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73-531: The Tapajós-Arapiuns Extractive Reserve is divided between the municipalities of Santarém (68.05%) and Aveiro (31.95%) in the state of Pará. It has an area of 647,611 hectares (1,600,280 acres). The reserve lies along the left (west) shore of the Tapajós river in the stretch where it expands to a width of about 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) before joining the Amazon River at Santarém. The Arapiuns River runs through

146-463: A Portuguese city with the same name , and later was elevated to the category of city on October 24, 1848, by provincial law nº 145. Over the centuries, the government tried to renovate the fortress were made, the last being in 1867, when the government sent six cannons to arm it. The renovation was never finished and the cannons were left in the street. Today not much remains of the fortress, as materials were taken for other building projects. In 1900

219-504: A VHF repeater operating on 146.950  MHz that can reach more than 100  km, covering the village of Alter do Chão and the cities of Belterra, Mojui dos Campos, Óbidos and Oriximiná. In 2003, the US-based corporation Cargill completed a port facility for processing soybean in Santarém. The port has dramatically stimulated soybean production in the area due to improving the transport of

292-521: A backdrop of policies opening Brazil to Neoliberal economic forces and intense competition through Mercosul , PRONAF marked the institutionalization of a differentiated policy approach to family farming in Brazil. The economic and social importance of family farmers and their specific needs were recognized through PRONAF, at least on paper. The creation of PRONAF has been credited to favorable political circumstances, beginning with Brazil's re-democratization in

365-485: A government agency responsible for operating the major Brazilian airports. The airport handles traffic from six airlines connecting Santarém to the country and the world. As of September 2012, the airport was undergoing renovation and expansion of the Passenger Terminal Building and Parking lot to accommodate increased passenger traffic. BR-163 connects Santarém with southern Brazil. A large portion of it

438-664: A high school was built on the site. Early in the first decade of the 21st century, "Praça Mirante do the Tapajós" , a tourist attraction, was built behind the school. Two of the cannons from the fortress have been installed at the city's airport, where they can be seen from the passenger terminal; two others are located in the Centenário Square, and two in the SUDAM Campus of the Federal University of Western Pará (UFOPA) Santarém

511-578: A problem when the Europeans adopted the practice aggressively around 1500, divided land into farms, began monocropping, etc. The combination of burning with these new farming methods decimated native flora. Brazilian coffee production exceeded global demand at the beginning of the 20th century. This resulted in the Taubaté Agreement, where the State began acquiring surplus for destruction and planting seedlings

584-655: A radical transformation: the State cut subsidies and the market began to finance agriculture, leading to the replacement of manpower with machines. Brazil's rural population fell from 20,700,000 in 1985 to 17,900,000 in 1995, followed by a decrease in import taxes on inputs and other measures that forced Brazilian producers to adapt to global practices. The raise of productivity, mechanization (with reduction of costs) and professionalization marked that period. The first irrigation experiments in Brazil occurred in Rio Grande do Sul, for cultivating rice. The first record dates to 1881 with

657-740: A school that teaches up to grade 8. The general level of education is very low. 35.5% of breadwinners are functionally illiterate and 45.3% had grade 3 education. About 67.6% of households have children attending school. As of 2002 there were just two health centres. The communities in the extractive reserve have been unusually active in developing the management plan and projects related to environmental education, improvement of infrastructure for sanitation, health and education, and sustainable extraction of natural resources, manly rubber, Brazil nuts and açaí palm fruit. The families engage in subsistence agriculture, including cassava, maize and açaí, and subsistence hunting and fishing. Other fruits are extracted from

730-545: Is a longstanding structural problem for Brazilian agriculture. Calmon noted that, since the Empire, "the disposal of the harvest is difficult" and indicated that "the old projects of iron roads or cartable paths, linking the coast to the central mountains [...] are resisted by skeptical statesmen, quoting Thiers, who, in 1841, believed that railways were not convenient to France". Crops are immediately trucked to market via highways, mostly in poor traffic conditions at high cost. For

