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58-521: The Tanoli ( Hindko / Urdu : تنولی، تناولی ) are a Hindkowan tribe living mainly in the Hazara area of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , Pakistan . They form the majority of the population of Lassan Nawab union council. The Tanoli describe themselves as Barlas Turks . They never submitted to the British colonial rule in the 1840s . They have two major divisions, namely Palaal (پل آل) and Hindaal (ہند آل). In present day,

116-504: A distinctive retroflex lateral, which, however, appears to be in complementary distribution with the alveolar lateral. There are two rhotic sounds in Hindko: an alveolar trill /r/ (with a varying number of vibrations dependent on the phonetic context), and a retroflex flap /ɽ/ . Hindko has three short vowels /ɪ/ , /ʊ/ and /ə/ , and six long vowels: /iː/ , /eː/ , /æː/ , /ɑː/ , /oː/ and /uː/ . The vowels can be illustrated with

174-442: A high tone and lose its aspiration and, if word-initial, its voicing: /ɡʱoːɽaː/ > /kòːɽaː/ 'horse'. The same pattern has been reported for Hazara Hindko, with a low rising tone after historically voiced aspirates ( /kòːɽaː/ 'horse' < /ɡʱoːɽaː/ ), a high falling tone before historic voiced aspirates ( /kóːɽaː/ 'leper' < /kóːɽʱaː/ ), and level tone elsewhere ( /koːɽaː/ 'bitter'). According to preliminary observations on

232-1019: A lot in this regard. Sultan Sakoon has written the First Hindko dictionary that has been published by Gandhara Hindko Board. Sultan Sakoon stands out for his literary contribution as he is a prolific writer and his books including those on Hindko proverbs and Hindko riddles have been published. An excerpt from the Kalām of Ahmad Ali Saayein : الف اول ہے عالم ہست سی او ہاتف آپ پکاریا بسمہ اللہ فیر قلم نوں حکم نوشت ہویا ہس کے قلم سر ماریا بسمہ اللہ نقشہ لوح محفوظ دے وچ سینے قلم صاف اتاریا بسمہ اللہ اس تحریر نوں پڑھ کے فرشتیاں نے سائیاں شکر گزاریا بسمہ اللہ Transliteration: Alif-Awal hai Alam e hast sī o Hātif āp pukārā Bismillah Fīr Qalam nū̃ hukum e Nawišt hoyā Hus ke qalam sir māriyā Bismillah Naqšā Loh e Mahfūz dai wic sine Qalam sāf utāriyā Bismillah Is Tahrīr nū̃ paṛah ke Farištiyā̃ ne Sāiyā̃ Šukar guzāriyā Bismillah Translation: "He

290-424: A number of diphthongs (like /ai/ ). Which of the many (typically around a dozen) overt vowel combinations should be seen as representing an underlying single segment (a diphthong) rather than simply a sequence of two separate underlying vowels, has varied with the analysis used and the dialect studied. Hindko dialects possess phonemic nasal vowels (here marked with a tilde above the vowel: ɑ̃ ). For example, in

348-472: A population of 4,758,762. The district has a sex ratio of 103.99 males to 100 females and a literacy rate of 53.28%: 64.91% for males and 41.09% for females. 1,355,625 (28.54% of the surveyed population) are under 10 years of age. 1,905,975 (40.05%) live in urban areas. Languages of Peshawar district (2023) At the time of the 2023, 93.07% of the district’s population spoke Pashto , 3.79% Hindko , 1.8% Urdu and 0.55% Punjabi as their first language. Due to

406-582: A second more comprehensive Hindko dictionary in 2007 prepared by Elahi Bakhsh Awan of the University of London . He is the author of Sarzamin e Hindko, and Hindko Sautiyat. His three booklets on Hindko phonology were published by the University of Peshawar in the late 1970s. The Idara-e-Faroghe Hindko based in Peshawar is another body that is promoting Hindko. Riffat Akbar Swati and Aurangzeb Ghaznavi are main people of this organisation. The Idara has published

464-491: A system of pitch accent , which is commonly referred to as tone . In Punjabi, pitch accent has historically arisen out of the loss of voiced aspirates ( /bʱ dʱ ɖʱ dʒʱ ɡʱ ɦ/ . Thus in Standard Punjabi , if a voiced aspirate preceded the stressed vowel, it would lose its aspiration and cause the appearance of a high tone on that vowel: /dʒiːbʱ/ > /dʒíːb/ 'tongue'. If it followed the stressed vowel, then it would lead to

