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66-685: The Tangled Up Tour was the fourth concert tour by English-Irish girl group Girls Aloud . It supported their fourth studio album Tangled Up . Tour dates were announced in November 2007. Girls Aloud performed twenty-four shows at arenas across the United Kingdom and Ireland, making this tour their third to reach arenas. The tour commenced in Belfast on 3 May 2008 and concluded in Birmingham on 4 June. Girls Aloud also performed eleven open-air concerts over

132-503: A foot pedal for pitch control of tone. The filters controlled by keys convert the tone and the hiss into vowels , consonants , and inflections . This was a complex machine to operate, but a skilled operator could produce recognizable speech. Dudley's vocoder was used in the SIGSALY system, which was built by Bell Labs engineers in 1943. SIGSALY was used for encrypted voice communications during World War II . The KO-6 voice coder

198-400: A portmanteau of vo ice and en coder ) is a category of speech coding that analyzes and synthesizes the human voice signal for audio data compression , multiplexing , voice encryption or voice transformation. The vocoder was invented in 1938 by Homer Dudley at Bell Labs as a means of synthesizing human speech. This work was developed into the channel vocoder which was used as

264-446: A broadband noise source by passing it through a stage that filters the frequency content based on the originally recorded series of numbers. Specifically, in the encoder, the input is passed through a multiband filter , then the output of each band is measured using an envelope follower , and the signals from the envelope followers are transmitted to the decoder. The decoder applies these as control signals to corresponding amplifiers of

330-406: A channel vocoder in a secure speech system. Later work in this field has since used digital speech coding . The most widely used speech coding technique is linear predictive coding (LPC). Another speech coding technique, adaptive differential pulse-code modulation (ADPCM), was developed by P. Cummiskey, Nikil S. Jayant and James L. Flanagan at Bell Labs in 1973. Even with

396-547: A commercial context, with their 1977 album Out of the Blue . The band extensively uses it on the album, including on the hits " Sweet Talkin' Woman " and " Mr. Blue Sky ". On following albums, the band made sporadic use of it, notably on their hits " The Diary of Horace Wimp " and " Confusion " from their 1979 album Discovery , the tracks "Prologue", "Yours Truly, 2095", and "Epilogue" on their 1981 album Time , and " Calling America " from their 1986 album Balance of Power . In

462-736: A data rate in the range of 64 kbit/s, but a good vocoder can provide a reasonably good simulation of voice with as little as 5 kbit/s of data. Toll quality voice coders, such as ITU G.729 , are used in many telephone networks. G.729 in particular has a final data rate of 8 kbit/s with superb voice quality. G.723 achieves slightly worse quality at data rates of 5.3 and 6.4 kbit/s. Many voice vocoder systems use lower data rates, but below 5 kbit/s voice quality begins to drop rapidly. Several vocoder systems are used in NSA encryption systems : Modern vocoders that are used in communication equipment and in voice storage devices today are based on

528-412: A digital vocoder. Pink Floyd used a vocoder on three of their albums, first on their 1977 Animals for the songs " Sheep " and " Pigs (Three Different Ones) ", then in 1987 on A Momentary Lapse of Reason on " A New Machine Part 1 " and "A New Machine Part 2", and finally on 1994's The Division Bell , on " Keep Talking ". The Electric Light Orchestra was among the first to use the vocoder in

594-673: A further stop to these rumours at their London show, by announcing that they would be recording a new album. The show reportedly cost an estimated £ 3 million to stage, with £250,000 worth of pyrotechnics. Girls Aloud called the show their most "extravagant and rewarding" yet. Sarah Harding said that "over the years it gets bigger and more elaborate." The stage outfits were designed by Welsh designer Julien MacDonald , London-based Norwegian designer Kristian Aadnevik , and Liza Bruce. MacDonald designed "a set of crystal beaded numbers drenched in his signature sparkle" and "a collection of sci-fi inspired bodysuits." Kimberley Walsh told press that

660-427: A mix of natural and processed human voices, and " Instant Crush " (2013) features Julian Casablancas singing into a vocoder. Ye (Kanye West) used a vocoder on the outro of his song " Runaway " (2010). Producer Zedd , American country singer Maren Morris and American musical duo Grey made a song titled " The Middle " which featured a vocoder and reached the top ten of the charts in 2018. Robot voices became