803-533: Is a town and municipality in the western part of the state of Pará in Brazil . Located at the confluence of the Tapajós and Amazon Rivers , it has become a popular tourist destination. It is the second-most important city in the state, and the financial and economic center of the western part of the state. It leads the Santarém Metropolitan Area, made up of Santarém, Belterra and Mojuí dos Campos . It

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876-495: Is also a makeshift port near Tiradentes Square administered by the city, where small and medium-sized boats dock. As of 2012 a new Fluvial Terminal was under construction to replace the existing one. The Public Transportation System is made of: Urban bus service, Suburban bus service, Personal automobile transportation service (Taxi), Personal motorcycle transportation service (known as MotoTaxi), and School transportation service. The public transportation services are administered by

949-463: Is also home to Sairé, one of the most important folklore festivals of the region, which is held annually in September. Some political activists have lobbied to create a new Brazilian state by dividing the enormous state of Pará into western and eastern regions. The new state to be established in the west would be called the Tapajós, with Santarém serving as the capital. The first written references to

1022-552: Is available to visitors free of charge. It is located in an 1853 building used before in its history as a City Hall, Municipal Courthouse and jail. One school, Escola Estadual do 1 Grau Richard Henington, has 13 classrooms in three parts. It is named after a United States-born Brazilian , Richard Henington (born May 19, 1830), who originated in Crystal Springs, Mississippi and immigrated to Brazil in 1867, arriving on August 16, 1868, and settling in Santarém. The city administers

1095-613: Is bordered by the Amazon and the Tapajós rivers. Both run along many kilometers in the front of the city, side by side, without mixing. Amazon's milky colored water carries sediment from the Andes in the East, while the Tapajós's water is somewhat warmer and has a deep-blue tone. This phenomenon is called "The meeting of the waters" by the locals. Santarém has a tropical monsoon climate not subject to significant changes in temperatures due to its proximity to

1168-467: Is home to Santarém-Maestro Wilson Fonseca Airport . As it is located between two of the most important airports in the region, it is an alternative for international flights. Situated 15  km from downtown, the airport can be reached by car or bus in about 20 minutes via Fernando Guilhon Highway. The airport was opened in 1977 by the Brazilian Air Force ; in 1980 it was transferred to Infraero ,

1241-432: Is located in the city, receiving and treating patients from all the cities in the west of Pará. Santarém has WiFi internet service providers. As of 2013, DSL is not yet available, and private internet connection is slow and expensive. The city maintains several WiFi hotspots in most squares, monuments, and tourist attractions. City residents support many newspapers, TV stations, and radio stations. Radio amateurs maintain

1314-475: Is managed by Regional Engineering and Architecture Councils, integrated at the national level by CONFEA. Educational activity is supported by the Federation of Brazilian Agronomy Students. The Brazilian Enterprise for Agricultural Research ( EMBRAPA ) was established during the military regime in 1973 with the objective of diversifying production. The body was responsible for the support of new crops, adapted to

1387-408: Is not paved which renders the highway nearly unusable during the wet season. BR-230 connects BR-163 to the state capital. The rivers and waterways are still the central means of transporting passenger and cargo due to the poor conditions of the highways and the high price of airplane travel. Santarém is a popular destination for cruise ships on the Amazon, which make Port of Santarém regularly in

1460-562: The Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation . It is classed as IUCN protected area category VI (protected area with sustainable use of natural resources). An extractive reserve is an area used by traditional extractive populations whose livelihood is based on extraction, subsistence agriculture and small-scale animal raising. Its basic objectives are to protect the livelihoods and culture of these people and to ensure sustainable use of natural resources. The utilisation plan

1533-586: The Tapajós Indian settlement in the area date back to 1542, when Francisco Orellana sacked one of their corn plantations. In 1621, ten years after the founding of Belém at the mouth of the Amazon River, the Portuguese explorer Pedro Teixeira , along with Father Cristovão, 26 soldiers and many Indians, set off to explore the upper reaches of the Amazon. They eventually found a Tupuliçus Indian settlement near

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1606-475: The World Bank , Brazil's irrigation potential is about 29,000,000 hectares (110,000 sq mi). In 1998, however, drought reduced capacity to only 2.98 million hectares. At the end of the 20th century, the country primarily used surface irrigation (59%), followed by overhead (35%) and then targeted irrigation . The South represented the largest irrigated area (more than 1.1 million hectares), followed by