522-526: Is Hindki . A speaker of Hindko may be referred to as Hindki , Hindkun , or Hindkowan ( Hindkuwan ). Like other Lahnda varieties, Hindko is derived from the Shauraseni Prakrit . Varieties of Hindko are primarily spoken in a core area in the district of Attock in the northwestern corner of the province of Punjab , and in two neighbouring regions: in Peshawar to the north-west, and Hazara to

580-511: Is Pashto . In most Hindko-speaking areas, speakers of Pashto live in the same or neighbouring communities (although this is less true in Abbottabad and Kaghan Valley). The relationship between Hindko and its neighbours is not one of stable bilingualism. In terms of domains of use and number of speakers, Hindko is dominant and growing in the north-east; in Hazara for example, it is displacing Pashto as

638-420: Is a cover term for a diverse group of Lahnda dialects spoken by several million people of various ethnic backgrounds in several areas in northwestern Pakistan , primarily in the provinces of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and northwestern regions of Punjab . There is a nascent language movement, and in recent decades Hindko-speaking intellectuals have started promoting the view of Hindko as a separate language. There

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696-435: Is a literary tradition based on Peshawari , the urban variety of Peshawar in the northwest, and another one based on the language of Abbottabad in the northeast. In the 2017 census of Pakistan, 5.1 million people declared their language to be Hindko, while a 2020 estimate placed the number of speakers at 7 million. Hindko to some extent is mutually intelligible with Punjabi and Saraiki , and has more affinities with

754-803: Is administrated by a city local government which is composed of an elected city council and an elected mayor. 1. Peshawar City Tehsil Village Councils = 9 Neighbourhood Councils =121 Total Councils = 130. 2. Badhaber tehsil Village Councils = 37 Neighbourhood Councils = 0 Total Councils = 37. 3. Chamkani tehsil Village Councils = 42 Neighbourhood Councils = 4 Total Councils = 46. 4. Shah Alam tehsil Village Councils = 41 Neighbourhood Councils = 2 Total Councils = 43. 5. Pishtakhara tehsil Village Councils = 34 Neighbourhood Councils = 2 Total Councils = 36. 6. Mathra tehsil Village Councils = 53 Neighbourhood Councils = 1 Total Councils = 54. 7. Hassan Khel Village Councils = 11 Neighbourhood Councils = 0 Total Councils = 11. Each Village and Neighborhood Council

812-537: Is also high falling, and it is distinguished by the accompanying glottalisation : /tˀîː/ 'daughter', /vəˈtˀɑ̂ːiː/ 'congratulations'. Hindko is generally written in a variety of the Punjabi alphabet . It was created by Rehmat Aziz Chitrali at Khowar Academy Chitral . The Gandhara Hindko Board is a leading organisation that has been active in the preservation and promotion of the Hindko and culture since 1993. The board

870-401: Is composed of 7 Members which are as given below 1. Chairman of VC or NC 2. Vice Chairman of VC or NC 3. General Councilor 4. Women Councilor 5. Youth Councilor 6. Worker and Peasant Councilor 7. Minority Councilor These members are elected by voter directly through local elections According to new delimitation list made by election commission of Pakistan the district Peshawar

928-522: Is estimated at around 300 families (as of 2018). There is no generic name for the speakers of Hindko because they belong to diverse ethnic groups and tend to identify themselves by the larger families or castes . However, the Hindko-speaking community belonging to the Hazara Division of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa are sometimes recognised collectively as Hazarewal . A large number of Hindko speakers in

986-577: Is on the lower side as it ranks 62nd in Pakistan. The main issues reported in Taleem Do! App for district Peshawar are overcrowded class rooms and lack of class rooms in schools. Girls’ education is also one of the most reported issues in the app, with main focus on lesser number of Girls schools and also schools located at long distances. Issues of lack of teachers, non-availability of science labs and lack of High Schools were also reported. Issues regarding

1044-505: Is phonemic in Awankari and Tanoli; in both dialects it can occur in the middle and at the end of a word, as illustrated by the following examples from Tanoli: /tɑːɳɑ̃ː/ 'straight', /mɑːɳ/ 'pride'. The velar nasal /ŋ/ is phonemic in Tanoli: /bɑːŋ/ 'prayer call', /mɑːŋ/ 'fiancée', and in the Hindko of Kashmir, and in both cases it is found only in the middle or at the end of the word. In

