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71-410: Tango Feroz centers on Tanguito's drug addiction , his love relationship with Mariana, his friendship with Mauricio "Moris" Birabent , his madness and final years. The film does not include any of the songs written by the real Tanguito, such as his iconic " La balsa ", as Piñeyro could not acquire the rights for doing so. Instead, it uses many other classic songs of Argentine Rock . Ulises Butrón sang

142-1024: A brain disorder with a complex variety of psychosocial as well as neurobiological (and thus involuntary) factors that are implicated in the development of addiction. Classic signs of addiction include compulsive engagement in rewarding stimuli, preoccupation with substances or behavior, and continued use despite negative consequences. Habits and patterns associated with addiction are typically characterized by immediate gratification (short-term reward), coupled with delayed deleterious effects (long-term costs). Examples of substance addiction include alcoholism , cannabis addiction , amphetamine addiction , cocaine addiction , nicotine addiction , opioid addiction , and eating or food addiction . Behavioral addictions may include gambling addiction , shopping addiction , stalking , internet addiction , social media addiction , video game addiction , and sexual addiction . The DSM-5 and ICD-10 only recognize gambling addictions as behavioral addictions, but

213-432: A compulsion to engage in a natural reward – which is a behavior that is inherently rewarding (i.e., desirable or appealing) – despite adverse consequences. Preclinical evidence has demonstrated that marked increases in the expression of ΔFosB through repetitive and excessive exposure to a natural reward induces the same behavioral effects and neuroplasticity as occurs in a drug addiction. Addiction can exist in

284-416: A sign (e.g. a symbol , a morpheme , a word , or a phrase ) to have multiple related meanings. For example, a word can have several word senses . Polysemy is distinct from monosemy , where a word has a single meaning. Polysemy is distinct from homonymy —or homophony —which is an accidental similarity between two or more words (such as bear the animal, and the verb bear ); whereas homonymy

355-656: A clinical diagnosis. Hypersexuality disorder and internet addiction disorder were among proposed addictions to the DSM-5, but were later rejected due to the insufficient evidence available in support of the existence of these disorders as discrete mental health conditions. Reviews of both clinical research in humans and preclinical studies involving ΔFosB have identified compulsive sexual activity – specifically, any form of sexual intercourse – as an addiction (i.e., sexual addiction). Reward cross-sensitization between amphetamine and sexual activity, meaning that exposure to one increases

426-566: A diagnosed eating disorder. Long-term frequent and excessive consumption of foods high in fat, salt, or sugar, such as chocolate, can produce an addiction similar to drugs since they trigger the brain's reward system, such that the individual may desire the same foods to an increasing degree over time. The signals sent when consuming highly palatable foods have the ability to counteract the body's signals for fullness and persistent cravings will result. Those who show signs of food addiction may develop food tolerances, in which they eat more, despite

497-404: A different form, in a related context. A crude example of such a rule is the pastoral idea of "verbizing one's nouns": that certain nouns, used in certain contexts, can be converted into a verb, conveying a related meaning. Another clarification of polysemy is the idea of predicate transfer —the reassignment of a property to an object that would not otherwise inherently have that property. Thus,

568-400: A form of defense against feelings of hopelessness and helplessness as well as a symptom of failure to regulate powerful emotions related to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), various forms of maltreatment and dysfunction experienced in childhood. In this case, the addictive substance provides brief but total relief and positive feelings of control. The Adverse Childhood Experiences Study by

639-504: A lack of control. The Addictions Neuroclinical Assessment is used to diagnose addiction disorders. This tool measures three different domains: executive function , incentive salience , and negative emotionality . Executive functioning consists of processes that would be disrupted in addiction. In the context of addiction, incentive salience determines how one perceives the addictive substance. Increased negative emotional responses have been found with individuals with addictions. This