1679-452: The equator . The average annual temperature varies between 25º and 28 °C or 82.4 °F, with a relative humidity of 86%. During the year the average rainfall is of about 2,150 millimetres (85 in), which becomes more intense during the wet season that spans from November to July when the average monthly rainfall varies from 75 to 395 millimetres (3.0 to 15.6 in). The dry season spans from August through October, in this season

1752-490: The 1980s and a receptive Cardoso administration to the mobilizations of a number of agrarian civil groups. Loans written out to family farmers through PRONAF rose from US$ 1 billion in 2000 to an estimated US$ 5.8 billion in 2008. Other credit programs targeted at family farmers that came after PRONAF include PROGER and PROCERA. The country's colonization began with harvesting native plants where they grew. Cultivation followed much later. The exploitation of brazilwood , known to

1825-509: The 1990s family farms experienced productivity growth of 75%, compared to only 40% for larger-scale producers. The difference is largely due to the creation of PRONAF (National Program on Family Agriculture), which opened a special family farm credit line. Up to 2009 six Family Farming and Land Reform National Fairs were held, the first four in Brasília and the last two in Rio de Janeiro . They highlight

1898-703: The 1990s, due to globalization . The composition of stocks at the national level is the responsibility of the National Food Supply Company (Conab). Official definitions of a family farmer differ from country to country in Latin America . There are three general categories: subsistence farming, intermediate family farmers and consolidated farms. In Brazil, the Family Farming Law (Law 11,326) defines family farmers through four criteria related to land tenure , farm size, dependence on farm income, and

1971-506: The 2008–2009 harvest, for example, the Federation of Agriculture and Livestock of Goiás denounced poor road conditions in the Center-West region , despite repeated requests for federal assistance over several years. In 2006 the federal government issued a National Plan of Logistics and Transportation, meant to improve production flow. Lack of investment, however, continues to be the main obstacle to distribution logistics. A good example of

2044-671: The City Docks. The docks are administrated by the CDP (Companhia Docas do Pará) and are the second most important in the state, second only to Belém, due to its proximity to the Atlantic Ocean . Most nearby villages have no roads and can only be reached by boat; trips can take up to 12 hours depending on the boat and the destination. The Cargill Port is a private port near the Docks. It exports soybean and has capacity for storing 60,000 tons of soy. There

2117-495: The Lower Amazon, located midway between the larger cities of Belém at the coast and Manaus upriver. The regional economy is based on agriculture, cattle, and mining. The city has seen many 'cycles' of development dominated by one or a few economic activities, including rubber extraction (in the last century), coffee production, and gold mining. Most recently, there has been a huge growth in the area of soybean plantations. Santarém

2190-606: The Municipal Hospital. As of September 2012, it maintains 35 rural health care posts, and 50 health care centers in the urban area, six of which operate 24 hours a day. SAMU is also based in the city; it rescues victims of all kinds of accidents, working many times together with the State Fire Department. In 2012 a hospital was built to treat people rescued by SAMU and the Fire Department. The State Regional Hospital

2263-872: The Municipal Transportation Department, which plans and promotes traffic development. Traffic safety is administered by several governmental agencies such as the Transit Police branch of the State Police (PTRAN), the Brazilian Highway Police based in Santarém, the DMV, and the transportation department through its fiscal management and guards. Santarém has 457 municipal schools accommodating 62,121 students, 44 state primary and high schools, 44 particular schools and twelve universities The city museum, Centro Cultural João Fona (João Fona Cultural Center),

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2336-461: The Policy on Food Security and Nutrition (Decree 7.272). Food security refers to being able to meet dietary needs through an adequate, secure supply of nutritious food. The term rose into Brazilian popular consciousness in 1993 after campaigns by a national movement called Citizens' Action Against Hunger and Poverty and for Life. In that same period, Consea (National Food and Nutritional Security Council)