726-786: A new form of theatrical entertainment, a fusion of song, performance art, innovative stage craft, and state-of-the-art technology. She managed to popularize the Las Vegas residency as a desirable way for top artists to essentially tour in place, letting their fans come to them. American singer Lady Gaga , who cancelled the 2018 European leg of her Joanne World Tour , signed for a Las Vegas residency to help manage her fibromyalgia illness, which can be exacerbated by touring. The 2015 study by charity Help Musicians found that over 60% of musicians suffered from depression or other psychological issues, with touring an issue for 71% of respondents. Vocoder A vocoder ( / ˈ v oʊ k oʊ d ər / ,

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792-592: A new low-calorie Kit Kat bar called "Senses". The manufacturer sponsored the tour, and handed out chocolate bars for free at the arenas. The announcement of the tour helped to stop rumours that the band were splitting up. The stories surfaced after Nadine Coyle pulled out of a reality show for the second time . It was widely reported in April 2008 that Cheryl Cole was working on solo material with producer T2 . These accusations were quickly denied, with Cole saying that she "had been in tour rehearsals every day." The band put

858-525: A periodic waveform with many harmonics . This basic sound is then filtered by the nose and throat (a complicated resonant piping system) to produce differences in harmonic content ( formants ) in a controlled way, creating the wide variety of sounds used in speech. There is another set of sounds, known as the unvoiced and plosive sounds, which are created or modified by the mouth in different fashions. The vocoder examines speech by measuring how its spectral characteristics change over time. This results in

924-466: A point-by-point recreation of the waveform, the vocoder process sends only the parameters of the vocal model over the communication link. Since the parameters change slowly compared to the original speech waveform, the bandwidth required to transmit speech can be reduced. This allows more speech channels to utilize a given communication channel , such as a radio channel or a submarine cable . Analog vocoders typically analyze an incoming signal by splitting

990-462: A recurring element in popular music during the 20th century. Apart from vocoders, several other methods of producing variations on this effect include: the Sonovox , Talk box , Auto-Tune , linear prediction vocoders, speech synthesis , ring modulation and comb filter . Vocoders are used in television production , filmmaking and games, usually for robots or talking computers. The robot voices of

1056-418: A series of signals representing these frequencies at any particular time as the user speaks. In simple terms, the signal is split into a number of frequency bands (the larger this number, the more accurate the analysis) and the level of signal present at each frequency band gives the instantaneous representation of the spectral energy content. To recreate speech, the vocoder simply reverses the process, processing

1122-516: A smaller stage in the centre of the arena. Billiam , Luigi Masi, and The Saturdays provided support for Girls Aloud on the tour. The tour generated positive reviews from critics, who noted the performance as being the most sexual of Girls Aloud's career to date. The Tangled Up Tour was filmed at the O2 Arena in London on 17 May 2008 and shown live at 50 Vue cinemas across the United Kingdom. This footage

1188-464: A ten-band device inspired by the vocoder designs of Homer Dudley . It was originally called a spectrum encoder-decoder and later referred to simply as a vocoder. The carrier signal came from a Moog modular synthesizer , and the modulator from a microphone input. The output of the ten-band vocoder was fairly intelligible but relied on specially articulated speech. In 1972, Isao Tomita 's first electronic music album Electric Samurai: Switched on Rock

1254-644: A thesis in 1948 on electronic music and speech synthesis from the viewpoint of sound synthesis . Later he was instrumental in the founding of the Studio for Electronic Music of WDR in Cologne, in 1951. One of the first attempts to use a vocoder in creating music was the Siemens Synthesizer at the Siemens Studio for Electronic Music, developed between 1956 and 1959. In 1968, Robert Moog developed one of

1320-453: A tour are denoted in different ways, dependent on the artist and type of tour, but the most common means of separating legs are dates (especially if there is a long break at some point), countries and/or continents, or different opening acts. In the largest concert tours, it has become more common for different legs to employ separate touring production crews and equipment, local to each geographical region. Concert tours are often administered on

1386-434: A vocoder ("Pretty young thing/You make me sing"), courtesy of session musician Michael Boddicker . Coldplay have used a vocoder in some of their songs. For example, in " Major Minus " and " Hurts Like Heaven ", both from the album Mylo Xyloto (2011), Chris Martin 's vocals are mostly vocoder-processed. " Midnight ", from Ghost Stories (2014), also features Martin singing through a vocoder. The hidden track "X Marks

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1452-430: A voice codec for telecommunications for speech coding to conserve bandwidth in transmission. By encrypting the control signals, voice transmission can be secured against interception. Its primary use in this fashion is for secure radio communication. The advantage of this method of encryption is that none of the original signal is sent, only envelopes of the bandpass filters. The receiving unit needs to be set up in