710-469: A lifetime and cause death if untreated. Substances involved with drug addiction include alcohol, nicotine, marijuana, opioids, cocaine, amphetamines, and even foods with high fat and sugar content. Addictions can begin experimentally in social contexts and can arise from the use of prescribed medications or a variety of other measures. Drug addiction has been shown to work in phenomenological , conditioning ( operant and classical ), cognitive models, and

781-557: A numbering convention such as ¹bear and ²bear ). According to the Oxford English Dictionary , the three most polysemous words in English are run , put , and set , in that order. A polyseme is a word or phrase with different, but related, senses . Since the test for polysemy is the vague concept of the relatedness, judgments of polysemy can be difficult to make. Because applying pre-existing words to new situations

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852-452: A period of increased vulnerability for developing an addiction. In adolescence, the incentive-rewards systems in the brain mature well before the cognitive control center. This consequentially grants the incentive-rewards systems a disproportionate amount of power in the behavioral decision-making process. Therefore, adolescents are increasingly likely to act on their impulses and engage in risky, potentially addicting behavior before considering

923-562: A polysemous word into separate homonyms. For example, check as in "bank check" (or Cheque ), check in chess, and check meaning "verification" are considered homonyms, while they originated as a single word derived from chess in the 14th century. Psycholinguistic experiments have shown that homonyms and polysemes are represented differently within people's mental lexicon : while the different meanings of homonyms (which are semantically unrelated) tend to interfere or compete with each other during comprehension, this does not usually occur for

994-408: A pre-existing meaning but as 'positioning subjects' within a process of semiosis —changes the whole basis of creating social meaning". Charles Fillmore and Beryl Atkins' definition stipulates three elements: (i) the various senses of a polysemous word have a central origin, (ii) the links between these senses form a network, and (iii) understanding the 'inner' one contributes to understanding of

1065-453: A set of questions for different scenarios. In the case of a specific combination of answers, different question sets can be used to yield a more accurate answer. After the questions, the DSM-5 criteria are used to identify the likelihood of the person having substance use disorder. After these tests are done, the clinician is to give the "5 RS" of brief counseling. The five Rs of brief counseling includes: The Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST)

1136-625: A significant increase in this reward system, causing a large increase in dopamine signaling as well as increase in reward-seeking behavior, in turn motivating drug use. This promotes the development of a maladaptive drug to stimulus relationship. Early drug use leads to these maladaptive associations, later affecting cognitive processes used for coping, which are needed to successfully abstain from them. A number of genetic and environmental risk factors exist for developing an addiction. Genetic and environmental risk factors each account for roughly half of an individual's risk for developing an addiction;

1207-462: A symptom of an underlying mental health condition and not a disorder in itself. Internet addiction has been described as "a psychological dependence on the Internet, regardless of the type of activity once logged on." Problematic internet use may include a preoccupation with the internet and/or digital media, excessive time spent using the internet despite resultant distress in the individual, increase in

1278-452: Is a mere linguistic coincidence, polysemy is not. In discerning whether a given set of meanings represent polysemy or homonymy, it is often necessary to look at the history of the word to see whether the two meanings are historically related. Dictionary writers often list polysemes (words or phrases with different, but related, senses) in the same entry (that is, under the same headword ) and enter homonyms as separate headwords (usually with

1349-533: Is a natural process of language change, looking at words' etymology is helpful in determining polysemy but not the only solution; as words become lost in etymology, what once was a useful distinction of meaning may no longer be so. Some seemingly unrelated words share a common historical origin, however, so etymology is not an infallible test for polysemy, and dictionary writers also often defer to speakers' intuitions to judge polysemy in cases where it contradicts etymology. English has many polysemous words. For example,

1420-442: Is a screening and assessment tool in one, assessing commonly used substances. This tool allows for a simple diagnosis, eliminating the need for several screening and assessment tools, as it includes both TAPS-1 and TAPS-2, screening and assessment tools respectively. The screening component asks about the frequency of use of the specific substance (tobacco, alcohol, prescription medication, and other). If an individual screens positive,