2409-731: The Southeast (800 thousand hectares) and Northeast (490 thousand hectares). Currently, a regulatory milestone of irrigation is making its way through the National Congress of Brazil , through bill 6381/2005, which aims at replacing the Law 6662/1979, which regulates irrigation policy. Water resources policy is regulated by Law 9433/1997, and managed by the National Council. Crop storage facilities require expansion in order to keep up with increasing production. Brazilian storage capacity in 2003

2482-583: The Tapajós and Arapiuns rivers. By 2012 about 51,361 hectares (126,920 acres) of the vegetation had been modified by people, particularly along the banks of rivers and streams. This has caused some siltation and eutrophication of the water bodies. In 2007 there were 3,076 families with 18,291 people, concentrated in 64 small villages along the banks of the two major rivers. Typically each village would have about 30 families with about 6 people per house. The buildings are made of natural forest materials. Most villages have an elementary school. São Pedro do Arapiuns has

2555-479: The air of the country is very healthful, fresh, and as temperate as that of Entre Douro e Minho, we have found the two climates alike at this season. There is great plenty, an infinitude of waters. The country is so well-favoured that if it were rightly cultivated it would yield everything, because of its waters. Brazilian Natives ("Indians") began farming some 12,000 years ago. They farmed cassava , peanuts, tobacco, sweet potatoes and maize, in addition to extracting

2628-423: The capital necessary to stay in rural areas and maintain production on a small scale. PRONAF was the first policy in 1994 to be created to meet the specific credit needs of family farmers. In order to stimulate agricultural production, the instrument provides incentives in the form of reduced-interest loans from national funds for rural development, targeting low-income farmers and agrarian reform farmers. Set against

2701-663: The city in Portugal ). It is one of the oldest cities in the Brazilian Amazon. This is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Santarém . Because of the crystalline waters of the Tapajós River, Santarém has more than 100 km (62 mi) of natural beaches, such as those of the village of Alter do Chão, known as the "Caribbean in Brazil." The Guardian ranked this beach as the most beautiful in Brazil. Alter do Chão

2774-534: The city of Cruz das Almas . In 1883, in Pelotas , Rio Grande do Sul, a second school opened. The first school was officially recognized thirty-five years after its creation, with Decree 8.319/1910. The agronomist profession only came to be recognized in 1933. Seventy regular agronomy colleges operate in Brazil. The day the decree was publicized, 12 October, became the "Day of the Agronomist". Professional registration

2847-443: The commodity crop. Although the company complied with state legislation, it failed to comply with a federal law requiring an Environmental Impact Statement . Instead, Cargill contested in court its need to comply. In late 2003 Greenpeace launched a campaign claiming the new port has increased deforestation of local rain forest , damaging the regional habitat, as farmers have cleared land to make way for soy crops. In February 2006,

2920-626: The construction of the Cadro dam which began in 1903. However, the practice broadened in the last thirty years of the 20th century between the years 1970 to 1980. Private initiative developed irrigation in the South and Southeast regions. In the Northeast official bodies, such as DNOCS and CODEVASF, led the way beginning in the 1950s. In 1968, the Executive Group on Irrigation and Agrarian Development (GEIDA)

2993-567: The country's diverse regions. The expansion of agricultural borders towards the Cerrado had begun, and of monocultural latifundia with production at a semi-industrial scale of soybeans, cotton and beans. Czech-Brazilian researcher Johanna Döbereiner helped lead Brazil's Green Revolution , winning her the UNESCO Science Prize for her work on nitrogen-fixing microorganisms. In 1960, four main agricultural products were exported, growing by

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3066-408: The decline of the gold rush in the latter part of the decade of 1980. Moreover, between 1980 and 2000, the rural population declined as people moved into cities due to poor infrastructure in the countryside. Since the year 2000, Santarém's population has increased due to that migration, as well as people being attracted to its improved infrastructure, health care, schools, and other amenities. In 2008,

3139-454: The early 1990s to nineteen. Brazil also moved "downstream" to expand post-harvest processing. In the 1960s, unprocessed goods made up 84% of total exports, falling to 20% by 1990. Agricultural promotion policies included subsidized credits, bank debt write-offs and exports subsidies (in some cases, reaching 50% of the product value). Beginning with the 1994 creation of Plano Real for monetary stabilization, Brazilian agriculture went through