1518-477: Is Taylor Swift 's Eras Tour , with $ 2.089 billion earned from 125 shows. In 2024, Coldplay 's Music of the Spheres World Tour became the second tour to gross $ 1 billion in revenue. In third place is Elton John 's Farewell Yellow Brick Road , with a total gross of $ 939 million from 2018–2023. On fourth place is Ed Sheeran 's ÷ Tour , with a gross of $ 776.2 million. On fifth place

1584-400: Is U2 's 360° Tour , with $ 736.4 million. Global touring revenue reported to Billboard Boxscore exceeded $ 5.5 billion in 2016. Due to the collapse of record sales in the 21st century, concert tours have become a major source of income for recording artists. Besides the tickets, touring also generates money from the sales of merchandise and meet-and-greet packages. However,

1650-454: Is "performed on a rotating stage complete with a hugely energetic dance routine from both the girls and their dancers" and features a "snappy monochrome stage design." " Biology " is "slowed down slightly" and "interrupted" with a jazz interlude. During their ballad section, Girls Aloud perform " Whole Lotta History " and " I'll Stand by You ". They also perform a stripped-down cover of Robyn 's " With Every Heartbeat ". They originally performed

1716-443: Is a concert tour intended to signal the retirement of a singer, the disbanding of a band, or the end of a show's run. Many of the tours end up not being the last tour, with frequent regroupings, or revivals of shows. Luciano Pavarotti 's 2004 tour and Kenny Rogers 's 2015–2017 tour are examples of farewell tours which were the last to be staged before their deaths. As of October 2024, the highest-grossing concert tour of all time

1782-439: Is a peculiar thing, it doesn't suit me particularly well. I'm a real homebody and I get so much joy in the small things." A concert residency concept is offered as an alternative to performers who just need to stay in one venue and the fans come to see them. The concept has been revitalized in the 21st century by Canadian superstar Céline Dion with the success of her A New Day... residency (2003–2007). Her residency introduced

1848-437: Is a retrospective of her career to that point, where each act of the concert represents one of her albums . In another case, artists embark on a concert tour to celebrate the anniversary of their past albums, such as U2 's 2017 tour to mark the 30th anniversary of The Joshua Tree (1987) and Janet Jackson 's 2019 tour to commemorate the 30th anniversary of Janet Jackson's Rhythm Nation 1814 (1989). A farewell tour

1914-563: Is almost always used in tandem with other methods in high-compression voice coders. Waveform-interpolative (WI) vocoder was developed at AT&T Bell Laboratories around 1995 by W.B. Kleijn, and subsequently, a low- complexity version was developed by AT&T for the DoD secure vocoder competition. Notable enhancements to the WI coder were made at the University of California, Santa Barbara . AT&T holds

1980-408: Is in contrast with vocoders realized using fixed-width filter banks, where the location of spectral peaks is constrained by the available fixed frequency bands. LP filtering also has disadvantages in that signals with a large number of constituent frequencies may exceed the number of frequencies that can be represented by the linear prediction filter. This restriction is the primary reason that LP coding

2046-434: The amplitude component and simply ignoring the phase component tends to result in an unclear voice; on methods for rectifying this, see phase vocoder . The development of a vocoder was started in 1928 by Bell Labs engineer Homer Dudley , who was granted patents for it on March 21, 1939, and Nov 16, 1937. To demonstrate the speech synthesis ability of its decoder section, the voder (voice operating demonstrator)

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2112-478: The new-age music genre often utilize vocoder in a more comprehensive manner in specific works, such as Jean-Michel Jarre (on Zoolook , 1984) and Mike Oldfield (on QE2 , 1980 and Five Miles Out , 1982). Vocoder module and use by Mike Oldfield can be clearly seen on his Live At Montreux 1981 DVD (Track " Sheba "). There are also some artists who have made vocoders an essential part of their music, overall or during an extended phase. Examples include

2178-513: The British band Emerson, Lake and Palmer used a vocoder on their album Brain Salad Surgery , for the song " Karn Evil 9: 3rd Impression ". The 1975 song " The Raven " from the album Tales of Mystery and Imagination by The Alan Parsons Project features Alan Parsons performing vocals through an EMI vocoder. According to the album's liner notes, "The Raven" was the first rock song to feature

2244-501: The German synthpop group Kraftwerk , the Japanese new wave group Polysics , Stevie Wonder (" Send One Your Love ", " A Seed's a Star ") and jazz/fusion keyboardist Herbie Hancock during his late 1970s period. In 1982 Neil Young used a Sennheiser Vocoder VSM201 on six of the nine tracks on Trans . The chorus and bridge of Michael Jackson 's " P.Y.T. (Pretty Young Thing) ". features