1491-448: Is a self-reporting tool that measures problematic substance use. Responses to this test are recorded as yes or no answers, and scored as a number between zero and 28. Drug abuse or dependence, are indicated by a cut off score of 6. Three versions of this screening tool are in use: DAST-28, DAST-20, and DAST-10. Each of these instruments are copyrighted by Dr. Harvey A. Skinner. The Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Test (ASSIST)

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1562-437: Is affected by addiction, the other twin is likely to be as well, and to the same substance. Further evidence of a genetic component is research findings from family studies which suggest that if one family member has a history of addiction, the chances of a relative or close family developing those same habits are much higher than one who has not been introduced to addiction at a young age. The data implicating specific genes in

1633-730: Is an interview-based questionnaire consisting of eight questions developed by the WHO. The questions ask about lifetime use; frequency of use; urge to use; frequency of health, financial, social, or legal problems related to use; failure to perform duties; if anyone has raised concerns over use; attempts to limit or moderate use; and use by injection. Personality theories of addiction are psychological models that associate personality traits or modes of thinking (i.e., affective states ) with an individual's proclivity for developing an addiction. Data analysis demonstrates that psychological profiles of drug users and non-users have significant differences and

1704-494: Is for neuropsychological symptoms denoting pervasive/excessive and intense urges to engage in a category of behavioral compulsions or impulses towards sensory rewards (e.g., alcohol , betel quid , drugs, sex, gambling, video gaming). Addictive disorders or addiction disorders are mental disorders involving high intensities of addictions (as neuropsychological symptoms) that induce functional disabilities (i.e., limit subjects' social/family and occupational activities);

1775-412: Is impaired in both addiction and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder . Stimulus-driven behavioral responses (i.e., stimulus control) that are associated with a particular rewarding stimulus tend to dominate one's behavior in an addiction. In operant conditioning, behavior is influenced by outside stimulus, such as a drug. The operant conditioning theory of learning is useful in understanding why

1846-439: Is known that dopamine is involved in learning, motivation, as well as the reward system. The exact role of dopamine in gambling addiction has been debated. Suggested roles for D2 , D3 , and D4 dopamine receptors , as well as D3 receptors in the substantia nigra have been found in rat and human models, showing a correlation with the severity of the gambling behavior. This in turn was linked with greater dopamine release in

1917-444: Is no general description of individuals addicted to gambling. Internet addiction does not have any standardized definition, yet there is widespread agreement that this problem exists. Debate over the classification of problematic internet use considers whether it should be thought of as a behavioral addiction, an impulse control disorder, or an obsessive-compulsive disorder. Others argue that internet addiction should be considered

1988-670: Is opened through stressful experiences during childhood can be avoided by a change in environmental factors throughout an individual's life and opportunities of professional help. If one has friends or peers who engage in drug use favorably, the chances of them developing an addiction increases. Family conflict and home management is a cause for one to become engaged in drug use. According to Travis Hirschi's social control theory, adolescents with stronger attachments to family, religious, academic, and other social institutions are less likely to engage in delinquent and maladaptive behavior such as drug use leading to addiction. Adolescence represents

2059-462: Is related to developing a mood or anxiety disorder, as well as a substance dependence risk. Genetic factors, along with socio -environmental (e.g., psychosocial ) factors, have been established as significant contributors to addiction vulnerability. Studies done on 350 hospitalized drug-dependent patients showed that over half met the criteria for alcohol abuse, with a role of familial factors being prevalent. Genetic factors account for 40–60% of

2130-629: Is the Internet Addiction Test developed by Kimberly Young . People with internet addiction are likely to have a comorbid psychiatric disorder. Comorbid diagnoses identified alongside internet addiction include affective mood disorders, anxiety disorders, substance use disorders, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Video game addiction is characterized by the World Health Organization (WHO) as excessive gaming behavior, potentially prioritized over other interests, despite