1102-488: Is realised as high falling in Kohati and the eastern subdialect of Awankari, but as high in the northwestern Awankari subdialect. Like Kohati, the variety of Peshawar has high falling tone before historic voiced aspirates. However, it has also developed a distinct tone on stressed vowels after historic voiced aspirates, like northern Hindko and Majhi, with a similar loss of aspiration and voicing. But in contrast to Majhi, this tone

1160-533: Is the foremost from the world of existence Voice of the unseen exclaimed Bismillah The pen was ordered to write Pen carried out the order to write Bismillah When angels read this composition Saaieaan, they showed their thankfulness with Bismillah" Hindko has a rich heritage of proverbs (Hindko matlaan , sg. matal ). An example of a proverb: جدھر سر ادھر سرہانڑا Transliteration: Jidur sir udur sarhanra Translation: "Good person gains respect everywhere." Peshawar District This district and

1218-579: The Charsadda District ) and Hoti (now in the Mardan District ) and mostly in cantonment areas of these cities. 97% of the population living in rural towns practiced Islam. Peshawar District has many universities for various disciplines starting from Humanities , General Sciences , Sciences , Engineering Sciences to Medical Sciences , Agriculture Sciences and Management Sciences . Currently, there are nine medical colleges of which two are in

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1276-612: The Peshawar city spoke and understood Urdu . Elite belonging to small towns such as big feudal Khan families, traders and almost all of Hindus also spoke Urdu . Persian was also spoken by elites of the Peshawar city and by traders from Kabul . Majority of the population of the district especially the agriculturists and Pathans only spoke Pashto . 92% of the total population of Peshawar Valley followed Islam and remainder 8% followed Hinduism, Sikhism and other religions. People belonging to these minority religions primarily lived in major cities such as Peshawar , Charsadda (now in

1334-407: The approximant / ʋ / in Awankari. Apart from /m/ and /n/ , Hindko dialects distinguish a varying number of other nasal consonants . The retroflex nasal is overall shorter than the other nasals, and at least for the Hindko of Abbottabad it has been described as a nasalised flap : /ɽ̃/ . For the Hindko of Kashmir it has been asserted to be an allophone of the alveolar nasal /n/ , but it

1392-583: The Hazara Division are Pashtuns. Some of those speak Hindko as their mother tongue while others as a second language. These include the Tahirkhelis , Swatis , Yusufzais , Jadoons and Tareens . The other Hindko speakers include the Sayyids , Awans , Mughals , Tanolis , Turks, Qureshis and Gujjars . The most common second language for Hindko-speakers in Pakistan is Urdu and the second most common one

1450-571: The Hazara Hindko variety of Abbottabad, the low tone is less prominent than in Majhi Punjabi , and a trace of the aspiration is preserved: for example 'horse' would be /k òːɽaː/ . The variety spoken to the north-east, in Neelam Valley, has preserved voiced aspirates at the start of the word, so presumably the low tone is not established there. However, there are observations of its appearance in

1508-441: The Hindko of Abbottabad, a vowel at the end of some words can be nasalised if it follows a nasal consonant. In the Awankari dialect, vowels can be allophonically nasalised both before and after a nasal consonant, but in either case the effect will depend on the position of stress (see Awankari dialect § Vowels for more details). Unlike many Indo-Aryan languages, but in common with other Punjabi varieties, Hindko dialects have

1566-655: The Hindko of Azad Kashmir /bɑː/ 'animal disease' contrasts with /bɑ̃ː/ 'arm', and /toːkeː/ 'meat cutters' with /toːkẽː/ 'hindrances'. In this variety of Hindko, as well as in the Hindko of Tanawal, there are nasal counterparts for all, or almost all, of the long vowels, but none for the short vowels. In Awankari and the Hindko of Abbottabad, on the other hand, there is contrastive nasalisation for short vowels as well: /kʰɪɖɑː/ 'make one play' contrasts with /kʰɪ̃ɖɑ/ 'scatter' (in Awankari), /ɡəɖ/ 'mixing' contrasts with /ɡə̃́ɖ/ 'knot'). Peshawari and Kohati presumably follow