2310-577: The Spot" from A Head Full of Dreams was also recorded through a vocoder. Noisecore band Atari Teenage Riot have used vocoders in variety of their songs and live performances such as Live at the Brixton Academy (2002) alongside other digital audio technology both old and new. The Red Hot Chili Peppers song " By the Way " uses a vocoder effect on Anthony Kiedis ' vocals. Among the most consistent users of

2376-549: The band was "really excited about the tour" and had "loads of things planned." Luigi Masi, Billiam and The Saturdays provided support for Girls Aloud on the tour. Girls Aloud played a number of festivals and open-air concerts over the summer. They were scheduled to perform at the Beamish Summer Festival, held at Beamish Hall in August as part of a two-day event organised by Hope 4 Kidz. However, due to weather problems,

2442-429: The bandpass filter bank of its predecessor and is used at the encoder to whiten the signal (i.e., flatten the spectrum) and again at the decoder to re-apply the spectral shape of the target speech signal. One advantage of this type of filtering is that the location of the linear predictor's spectral peaks is entirely determined by the target signal, and can be as precise as allowed by the time period to be filtered. This

2508-519: The concert was cancelled. Girls Aloud also played at Pop in the Park and 2008's V Festival . They previously performed at V Festival in 2006 with a shortened set of their Chemistry Tour . For the opening of the Tangled Up Tour, the band members were suspended from the ceiling wearing black cloaks. The video screen shows Cheryl Cole singing the vocodered intro to " Sexy! No No No… ". Girls Aloud reached

2574-454: The core patents related to WI and other institutes hold additional patents. For musical applications, a source of musical sounds is used as the carrier, instead of extracting the fundamental frequency. For instance, one could use the sound of a synthesizer as the input to the filter bank, a technique that became popular in the 1970s. Werner Meyer-Eppler , a German scientist with a special interest in electronic voice synthesis, published

2640-401: The corresponding carrier bands. The result is that frequency components of the modulating signal are mapped onto the carrier signal as discrete amplitude changes in each of the frequency bands. Often there is an unvoiced band or sibilance channel. This is for frequencies that are outside the analysis bands for typical speech but are still important in speech. Examples are words that start with

2706-526: The costumes: "Girls Aloud have finally moved on from the market stall clobber and now resemble the Kylie -esque superstars they deserve to be." The Times only gave the show two stars. "The songs varied wildly in quality. While upbeat belters... tapped into the hedonistic rush of classic gay disco, too much of the set felt graceless and flat." The critique even said "the famous five could easily have been interchangeable Stepford androids." Despite having praise for

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2772-556: The end of "Control of the Knife", noted by critics as a "tabloid-friendly decision." The set ends with " Call the Shots " and " Jump ". For the encore of " Something Kinda Ooooh ", Girls Aloud wear high-cut Liza Bruce day-glo coloured leotards and nude fishnets amidst pyrotechnics. The following set list is representative of the show in May 2008. It is not representative of all concerts for the duration of

2838-424: The first solid-state musical vocoders for the electronic music studio of the University at Buffalo . In 1968, Bruce Haack built a prototype vocoder, named Farad after Michael Faraday . It was first featured on "The Electronic Record For Children" released in 1969 and then on his rock album The Electric Lucifer released in 1970. In 1970, Wendy Carlos and Robert Moog built another musical vocoder,

2904-414: The following algorithms: Vocoders are also currently used in psychophysics , linguistics , computational neuroscience and cochlear implant research. Since the late 1970s, most non-musical vocoders have been implemented using linear prediction , whereby the target signal's spectral envelope (formant) is estimated by an all-pole IIR filter . In linear prediction coding, the all-pole filter replaces

2970-480: The girls, Nick Levine of Digital Spy observed "one too many bum notes." Many shows on the Tangled Up Tour sold out including two dates at the UK's most renowned venue, the O 2 in London and because of the overwhelming success of the initial dates announced, more were added due to public demand. Sarah Harding Concert tour Different segments of longer concert tours are known as "legs". The different legs of

3036-548: The late 1970s, French duo Space Art used a vocoder during the recording of their second album, Trip in the Centre Head . Phil Collins used a vocoder to provide a vocal effect for his 1981 international hit single " In the Air Tonight ". Vocoders have appeared on pop recordings from time to time, most often simply as a special effect rather than a featured aspect of the work. However, many experimental electronic artists of

3102-439: The letters s , f , ch or any other sibilant sound. Using this band produces recognizable speech, although somewhat mechanical sounding. Vocoders often include a second system for generating unvoiced sounds, using a noise generator instead of the fundamental frequency . This is mixed with the carrier output to increase clarity. In the channel vocoder algorithm, among the two components of an analytic signal , considering only

