish had a population of 573,369 in 2011 Kingston is only bordered by Saint Andrew to the east, west and north. The geographical border for
2156-542: The Kingston unrest , an armed conflict between Jamaica's military and police forces in Kingston and the Shower Posse drug cartel , attracted international attention. The violence, which largely took place over 24–25 May, killed at least 73 civilians and wounded at least 35 others. and four soldiers and police were also killed. The majority of the population of Kingston is of African descent . Large minority ethnic groups include East Indians and Chinese, who came to
2233-558: The Mona campus of the University of the West Indies . It was founded in 1948, with 24 medical students. In the 1960s, the international attention of reggae music at that time coincided with the expansion and development of 95 acres (38 ha) of the Kingston city centre waterfront area; by the 1980s, most of the old buildings were demolished by construction companies and the entire waterfront
2310-581: The Palisadoes , a long sand spit which connects the town of Port Royal and the Norman Manley International Airport to the rest of the island. Kingston is the largest English-speaking city south of the United States in the Western Hemisphere . The local government bodies of the parishes of Kingston and Saint Andrew were amalgamated by the Kingston and St. Andrew Corporation Act of 1923, to form
2387-571: The Rastafari movement also have a significant following. The Shaare Shalom Synagogue serves Kingston's Jewish population. The city also has communities of Hindus , Buddhists , and Muslims . The Islamic Council of Jamaica and the Islamic Education and Dawah Centre are both located in Kingston. There are three units of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in the city. Kingston plays
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2464-589: The "turbulent" and "volatile" era, in which Cuba and the United States fought for cultural control over Jamaica. In the 1990s, crime increased in the region and several riots were reported, including one in 1999 against a rise of fuel prices. In 1999, the Jamaican government ordered army troops to patrol the streets of Kingston in an attempt to curb the violent crime. In 2001, army troops and armoured vehicles used force to "restore order" in Kingston after "three days of unrest leave at least 27 people dead". In 2010,
2541-483: The 1977 reissue of Man a Warrior , Village Voice critic Robert Christgau said: " Dub has certain affinities with heavy metal, which may be why the only album of the stuff I've ever played much is Big Youth 's first, Screaming Target , now five years old and never released in the States. Ace discophile Lenny Kaye has compiled this set from the same period, which means that the mix is less volcanic than in recent dub,
2618-562: The Beatitudes present a new set of ideals that focus on love and humility rather than force and exaction. They echo the highest ideals of Jesus' teachings on spirituality and compassion. The term the meek would be familiar in the Old Testament, e.g., as in Psalm 37:11 . Although the Beatitude concerning the meek has been much praised even by some non-Christians such as Mahatma Gandhi , some view
2695-508: The Christian's proper gait." There are men who fear to call their souls their own, and if they did, they would deceive—themselves. At times such men baptize their cowardice in holy water, name it humility, and tremble. ...They are not blessed. Their life is a creeping paralysis. Afraid to stand for their convictions, they end by having no convictions to stand to. Also in the New Testament,
2772-552: The Plain . Looking at his disciples, he said: "Blessed are you who are poor, for yours is the kingdom of God. Blessed are you who hunger now, for you will be satisfied. Blessed are you who weep now, for you will laugh. Blessed are you when people hate you, when they exclude you and insult you and reject your name as evil, because of
2849-659: The Son of Man. Luke 6:23 ("Rejoice in that day and leap for joy, because great is your reward in heaven. For that is how their ancestors treated the prophets.") appears to parallel the text in Matthew 5:11–12. The four woes that follow in Luke 6:24–26 "But woe to you who are rich, for you have already received your comfort. Woe to you who are well fed now, for you will go hungry. Woe to you who laugh now, for you will mourn and weep. Woe to you when everyone speaks well of you, for that