1624-546: The Kashmiris of the Vale of Kashmir to refer to the highlanders, who spoke this language). This variety is also spoken across the Line of Control into Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir . The whole dialect continuum of Hindko is partitioned by Ethnologue into two languages: Northern Hindko ( ISO 639-3 code: hno) for the dialects of Hazara, and Southern Hindko (ISO 639-3: hnd) for

1682-527: The board. Now the board is headed by Ejaz Ahmad Qureshi. The board has published first Hindko dictionary and several other books on a variety of topics. With head office in Peshawar, the organisation has regional offices in other cities of the province where Hindko is spoken and understood. In 2003 the Gandhara Hindko Board published first a Hindko dictionary which was compiled by a prominent linguists from Abbottabad, Sultan Sakoon. The board published

1740-524: The city has seen the rise and fall of many civilizations. It was once the center of Gandhara and has subsequently been ruled by Persians , Greeks , Buddhists , Kushans , Afghans , Mughals , Marathas, Sikhs and the British . The original district of Peshawar was a district of the North-West Frontier Province of British India . After the independence of Pakistan in 1947, the old Peshawar District became Peshawar Division comprising

1798-491: The city of Peshawar and the one that is promoted as a standardised literary language. It has a wide dialectal base and has undergone the influence of Urdu and Standard Punjabi . A separate group is formed in the northeast by the relatively homogeneous dialects of the Hazara region , which are collectively known as Hazara Hindko or Northern Hindko , with the variety spoken in Kaghan Valley known as Kaghani , and

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1856-505: The current districts of Peshawar, Charsadda and Nowshera. In July 1988, the former Charsadda tehsil was separated and attained the status of a separate district. In 1990, the Nowshera tehsil also was upgraded to the status of a district. Under the latest revision of Pakistan's administrative structure, promulgated in 2001, Peshawar was also given the status of a city district. As of the 2023 census , Peshawar district has 690,976 households and

1914-411: The district started functioning in 1900. According to Pakistan District Education Rankings 2017 published by Alif Ailaan , Peshawar ranks 4th in Pakistan in terms of primary school infrastructure while it ranks 52nd in Pakistan for middle school infrastructure. In terms of education score, Peshawar ranks 64th in Pakistan with having a relatively low retention score. Beyond Primary Readiness in Peshawar

1972-465: The district. Christians however have continued to grow. According to the 1897 records during the British Raj , most people living in Peshawar valley were Pathans and belonged to an agricultural community but there was also large number of Punjabi and Hindkowan communities living in the valley; all three ethnolinguistic groups religiously belonged to Islam , Hinduism and Sikhism . Most people in

2030-810: The first Hindko translation of the Quran by Haider Zaman Haider and the first Ph.D. thesis on Hindko by E.B.A. Awan. A monthly magazine Faroogh is also published regularly from Peshawar under supervision of Aurangzeb Ghaznavi. In Karachi Syed Mehboob is working for the promotion of Hindko. His articles are frequently published in Farogh monthly. He is organiser of Hindko Falahi Forum. Many organisations like Bazm-e-Ilm-o-Fun Abbottabad and Halqa-e-Yaraan Shinkyari promote Hindko and literature. Asif Saqib, Sufi Abdur Rasheed, Fazal-e-Akbar Kamal, Sharif Hussain Shah, Muhammad Farid, Yahya Khalid, Nazir Kasalvi, and Muhammad Hanif have contributed

2088-477: The following examples from Tanoli: /tʃɪpp/ 'big stone', /dʊxx/ 'pain', /kəll/ 'yesterday', /biːɽɑː/ 'button', /keː/ 'what', /bæːrɑː/ 'piece of meat', /tɑːr/ 'Sunday', /tʃoːr/ 'thief', /kuːɽɑː/ 'filth'. Length is strongly contrastive and the long vowels are generally twice as long as the corresponding short vowels. The Awankari dialect distinguishes between open and close "o" ( /poːlɑː/ 'soft' vs. /pɔːlɑː/ 'shoe'). Varieties of Hindko also possess

2146-406: The fricatives can be found in all positions: at the start, the middle, or at the end of the word (Tanoli Hindko: /xrɑːb/ 'spoilt', /ləxxət/ 'small stick', /ʃɑːx/ 'branch'), with relatively few exceptions (one being the restriction on word-final /ɦ in the Hindko of Kashmir). The labio-dental has been explicitly described as the fricative /v/ for the Hindko of Kashmir, and Tanawal, but as