2201-435: Is the current standard measure for assessing whether an individual exhibits signs and symptoms of food addiction. It was developed in 2009 at Yale University on the hypothesis that foods high in fat, sugar, and salt have addictive-like effects which contribute to problematic eating habits. The YFAS is designed to address 11 substance-related and addictive disorders (SRADs) using a 25-item self-report questionnaire, based on

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2272-559: Is the excessive urge to shop or spend, potentially resulting in unwanted consequences. These consequences can have serious impacts, such as increased consumer debt , negatively affected relationships, increased risk of illegal behavior, and suicide attempts. Shopping addiction occurs worldwide and has shown a 5.8% prevalence in the United States. Similar to other behavioral addictions, CBD can be linked to mood disorders, substance use disorders, eating disorders, and other disorders involving

2343-497: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has shown a strong dose–response relationship between ACEs and numerous health, social, and behavioral problems throughout a person's lifespan, including substance use disorder. Children's neurological development can be permanently disrupted when they are chronically exposed to stressful events such as physical, emotional, or sexual abuse, physical or emotional neglect, witnessing violence in

2414-503: The ICD-11 also recognizes gaming addictions. Signs and symptoms of addiction can vary depending on the type of addiction. Symptoms of drug addictions may include: Signs and symptoms of addiction may include: " Addiction " and " addictive behaviour " are polysemes denoting a category of mental disorders , of neuropsychological symptoms , or of merely maladaptive /harmful habits and lifestyles . A common use of "addiction" in medicine

2485-615: The cue reactivity model. However, no one model completely illustrates substance abuse. Risk factors for addiction include: The diagnostic criteria for food or eating addiction has not been categorized or defined in references such as the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM or DSM-5) and is based on subjective experiences similar to substance use disorders. Food addiction may be found in those with eating disorders, though not all people with eating disorders have food addiction and not all of those with food addiction have

2556-637: The dorsal striatum . Gambling addictions are linked with comorbidities such as mental health disorders , substance abuse , alcohol use disorder , and personality disorders . Risk factors for gambling addictions include antisocial behavior, impulsive personality, male sex, sensation seeking, substance use, and young age. Gambling addiction has been associated with some personality traits, including: harm avoidance, low self direction, decision making and planning insufficiencies, impulsivity, as well as sensation seeking individuals. Although some personality traits can be linked with gambling addiction, there

2627-403: The 'outer' one. One group of polysemes are those in which a word meaning an activity, perhaps derived from a verb, acquires the meanings of those engaged in the activity, or perhaps the results of the activity, or the time or place in which the activity occurs or has occurred. Sometimes only one of those meanings is intended, depending on context , and sometimes multiple meanings are intended at

2698-497: The DSM-5, dependences differ from addictions and can even normally happen without addictions; besides, substance-use dependences are severe stages of substance-use addictions (i.e. mental disorders) involving withdrawal issues . In the ICD-11, "substance-use dependence" is a synonym of "substance-use addiction" (i.e. neuropsychological symptoms) that can but do not necessarily involve withdrawal issues. Drug addiction , which belongs to

2769-432: The absence of psychotropic drugs, which was popularized by Peele. These are termed behavioral addictions. Such addictions may be passive or active, but they commonly contain reinforcing features, which are found in most addictions. Sexual behavior, eating, gambling, playing video games, and shopping are all associated with compulsive behaviors in humans and have been shown to activate the mesolimbic pathway and other parts of

2840-435: The adolescent population having high rates compared to other age groups. Prevalence rates have been difficult to establish due to a lack of universally accepted diagnostic criteria, a lack of diagnostic instruments demonstrating cross-cultural validity and reliability, and existing controversy surrounding the validity of labeling problematic internet use as an addictive disorder. The most common scale used to measure addiction