2926-688: The UK-based entrepreneur Larry Lawrence for him to undertake some sound recording sessions and concerts, and he opened for U-Roy the day after his arrival in London. Zukie's first release was the single "Jump & Twist", produced by Lawrence. Around this time he also recorded material for Clem Bushay , which were released on the Man Ah Warrior album, issued in 1973. Zukie returned to Jamaica, cutting "Judge I Oh Lord" for Lloydie Slim and "Natty Dread Don't Cry" for Lee. After an argument with Lee that resulted in
3003-530: The Vulgate. Subsequently, the word was anglicized to beatytudes in the Great Bible of 1540 , and has, over time, taken on a preferred spelling of beatitudes . While some opinions can differ as to exactly how many distinct statements into which the Beatitudes should be divided (ranging from eight to ten), most scholars consider them to be only eight. These eight of Matthew follow a simple pattern: Jesus names
3080-788: The admonition to meekness skeptically. Friedrich Nietzsche in On the Genealogy of Morals considered the verse to be embodying what he perceived as a slave morality . In Christian teachings, the works of mercy (good acts that are considered meritorious) have resonated with the theme of the Beatitude for mercy. These teachings emphasize that these acts of mercy provide both temporal and spiritual benefits. The term peacemakers has traditionally been interpreted to mean not only those who live in peace with others, but also those who do their best to promote friendship among humanity and between God and man. St. Gregory of Nyssa interpreted it as "Godly work", which
3157-424: The city; further, cramped living conditions resulted in public health issues. Suburbanization also became significant and by the 1960s this residential area spread to the foothills of the Blue Mountains. Subsequently, the lack of space and continued consumerism meant this area then expanded to the east of the mountains. In Kingston, 20% of the population now live in squatter settlements. Contrastingly, Kingston
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3234-417: The commercial activity in Kingston. The Church of St. Thomas, on King Street, the chief thoroughfare, was first built before 1699 but was rebuilt after the earthquake in 1907. By the end of the 18th century, the city contained more than 3,000 brick buildings. The harbour fostered trade. It was involved in several naval wars of the 18th century. Kingston took over the functions of Spanish Town (the capital at
3311-470: The country as indentured servants in the late 19th century. The Chinese occupy important roles in Jamaica's economy especially in the retail markets in Downtown Kingston and the wider metropolitan area. There is also a minority of Europeans , mostly descending from immigrants from Germany and Great Britain. Syrians and Lebanese form one of the most influential ethnic groups in not only Kingston, but
3388-575: The entire island. Though a minority ethnic group, the Lebanese were able to give Jamaica one of its prime ministers, Edward Philip George Seaga . Multi-racial Jamaicans continue to form the second largest racial group, and there is also a small Jewish population in the city. There is a wide variety of Christian churches in the city, most of which are Protestant . The chief denominations are Church of God , Baptist , Anglican , Methodist , Roman Catholic , Seventh-day Adventist and Pentecostal . There
3465-500: The freedom of black people. The Royal Botanical Gardens at Hope, popularly called Hope Gardens serves as a national attraction. The Hope Gardens is a part of the 2,000 acres (809 ha) of land making it the largest botanical garden in the English-speaking Caribbean. The land situated by the foothills of the Blue Mountains was originally owned by Major Richard Hope from whom it got its name. Two hundred acres of this land
3542-501: The government offices from Spanish Town to Kingston. It was thought by some to be an unsuitable location for the Assembly in proximity to the moral distractions of Kingston, and the next governor rescinded the Act. However, by 1780 the population of Kingston was 11,000, and the merchants began lobbying for the administrative capital to be transferred from Spanish Town, which was by then eclipsed by
3619-653: The heart of downtown Kingston is the starting point for three of Jamaica's four A roads , namely the A1 (Kingston to Lucea ), the A3 (Kingston to Saint Ann's Bay ) and the A4 (Kingston to Annotto Bay ), while the city itself is provided with a dense network of trunk, main, secondary and minor roads. It also consists of the Highway 2000, Jamaica which runs through Portmore , Ocho Rios and Mandeville . A new section of Highway 2000, Jamaica (called "T3")