2204-752: The high fee collections in private schools was also reported on multiple occasions. The district Peshawar is administrated by Deputy commissioner who is chief administrative, land revenue officer and the representative of government in district. DC is assisted by Additional Deputy commissioner and Assistant commissioner. Peshawar is divided into seven tehsil which are further divided into village council (rural areas) and neighbourhood council (urban areas). There are total 357 councils in peshawar district out of which 130 are neighbourhood councils and 227 are village councils. Each tehsil has its own government known as tehsil municipal administration having an elected tehsil council and tehsil chairman except Peshawar city tehsil which

2262-534: The language in use among the Swati Pathans, and in the Neelam Valley of Azad Jammu & Kashmir it is gaining ground at the expense of the minority languages like Kashmiri. In the cities of Kohat and Peshawar, on the other hand, it is Hindko that is in a weaker position. With the exodus of the Hindko-speaking Hindus and Sikhs after Partitition and the consequent influx of Pashtuns into the vacated areas of

2320-618: The latter than with the former. Differences with other Punjabi varieties are more pronounced in the morphology and phonology than in the syntax . The name "Hindko" means "the Indian language" or "language of Hind", and refers to the Indo-Aryan speech forms spoken in the northern Indian subcontinent, in contrast to the neighbouring Pashto , an Iranic language spoken by the Pashtun people. An alternative local name for this language group

2378-413: The main subdialect of Awankari, the velar nasal is only found before velar stops, and similarly, it is not among the phonemes identified for the Hindko of Abbottabad. Hindko varieties have a single lateral consonant : the alveolar /l/ , unlike Punjabi, which additionally has a retroflex lateral /ɭ/ . The Awankari dialect, as spoken by Muslims (and not Hindus) and described by Bahri in the 1930s, has

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2436-667: The majority of the Tanolis speak the Hindko language . A genetic analysis of tribes residing in Buner and Swabi found that the most prevalent Y chromosomal haplogroup among the Tanoli is R1b1 , with a very small contribution of R1a1 , a genetic characteristic unlike Pashtuns . L-M20 and other South Asian lines are also present but to a small extent. Hindko language Hindko ( ہندکو , romanized: Hindko , IPA: [ˈɦɪndkoː] )

2494-510: The name of Brains Institute and post graduate college was established. In 1995, a public sector management institute named as Institute of Management Sciences was established, which became degree awarding institute in 2005. In 2001, four (4) new private sector universities started working in Peshawar. The name of these universities are Qurtuba University , Sarhad University of Science and IT , Fast University, Peshawar Campus and City University of Science and IT . Gandhara University

2552-642: The north-east, both in the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (formerly known as the North-West Frontier Province). The Hindko of Hazara also extends east into nearby regions of Kashmir . The central dialect group comprises Kohati (spoken in the city of Kohat and a few neighbouring villages in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) and the three closely related dialects of Attock District , Punjab: Chacchi (spoken in Attock and Haripur Tehsils ), Ghebi (spoken to

2610-672: The one spoken in the Dera Ismail Khan District – is sometimes also referred to as "Hindko". To the southeast, Hindko is in a dialect continuum with Pahari–Pothwari , with the Galyat region of Abbottabad district and the area of Muzaffarabad in Azad Kashmir approximately falling on the boundary between the two. There are Hindko diasporas in major urban centres like Karachi , as well as in some neighbouring countries. Some Hindu Hindkowans and Sikh Hindowans migrated to India after

2668-681: The partition of India in 1947. These Hindko speakers in India identify with the broader Punjabi community . There is also a small diaspora in Afghanistan , which includes members of the Hindu and Sikh community who became established there during the Sikh Empire in the first half of the 19th century. Most of them have emigrated since the rise of the Taliban, and the total population of Sikhs, Hindko-speaking or not,

2726-408: The pattern of Awankari but have historically lost nasalisation from the round vowels (like /u/ or /o/ ) at the end of the word. Additionally, vowels get nasalised allophonically when adjacent to a nasal consonant. In the varieties of Tanawal and Kashmir both long and short vowels can be nasalised in this way, but only if they precede the nasal consonant: [dõːn] 'washing', [bẽːn] 'crying'. In