2911-473: The amount of internet use required to achieve the same desired emotional response, loss of control over one's internet use habits, withdrawal symptoms, and continued problematic internet use despite negative consequences to one's work, social, academic, or personal life. Studies conducted in India, United States, Asia, and Europe have identified Internet addiction prevalence rates ranging in value from 1% to 19%, with

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2982-403: The class of substance-related disorders , is a chronic and relapsing brain disorder that features drug seeking and drug abuse, despite their harmful effects. This form of addiction changes brain circuitry such that the brain's reward system is compromised, causing functional consequences for stress management and self-control. Damage to the functions of the organs involved can persist throughout

3053-411: The consequences. Not only are adolescents more likely to initiate and maintain drug use, but once addicted they are more resistant to treatment and more liable to relapse. Polyseme Polysemy ( / p ə ˈ l ɪ s ɪ m i / or / ˈ p ɒ l ɪ ˌ s iː m i / ; from Ancient Greek πολύ- (polý-)  'many' and σῆμα (sêma)  'sign') is the capacity for

3124-413: The contribution from epigenetic risk factors to the total risk is unknown. Even in individuals with a relatively low genetic risk, exposure to sufficiently high doses of an addictive drug for a long period of time (e.g., weeks–months) can result in an addiction. Adverse childhood events are associated with negative health outcomes, such as substance use disorder. Childhood abuse or exposure to violent crime

3195-429: The desire for both, has been shown to occur as a dopamine dysregulation syndrome . ΔFosB expression is required for this cross-sensitization effect, which intensifies with the level of ΔFosB expression. Gambling provides a natural reward that is associated with compulsive behavior. Functional neuroimaging evidence shows that gambling activates the reward system and the mesolimbic pathway in particular. It

3266-445: The development of drug addiction is mixed for most genes. Many addiction studies that aim to identify specific genes focus on common variants with an allele frequency of greater than 5% in the general population. When associated with disease, these only confer a small amount of additional risk with an odds ratio of 1.1–1.3 percent; this has led to the development the rare variant hypothesis, which states that genes with low frequencies in

3337-570: The diagnostic criteria for SRADs as per DSM-5. A potential food addiction diagnosis is predicted by the presence of at least two out of 11 SRADs and a significant impairment to daily activities. The Barratt Impulsiveness Scale , specifically the BIS-11 scale, and the UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior subscales of Negative Urgency and Lack of Perseverance have been shown to have relation to food addiction. The term behavioral addiction refers to

3408-595: The experiences of an individual during their lifetime that interact with the individual's genetic composition to increase or decrease his or her vulnerability to addiction. For example, after the nationwide outbreak of COVID-19, more people quit (vs. started) smoking; and smokers, on average, reduced the quantity of cigarettes they consumed. More generally, a number of different environmental factors have been implicated as risk factors for addiction, including various psycho social stressors . The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) and studies cite lack of parental supervision,

3479-456: The expression " I am parked out back " conveys the meaning of "parked" from "car" to the property of "I possess a car". This avoids incorrect polysemous interpretations of "parked": that "people can be parked", or that "I am pretending to be a car", or that "I am something that can be parked". This is supported by the morphology : " We are parked out back " does not mean that there are multiple cars; rather, that there are multiple passengers (having

3550-410: The food becoming less satisfactory. Chocolate's sweet flavor and pharmacological ingredients are known to create a strong craving or feel 'addictive' by the consumer. A person who has a strong liking for chocolate may refer to themselves as a chocoholic . Risk factors for developing food addiction include excessive overeating and impulsivity. The Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS), version 2.0,

3621-516: The hit song written for the movie, "El amor es más fuerte" ( Spanish : Love is stronger ), in the scenes played by Mirás as well as the soundtrack. In its opening weekend, Tango Feroz grossed $ 249,111 from 45,203 admissions at seven screens in Buenos Aires , the biggest Argentine opener of the last 10 years. The film grossed $ 4,225,000 in Argentina, a record for an Argentinian film at the time, and