3696-429: The highest monthly average rainfall recorded in October at 177 mm (7.0 in), and the lowest monthly average rainfall recorded in March at 18 mm (0.71 in). Fog, hail, thunder and tornadoes are all extremely rare. In 1848 the Jamaican government expanded Kingston by constructing new homes in the west, north and east of the city. This housing became highly segregated in terms of race and class and by 1860
3773-483: The historical buildings south of Parade in the city. That was when a height restriction of no more than 60 feet (18 m) was instituted on buildings in the city centre. These three-story-high buildings were built with reinforced concrete. Construction on King Street in the city was the first area to breach this building code. During the 1930s, island-wide riots led to the development of trade unions and political parties to represent workers. The city became home to
3850-653: The majority of white elites lived on the outskirts of the city. As Kingston's population grew, existing settlements became so densely occupied that marshes in the southwest were filled in to allow the development of new housing. By 1935, continued population growth and poverty resulted in the emergence of slums in the east and west of the city. Later these areas were demolished by the government and residents were rehoused in Denham Town . This development accommodated 3,000 people, leaving more than one sixth of displaced resident homeless. Consequently, overcrowding persisted throughout
3927-503: The meek, for they shall inherit the earth. And blessed are all they who do hunger and thirst after righteousness, for they shall be filled with the Holy Ghost. And blessed are the merciful, for they shall obtain mercy. And blessed are all the pure in heart, for they shall see God. And blessed are all the peacemakers, for they shall be called the children of God. And blessed are all they who are persecuted for my name’s sake, for theirs
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#17328801603014004-578: The merciful, for they will be shown mercy. Blessed are the pure in heart, for they will see God. Blessed are the peacemakers, for they will be called the Sons of God. Blessed are those who are persecuted because of righteousness, for theirs is the Kingdom of Heaven. Blessed are you when people insult you, persecute you and falsely say all kinds of evil against you because of Me. Rejoice and be glad, because great
4081-423: The northeast, and Harbour View to the east, which are communities in urban and suburban Saint Andrew. Communities in rural St. Andrew such as Gordon Town, Mavis Bank, Lawrence Tavern, Mt. Airy, and Bull Bay would not be described as being in Kingston city. Two districts make up the central area of Kingston: the historic Downtown and New Kingston. Both are served by Norman Manley International Airport and also by
4158-400: The parish of Kingston encompasses the following communities: Tivoli Gardens , Denham Town , Rae Town , Kingston Gardens, National Heroes Park , Bournemouth Gardens , Norman Gardens, Rennock Lodge , Springfield and Port Royal, along with portions of Rollington Town , Franklyn Town, and Allman Town. The city proper is bounded by Six Miles to the west, Stony Hill to the north, Papine to
4235-481: The park's main entrance. This prominent sculpture comprises two naked black male and female statues gazing to the skies – symbolic of their triumphant rise from the horrors of slavery. The statue was unveiled in July 2003, in time for the park's first anniversary which caused an out cry from the Jamaican populace who believed that the blatant nudity and generous bodily proportions of the figures were very inappropriate to depict
4312-687: The police being called, the two made peace with Lee giving Zukie some riddims to record over, and taking these and others from Joseph Hoo Kim , he toasted over them at King Tubby 's studio. These recordings were issued on the album MPLA , released in 1976 and titled as a dedication to the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola , who had fought against the Portuguese Army in the Angolan War of Independence . The Man Ah Warrior album had gained Zukie