3212-440: The essence from other local plants such as the pequi and the babassu . Production was for food, straw or lumber . They cultivated local fruits such as jabuticaba , cashews , Spondias mombin and Goiabas . The Indians both influenced and were influenced by the Europeans who arrived in the fifteenth century. The Portuguese "nourished themselves with wood-flour, slaughtered the big game to eat, packed their nets and imitated

3285-400: The federal courts in Brazil gave Cargill six months to complete the environmental assessment. This ruling came as part of a broader popular backlash against the port; while it was initially supported by locals who hoped for jobs, opinion has turned against it as the jobs have not appeared. In July 2006, federal prosecutor Felícia Pontes Jr. suggested that the government was close to shutting down

3358-416: The forest, mostly for family consumption but with a small surplus for sale. Most families raise chickens and pigs. The main source of income comes from cassava flour. 33.6% of households engage in crafts, mostly the women, making baskets and sieves from lianas and clay crockery, mainly for home use. The Tapajós-Arapiuns Extractive Reserve was created by federal decree on 16 November 1998. It is administered by

3431-516: The importance of family farming to Brazilian economy, accounting for 70% of the country's food consumption and 10% of Brazilian GDP . International monitoring organizations assert that a third of Brazil's population is food insecure. Despite increased food production since the industrialization, a large proportion of Brazilians, especially the urban and rural poor, have difficulty meeting their nutrition needs. Small farmer, landless worker and indigenous movements that had consolidated during or after

3504-601: The interest of family farmers then emerged, where the family farmer is recognized as a pillar of national development. Since then, the MDA along with other institutions were created with the family farmers and other traditional communities' interests in mind, where policies targeting family farmers were designed to introduce market incentives, promote adequate food distribution and provide technical assistance. In general, family farms are establishments that employ mostly family members with up to five temporary workers. Family farms provide

3577-577: The land is being cultivated. [REDACTED] Santarém, Portugal PRONAF The agriculture of Brazil is historically one of the principal bases of Brazil's economy . As of 2024 the country is the second biggest grain exporter in the world, with 19% of the international market share, and the fourth overall grain producer. Brazil is also the world's largest exporter of many popular agriculture commodities like coffee , soybeans , organic honey , beef , poultry , cane sugar , açai berry , orange juice , yerba mate , cellulose , tobacco , and

3650-400: The lowest rainfall is recorded which troughs at 31 millimetres or 1.2 inches. The total population of the city was 294,580 people (2010 census). Santarém is the seventh-largest city in the north region of Brazil, behind Manaus , Belém , Porto Velho , Ananindeua , Macapá and Rio Branco . Of the population 51.5% were men and 48.5% women. Santarém lost population from 1996 to 1999, during

3723-586: The majority of Brazilian staples, including 84% of manioc , 67% of beans and 49% of corn . Family farms also have a large role in the livestock and dairy industry, producing 58% of milk, 59% of pork, 50% of poultry and 31% of cattle. According to the IBGE 's 1995–96 Farming and Livestock Census, there were 4,339,859 family-run establishments in the country, the largest farm being 100 ha in area. In 2009, Brazil's Ministry of Agrarian Development (MDA) reported that 84.4% of all rural properties are in fact family farms. In

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3796-439: The military dictatorship mobilized nationwide, pressuring the authorities to prioritize food and nutrition security rose in the 1980s, and were able to strongly shape the direction of developmental policy. The notion of access to food and proper nutrition was first recorded official terminology in 1986 as segurança alimentar ( food security ). The right to food and nutrition was established on 25 August 2010, when Brazil adopted

3869-422: The missionaries, Francisco da Mota Falcão started construction of a fortress by the river in 1693, which was finished by his son, Manoel Mota Siqueira in 1697. The building had a square shape and featured bastions on each corner. The Fortress of Tapajós was the nucleus of the village that developed as the city of Santarém. In 1758, the village of Tapajós was given the status of Vila and the name of Santarém, after