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3692-503: The household, or a parent being incarcerated or having a mental illness. As a result, the child's cognitive functioning or ability to cope with negative or disruptive emotions may be impaired. Over time, the child may adopt substance use as a coping mechanism or as a result of reduced impulse control, particularly during adolescence. Vast amounts of children who experienced abuse have gone on to have some form of addiction in their adolescence or adult life. This pathway towards addiction that

3763-508: The mood-altering or stimulating consequences of drug use can reinforce continued use (an example of positive reinforcement ) and why the addicted person seeks to avoid withdrawal through continued use (an example of negative reinforcement ). Stimulus control is using the absence of the stimulus or presence of a reward to influence the resulting behavior. Cognitive control is the intentional selection of thoughts, behaviors, and emotions, based on our environment. It has been shown that drugs alter

3834-664: The negative consequences that may arise, for a period of at least 12 months. In May 2019, the WHO introduced gaming disorder in the 11th edition of the International Classification of Diseases. Video game addiction has been shown to be more prevalent in males than females, higher by 2.9 times. It has been suggested that people of younger ages are more prone to become addicted to video games. People with certain personalities may be more susceptible to gaming addictions. Risk factors for video game addiction include: Shopping addiction, or compulsive buying disorder (CBD),

3905-411: The original sense of a word is used figuratively to provide a different way of looking at the new subject. Alan Cruse identifies three types of non-linear polysemy: There are several tests for polysemy, but one of them is zeugma : if one word seems to exhibit zeugma when applied in different contexts , it is probable that the contexts bring out different polysemes of the same word. If the two senses of

3976-419: The polysemes that have semantically related meanings. Results for this contention, however, have been mixed. For Dick Hebdige , polysemy means that, "each text is seen to generate a potentially infinite range of meanings," making, according to Richard Middleton , "any homology, out of the most heterogeneous materials, possible. The idea of signifying practice —texts not as communicating or expressing

4047-802: The population (<1%) confer much greater additional risk in the development of the disease. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are used to examine genetic associations with dependence, addiction, and drug use. These studies rarely identify genes from proteins previously described via animal knockout models and candidate gene analysis. Instead, large percentages of genes involved in processes such as cell adhesion are commonly identified. The important effects of endophenotypes are typically not capable of being captured by these methods. Genes identified in GWAS for drug addiction may be involved either in adjusting brain behavior before drug experiences, subsequent to them, or both. Environmental risk factors for addiction are

4118-532: The prevalence of peer substance use, substance availability, and poverty as risk factors for substance use among children and adolescents. The brain disease model of addiction posits that an individual's exposure to an addictive drug is the most significant environmental risk factor for addiction. Many researchers, including neuroscientists, indicate that the brain disease model presents a misleading, incomplete, and potentially detrimental explanation of addiction. The psychoanalytic theory model defines addiction as

4189-516: The psychological predisposition to using different drugs may be different. Models of addiction risk that have been proposed in psychology literature include: an affect dysregulation model of positive and negative psychological affects , the reinforcement sensitivity theory of impulsiveness and behavioral inhibition, and an impulsivity model of reward sensitization and impulsiveness. The transtheoretical model of change (TTM) can point to how someone may be conceptualizing their addiction and

4260-523: The reward system. Based on this evidence, sexual addiction , gambling addiction , video game addiction , and shopping addiction are classified accordingly. Sexual addiction involves an engagement in excessive, compulsive, or otherwise problematic sexual behavior that persists despite negative physiological, psychological, social, and occupational consequences. Sexual addiction may be referred to as hypersexuality or compulsive sexual behavior disorder . The DSM-5 does not recognize sexual addiction as

4331-494: The risk factors for alcoholism. Similar rates of heritability for other types of drug addiction have been indicated, specifically in genes that encode the Alpha5 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor . Knestler hypothesized in 1964 that a gene or group of genes might contribute to predisposition to addiction in several ways. For example, altered levels of a normal protein due to environmental factors may change