4389-604: The post-resurrection context of the Americas. The Baháʼí Lawḥ-i-Aqdas tablet concludes with 21 beatitudes, including this statement: Blessed the soul that hath been raised to life through My quickening breath and hath gained admittance into My heavenly Kingdom. The Qur'an mirrors the Bible only in Q:21:105 which resembles Psalm 25:13 referred to in Matthew 5:5 ; but the Qur'an uses "righteous" rather than "meek". The Qur'an (e.g., "say
4466-536: The record with Roy Richards on the vocal. The MPLA album versions highly regarded Bunny Lee and King Tubby ’s engineered and produced tunes by Johnny Clarke , Tony Brevett, Cornell Campbell , Dennis Brown , and Junior Ross and the Spear. One notable fan of MPLA was proto punk artist Patti Smith , who gave Zukie a support slot on her UK tour, reissued Man a Warrior on her Mer record label, and contributed sleeve-notes to his 1977 album Man From Bosrah . Reviewing
4543-428: The release of two further albums in 1978 - Peace In The Ghetto and Tapper Roots , while he also continued to release records on his Stars label in Jamaica. The album Peace In The Ghetto was notable for its version of Cornell Campbell 's tune,"Blessed Are They", a lyrical take on Beatitudes , which Tapper Zukie reworked as a memorial and paean to the anti- Apartheid revolutionary martyr , Steve Biko , killed in
4620-413: The rest of the country of Jamaica. Plans to help the city's economy have made downtown Kingston the subject of numerous redevelopment plans. There have also been attempts to grow the manufacturing industry in the area and to attract call centres to the city. Kingston is surrounded by the Blue Mountains , Red Hills, Long Mountain and the Kingston Harbour , which is the seventh largest natural harbour in
4697-404: The sea front. Gradually, wealthy merchants began to move their residences from above their businesses to the farm lands north on the plains of Liguanea . The first free school, Wolmers's, was founded in 1729 and there was a theatre, first on Harbour Street and then moved in 1774 to North Parade. Both are still in existence. In 1755 the governor , Sir Charles Knowles , had decided to transfer
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#17328801603014774-424: The smaller and primarily domestic Tinson Pen Aerodrome . Kingston was founded on 22 July 1692, shortly after the 1692 earthquake that devastated Port Royal in 1692; the original section of the city which was situated at the bottom of the Liguanea Plains was laid out to house survivors of that earthquake. Before the earthquake, Kingston's functions were purely agricultural . The earthquake survivors set up
4851-427: The state of the gardens, gave permission for it to be called the Royal Botanical Gardens, Hope. The Gardens have many exotic species along with some endemic trees of Jamaica. Over the years, the ravages of hurricanes and other disasters have resulted in the loss of a significant number of species. However, there are still some prominent trees and popular sites to be viewed in the Gardens. At Hope Gardens, visitors can view
4928-501: The time). These functions included agriculture, commercial, processing and a main transport hub to and from Kingston and other sections of the island. In 1788, Kingston had a population of 25,000, which was about a tenth of the overall population of the island. One in every four people living in Kingston was white, but there was a large population of free people of color there too; two out of every five people living in Kingston were free. The remaining three-fifths of Kingston's population
5005-433: The town was designed to facilitate commerce, particularly the system of main thoroughfares 66 feet (20 m) across, which allowed transportation between the port and plantations farther inland. By 1716, it had become the largest town and the centre of trade for Jamaica. The government sold land to people with the regulation that they purchase no more than the amount of the land that they owned in Port Royal, and only land on
5082-444: The tyranny of things. They have broken the yoke of the oppressor; and this they have done not by fighting but by surrendering. Though free from all sense of possessing, they yet possess all things. "Theirs is the kingdom of heaven." William Burnet Wright , seeking to avoid a common misunderstanding of the meaning of poverty of spirit, distinguishes those who are "poor in spirit" from those he calls "poor spirited," who "consider crawling
5159-578: The vocals more buoyant. Zukie's is fresh enough to really enjoy putting a rap down, too, so he doesn't sound doombound, verbally or musically. Sample segue: from 'Simpleton Badness' to 'Archie the Rednose Reindeer.'" This period of success allowed Zukie to set up his own 'Stars' record label, and he began to produce other artists, including Junior Ross & The Spear, Prince Alla , Errol Dunkley , Ronnie Davis , and Horace Andy . Two dub albums emerged in 1977: Escape From Hell and Tapper Zukie In Dub . A deal with Virgin Records subsidiary Frontline saw