3942-459: The mouth of the Amazon on the Atlantic Ocean. Santarém has an estimated population of 306,480 people (2020), and is the third most populous city of the state. The city occupies an area of 22,887 km (8,837 sq mi), of which 77 km are urban areas. The city was founded by Portuguese colonists in 1661 as New, it was discovered by Priest João Filipe Bettendorff Santarém (after

4015-410: The mouth of the Tapajós River and made port there. The Indians had already had contact with Europeans, mainly Spanish explorers who had been to the settlement. The Portuguese and Tupuliçus started trading. Pedro Teixeira resumed his exploration. The Jesuits took on the work of founding a village for missionary purposes on the site, where Father António Vieira was known to have visited in 1659. Santarém

4088-487: The need of regulatory stocks is in the production of ethanol as a fuel from sugar cane. The elevated price variation during the harvest year, that varies for climatic and plant health reasons, justifies the formation of stocks. Stocks also aim to stabilize farmers' revenues, and avoid price fluctuations between harvests. Until the 1980s, Brazil employed the Minimum Prices Policy. That policy had lost relevance by

4161-608: The port. Cargill responded to criticisms of the port by emphasizing its contribution to encouraging economic development in the local province, one of the poorest in Brazil. It says that "extreme measures," such as closing the port, are not necessary because "Soybean occupies less than 0.6 percent of the land in the Amazon biome today." Cargill also points to its partnership with The Nature Conservancy to encourage farmers around Santarém to comply with Brazilian law that requires 80% of forest cover to be left intact in Amazon forest areas while

4234-464: The region. Elevations in the reserve are from 2 to 216 metres (6 ft 7 in to 708 ft 8 in). In the eastern portion along the Tapajós and the northwest altitudes range from 2 to 51 metres (6 ft 7 in to 167 ft 4 in). Temperatures average 25 °C (77 °F). There is high rainfall averaging 2,400 millimetres (94 in) annually, with no marked dry season. Soils are generally infertile. Dense rainforest covers 88% of

4307-629: The reserve before joining the Tapajós. The southwest corner of the reserve meets the Amazônia National Park . The reserve adjoins the Maró Indigenous Territory to the west. The Tapajós National Forest is on the opposite side of the Tapajós River, to the east. The proposed South Amazon Ecological Corridor would link the Tapajós-Arapiuns Extractive Reserve to other protected areas and indigenous territories in

4380-464: The reserve, or 591,420 hectares (1,461,400 acres). The vegetation consists of large trees, woody lianas and abundant epiphytes. The Amazonian manatee ( Trichechus inunguis ) is a protected species in the reserve. As of 2005 the reserve may have already been suffering from the effects of the Tapajós-Teles Pires waterway, which was causing massive deforestation on the borders of the reserve along

4453-436: The rough, free life", in the words of Pedro Calmon . Until other crops began to be exported, brazilwood was the main reason Portugal wanted control in Brazil. One practice of indigenous Brazilians was to clear land for cultivation by burning it. This provided arable land and ashes for use as fertilizer and soil cover. Scholars such as Monteiro Lobato considered this practice to be harmful. However, burning only became

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4526-465: The second biggest exporter of maize , pork , cotton , and ethanol . The country also has a significant presence as producer and exporter of rice , wheat , eggs , refined sugar , cocoa , beans , nuts , cassava , sisal fiber , and diverse fruits and vegetables. The success of agriculture during the Estado Novo (New State), with Getúlio Vargas , led to the expression, "Brazil, breadbasket of

4599-481: The use of predominantly family labor. In Brazil, the large majority of family farms are in the northeastern, southern and southeast Brazil. Family farmers in Brazil produce 21,4% of food consumed domestically. In 1999, the Ministry of Agrarian Development (MDA) was created to support family farmers and promote land reform and sustainable land development. A host of government policies and government-supported programs in

4672-421: The village of Mojui dos Campos was designated as an independent City, so its population was withdrawn from the Santarém total. Santarém was founded by the Portuguese as a Catholic city and the vast majority of the population is catholic. New migrants have brought differing religions, including various Protestant denominations, Judaism, Spiritualism, and Buddhism. Santarém is an important regional market center in