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4402-415: The same time. Other types are derivations from one of the other meanings that leads to a verb or activity. This example shows the specific polysemy where the same word is used at different levels of a taxonomy . A lexical conception of polysemy was developed by B. T. S. Atkins , in the form of lexical implication rules. These are rules that describe how words, in one lexical context, can then be used, in

4473-493: The same word do not seem to fit, yet seem related, then it is probable that they are polysemous. This test again depends on speakers' judgments about relatedness, which means that it is not infallible, but merely a helpful conceptual aid. The difference between homonyms and polysemes is subtle. Lexicographers define polysemes within a single dictionary lemma , while homonyms are treated in separate entries, numbering different meanings (or lemmata). Semantic shift can separate

4544-475: The second component will begin. This dictates the risk level of the substance. The CRAFFT (Car-Relax-Alone-Forget-Family and Friends-Trouble) is a screening tool that is used in medical centers. The CRAFFT is in version 2.1 and has a version for nicotine and tobacco use called the CRAFFT 2.1+N. This tool is used to identify substance use, substance related driving risk, and addictions among adolescents. This tool uses

4615-670: The second place at the 1993 Havana Film Festival . This article related to an Argentine film of the 1990s is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Drug addiction Addiction is a neuropsychological disorder characterized by a persistent and intense urge to use a drug or engage in a behavior that produces natural reward, despite substantial harm and other negative consequences. Repetitive drug use often alters brain function in ways that perpetuate craving , and weakens (but does not completely negate) self-control . This phenomenon – drugs reshaping brain function – has led to an understanding of addiction as

4686-473: The structure or functioning of specific brain neurons during development. These altered brain neurons could affect the susceptibility of an individual to an initial drug use experience. In support of this hypothesis, animal studies have shown that environmental factors such as stress can affect an animal's genetic expression. In humans, twin studies into addiction have provided some of the highest-quality evidence of this link, with results finding that if one twin

4757-412: The thoughts around it, including not being aware of their addiction. Cognitive control and stimulus control , which is associated with operant and classical conditioning , represent opposite processes (i.e., internal vs external or environmental, respectively) that compete over the control of an individual's elicited behaviors. Cognitive control, and particularly inhibitory control over behavior ,

4828-461: The two categories of such disorders are substance-use addictions and behavioral addictions . The DSM-5 classifies addiction the most severe stage of substance use disorder, due to significant loss of control and the presence of compulsive behaviours despite the desire to stop. It is a definition that many scientific papers and reports use. " Dependence " is also a polyseme denoting either neuropsychological symptoms or mental disorders. In

4899-418: The verb "to get " can mean "procure" ( I'll get the drinks ), "become" ( she got scared ), "understand" ( I get it ) etc. In linear or vertical polysemy, one sense of a word is a subset of the other. These are examples of hyponymy and hypernymy , and are sometimes called autohyponyms. For example, 'dog' can be used for 'male dog'. Alan Cruse identifies four types of linear polysemy: In non-linear polysemy,

4970-490: The way our brains function, and its structure. Cognitive functions such as learning, memory, and impulse control, are affected by drugs. These effects promote drug use, as well as hinder the ability to abstain from it. The increase in dopamine release is prominent in drug use, specifically in the ventral striatum and the nucleus accumbens . Dopamine is responsible for producing pleasurable feelings, as well driving us to perform important life activities. Addictive drugs cause

5041-486: Was the second highest-grossing for the year behind Jurassic Park with $ 4.6 million. Tango Feroz won the 1994 Argentinian Film Critics Association Awards for Best First Film and Best Music. It was also nominated as Best Film, but didn't get the award. Marcelo Piñeyro also won the 1993 Torino International Film Festival of Young Cinema in the International Feature Film Competition, and got

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