5236-409: The windward side of the Blue Mountains. Kingston is on a coastal location, hence it comes under the influence of the sea, though dense urban development can negate this effect. In the 21st century, Kingston has experienced temperatures as high as 38.8 °C (102 °F) and as low as 13.4 °C (56 °F). Between 1895 and 1990, the total average rainfall was recorded at 813 mm (32.0 in),
5313-468: The word beātī , which translates to ' blessed ' (plural adjective). The corresponding word in the original Greek is μακάριοι ( makarioi ), with the same meaning. Thus "Blessed are the poor in spirit" appears in Latin as beātī pauperēs spīritū . The Latin noun beātitūdō was coined by Cicero to describe a state of blessedness and was later incorporated within the chapter headings written for Matthew 5 in various printed versions of
5390-474: The word of humility and enter the gate of paradise") and some Hadith ( e.g. , "My mercy exceeds my anger") contain some passages with somewhat similar tone, but distinct phraseology, from the Beatitudes. The Bhagavad Gita and the traditional writings of Buddhism (e.g., some of the Mangala Sutta ) have been interpreted as including teachings whose intentions resemble some of the messages of Beatitudes (e.g., humility and absence of ego), although their wording
5467-409: The world. The city is on the Liguanea plain, an alluvial plain alongside the Hope River. Kingston experiences frequent earthquakes, including the 1907 earthquake. Kingston has a tropical climate, specifically a tropical wet-and-dry climate ( Aw/As ), that borders on a hot semi-arid climate ( BSh ). characterised by a wet season from May to November, which coincides with the hurricane season, and
5544-415: Was an imitation of God's love of man. John Wesley said the peacemakers "endeavour to calm the stormy spirits of men, to quiet their turbulent passions, to soften the minds of contending parties, and, if possible, reconcile them to each other. They use all innocent arts, and employ all their strength, all the talents which God has given them, as well to preserve peace where it is, as to restore it where it
5621-444: Was made up of black slaves. The government passed an act to transfer the government offices to Kingston from Spanish Town, which occurred in 1872. In 1882, there was a large fire in Kingston. In 1892, electricity first came to Jamaica, when it was supplied to a coal-burning steam-generating plant on Gold Street in Kingston. In 1907, 800 people died in another earthquake known as the 1907 Kingston earthquake , destroying nearly all
5698-472: Was more prolific as a producer, working with artists such as The Mighty Diamonds , Sugar Minott , and Max Romeo . In 1986 he released a new album of his own, Raggamuffin . He continued to concentrate on production, although another album was released in 1996, Deep Roots . In 1995, Steve Barrow 's Blood and Fire (record label) re-issued Tappa Zukie in Dub , introducing his work to a new audience. After suffering
5775-629: Was obtained by the Government of Jamaica in 1880 and was originally established as a plant introduction and crop-testing facility for plants such as pineapple, cocoa, coffee and tobacco. The formal Botanical Gardens were laid out on approximately 60 acres (24 ha) of this land with the assistance of personnel from the Kew Gardens in England. In the 1950s, the Queen, after visiting the island and being pleased with
5852-483: Was re-developed with hotels, shops, offices, cultural centres, and cruise and cargo ship facilities. In 1966, Kingston was the host city to the Commonwealth Games . In the 1980 general elections, the democratic socialist People's National Party (PNP) government was voted out, and subsequent governments have been more market-oriented and focused on tourism and relations with the United States, which reflected
5929-403: Was recently opened to the public. It has greatly reduced the travel time between Kingston and Montego Bay from 4 hours to a mere 2 + 1 ⁄ 2 hours. Kingston is served well by a modern bus system, mini buses and taxis, which operate throughout the city with major hubs at Parade, Cross Roads , Half Way Tree and elsewhere. In June 1898, the existing mule car service was phased out and
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