4745-1010: The world". The southern one-half to two-thirds of Brazil has a semi-temperate climate, higher rainfall, more fertile soil, more advanced technology and input use, adequate infrastructure and more experienced farmers. This region produces most of Brazil's grains, oilseeds , and agriculture exports. The drought-ridden northeast region and Amazon basin lack well-distributed rainfall, good soil, adequate infrastructure and development capital. Although mostly occupied by subsistence farmers, both regions are increasingly important as exporters of forest products, cocoa and tropical fruits . Central Brazil contains substantial areas of grassland . Brazilian grasslands are far less fertile than those of North America, and are generally suited only for grazing. Extreme weather events like drought, linked with deforestation and climate change, increasingly impact Brazilian agriculture. In 2018, Brazil: In addition to smaller productions of other agricultural products. However,

4818-645: Was 75% of grain production, well short of the ideal of 120%. Farm-based crop storage (e.g., using silos ) is not common in Brazil. Lack of storage forces produce to be commercialized quickly. According to Conab data, only 11% of warehouses are located on farms (by comparison Argentina has 40%, the European Union has 50% and Canada has 80%). Farmers rely on third party storage services. Lack of access to capital, exacerbated by financial instability from factors such as exchange rate volatility, prevents most producers from building significant storage. Crop transport

4891-728: Was adjusted to 2,850 units on 29 September 2005, then to 3,650 units on 20 December 2006. The deliberative council was created on 10 May 2004. On 5 October 2011 ICMBio ceded the right to use the reserve to the Tapajós-Arapiuns-Tapajoara associations. The management plan was approved on 20 November 2014. A working group was created on 28 May 2015 to support implementation of the Forest Carbon Demonstration Project (Projeto Demonstrativo de Carbono Florestal). Santar%C3%A9m, Par%C3%A1 Santarém ( Brazilian Portuguese pronunciation: [sɐ̃taˈɾẽj] )

4964-537: Was established. the 1st National Conference on Food Security was organized by a combination of policy and grassroots mobilizations. Consea ran from 1993 to 1994, with little success in shaping public policies, was halted until after the establishment of the Fome Zero Program. The 2010 Policy names Consea as an instrument in proposing programs that promote food security on a federal level. Due to financial limitations, small farmers generally have difficulties securing

5037-467: Was forbidden—with the goal of maintaining a minimum profitable price. Rubber suffered from foreign competition. In 1870, English smugglers smuggled rubber tree seedlings out of Brazil and in 1895 began production in Asia. In the 1910s and 1920s this competition practically eliminated Brazilian production. In 1887 during the Empire era, the first school dedicated to the training of agronomists opened in

5110-521: Was founded by Father João Filipe Bettendorff on 22 June 1661 with the name "Aldeia do Tapajós" (Tapajós village). Father Bettendorff built the Chapel of Our Lady of Conception. The site where the first mass was celebrated in the city is now marked by a monument. The Jesuits founded other villages nearby, including the Village of Borsari, known today as the Village of Alter do Chão, Pará . After development from

5183-579: Was once home to the Tapajós Indians , a tribe of Native Americans after whom the river was named. They were the leaders of a large, agricultural chiefdom that flourished before the arrival of Europeans. It is located some 800 km (500 mi) from the two largest cities in the Brazilian Amazon: Manaus , upriver in the state of Amazonas, and the Pará state capital Belém , located downriver at

5256-566: Was set up, and two years later it instituted the Multi-annual Program of Irrigation (PPI). The majority of resources were directed to the Northeast. These federal initiatives, however, did not achieve success. In 1985 a new guidance and in 1996 a new direction produced the New Model of Irrigation Project. The Project intended to broaden the use of irrigation in agriculture and drew on more than 1,500 national and foreign experts. According to

5329-560: Was submitted by the Associação da Resex Tapajós-Arapiuns, Associação Comunitária da Suruaca/Tapajós and Associação Intercomunitária de Boim/Rio Tapajós e CNS. It was approved on 5 November 1999. On 30 October 2003 the Instituto Nacional de Colonização e Reforma Agrária (INCRA: National Institute for Colonization and Agrarian Reform) recognised the reserve as meeting the needs of 3,500 families, who would qualify for PRONAF support. This

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