2784-582: The public sector, including Khyber Medical University , and seven in the private sector, which all are recognised and approved by Pakistan Medical and Dental Association. The first public sector university was the University of Peshawar which was established in 1950. The University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar and the University of Agriculture, Peshawar were also established in 1980 and 1981 respectively. The first private sector university CECOS University of IT and Emerging Sciences , started functioning in 1986. Soon after, another university by

2842-509: The remaining varieties. This grouping finds support in the results of the intelligibility testing done by Rensch, which also found out that the southern dialects are more widely understood throughout the Hindko area than are the northern ones. Hindko dialects gradually transition into other varieties of Lahnda and Punjabi to the south. For example, to the southwest across the Salt Range are found dialects of Saraiki , and at least one of these –

2900-506: The settlement of Afghan refugees and language shift Pashto has gained ground at the expense of Hindko. According to linguists, the nearly-extinct Tirahi language was likely spoken in the region before the arrival of the Afghans. Muslims make up the majority in Peshawar. Peshawar once had significant minorities of Hindus and Sikhs living in the small towns and Peshawar city, but most fled during Partition. 1,800 Hindus and 1,400 Sikhs remain in

2958-530: The south in Pindi Gheb Tehsil ) and Awankari (spoken in Talagang Tehsil , now part of Chakwal District ). Rensch's classification based on lexical similarity also assigns to this group the rural dialects of Peshawar District . Shackle, however, sees most of them as closely related to the urban variety of Peshawar City. In a group of its own is Peshawari, the prestigious urban variety spoken in

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3016-456: The speech of the residents of the main villages along the highway, likely under the influence of Majhi and Hazara Hindko, and it has similarly been reported in the villages on the Indian side. The southern Hindko varieties have similarly developed tone, but only when the voiced aspirate followed the stressed vowel; voiced aspirates preceding the stress have remained unchanged: thus /ʋə́d/ 'more' (< vədʱ ), but /dʱiː/ 'daughter'. This tone

3074-534: The urban economy, there have been signs of a shift towards Pashto. Hindko contrasts stop consonants at the labial , alveolar , retroflex , palatal and velar places of articulation. The palatals have been described as pure stops (/ c ɟ /) in Awankari, but as affricates ( /tʃ dʒ/ ) in the varieties of Hazara. For the stop consonants of most varieties of Hindko there is a three-way contrast between voiced ( b d ɖ dʒ ɡ ), voiceless ( p t ʈ tʃ k ) and aspirated ( pʰ tʰ ʈʰ tʃʰ kʰ ). Awankari, Kohati, and

3132-453: The varieties of Neelum Valley of Kashmir also distinguish voiced aspirated stops ( bʱ dʱ ɖʱ dʒʱ ɡʱ ). The disappearance of the voiced aspirates from most Hindko varieties has been linked to the development of tone (see below ). Fricatives like /f/ , /x/ and /ɣ/ are found in loans (for example from Persian), but also in native words, often as positional allophones of the corresponding stop. Some documented instances include: Generally,

3190-508: The variety of Tanawal known variously as Tanoli Hindko , Tanoli or Tinauli . Hindko is also spoken further east into Kashmir. It is the predominant language of the Neelum Valley , in the north of Pakistan-administered Azad Kashmir , where it is locally known as Parmi (or Pārim ; the name likely originated in the Kashmiri word apārim 'from the other side', which was the term used by

3248-401: Was also established in 2012. Apart from excellent range of universities, Peshawar district also has huge numbers of further education (Post School) institutes both in public and private sectors. The most renowned are Islamia College Peshawar , which was established in 1913 and was upgraded to become university in 2008 and Edwardes College Peshawar , which is the oldest of all institutions in

3306-518: Was established in 2002 while Abasyn University was created in 2007. In 2007, Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa established first public sector medical university, Khyber Medical University and the district also has 2 public sector medical colleges, one is Khyber Medical College and one for girls named as Khyber Girls Medical College . The first women university was established in 2012, when Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University started working while private sector IQRA National University

3364-474: Was launched in Peshawar in year 1993 to preserve and promote Hindko —the second most spoken of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan. It brings out four regular publications— Hindkowan , The Gandhara Voice , " Sarkhail" and "Tarey" and a number of occasional publications. Late professor Zahoor Ahmad Awan of Peshawar city, the author of 61 books and publications, was the founding-chairman of

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