3168-434: The local level by concert promoters or by performing arts presenters . Usually, small concert tours are managed by a road manager whereas large concert tours are managed by a tour manager . The main challenge in concert tours is how to move the performance's logistics from one venue to another venue, especially for a transcontinental tour. Tour logistics should be very organized and everything has to happen on time and in

3234-476: The need to record several frequencies, and additional unvoiced sounds, the compression of vocoder systems is impressive. Standard speech-recording systems capture frequencies from about 500 to 3,400 Hz, where most of the frequencies used in speech lie, typically using a sampling rate of 8 kHz (slightly greater than the Nyquist rate ). The sampling resolution is typically 8 or more bits per sample resolution, for

3300-558: The only pop show in town." The Daily Record said they "pulled out all the stops." Becky Reed of Clickmusic gave the show four stars and stated, "Never mind that original banter and individual personality is lacking, the chemistry and magic is all there in the spectacle of the show." The Mirror called it "the most sexually-charged performance of their career". Many reviews focused on Girls Aloud's provocative attire, comparing it to Madonna and Jean Paul Gaultier 's famous designs for her 1990 Blond Ambition World Tour . Reed complimented

3366-424: The output filter channels. Information about the instantaneous frequency of the original voice signal (as distinct from its spectral characteristic) is discarded; it was not important to preserve this for the vocoder's original use as an encryption aid. It is this dehumanizing aspect of the vocoding process that has made it useful in creating special voice effects in popular music and audio entertainment. Instead of

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3432-410: The right order as planned. Autoweek magazine estimated 30 to 50 trucks were required by Taylor Swift 's The 1989 World Tour to bring all the stage, sound equipment, instruments, props, and clothes. When Beyoncé visited the United Kingdom with her 2016 The Formation World Tour , it took seven Boeing 747 air freighters and a fleet of more than 70 trucks to get her stage set and other gear to

3498-405: The same filter configuration to re-synthesize a version of the original signal spectrum. The vocoder has also been used extensively as an electronic musical instrument . The decoder portion of the vocoder, called a voder , can be used independently for speech synthesis. The human voice consists of sounds generated by the opening and closing of the glottis by the vocal cords , which produces

3564-434: The signal into multiple tuned frequency bands or ranges. To reconstruct the signal, a carrier signal is sent through a series of these tuned bandpass filters . In the example of a typical robot voice the carrier is noise or a sawtooth waveform . There are usually between 8 and 20 bands. The amplitude of the modulator for each of the individual analysis bands generates a voltage that is used to control amplifiers for each of

3630-420: The song for BBC Radio 1 's Live Lounge , a recording of which is available on the "Can't Speak French" single. Following a brief video introduction, Girls Aloud perform "Fling" in gold sequined mini-dresses. The group also perform a cover of Salt-n-Pepa 's " Push It ". They then perform a medley of " Wake Me Up " and " Walk This Way ". Additionally, Cheryl Cole sang a "quick incerpt" of Kelis ' " Trick Me " at

3696-583: The stage as the song became more uptempo, removing their cloaks and revealing sci-fi inspired bodysuits. They then perform Tangled Up album track "Girl Overboard". During " Sound of the Underground ", Girls Aloud use "semi-naked male dancers as both props and furniture. The first section of the show is finished by "Close to Love", another album track. For the second section of the show, Girls Aloud wear black cabaret numbers. They perform " Can't Speak French ", followed by " Love Machine ". Album track "Black Jacks"

3762-504: The summer. The show was divided into five unique sections with distinct costumes, including the encore. The stage outfits, designed by Welsh designer Julien MacDonald , received comparisons to Madonna 's Blond Ambition World Tour . Girls Aloud began the show suspended from the ceiling wearing black cloaks before performing the opening number " Sexy! No No No... ". The set list mostly included songs from Tangled Up , as well as earlier singles and album tracks. A ballad section took place on

3828-462: The tour. The tour was recorded on 17 May at The O2 Arena in London and shown live across 50 Vue cinemas up and down the country. Footage was released later that year when Tangled Up: Live from The O 2 2008 was released on DVD and Blu-ray on 27 October 2008. In addition to the show, bonus features included a backstage documentary, music videos and trailers for the Tangled Up album. The DVD

3894-494: The touring business suffered in the early 2020s because of the COVID-19 pandemic . Pollstar estimated the total lost revenue for the industry in 2020 at more than $ 30 billion. The mobility of concert tours requires a lot of costs, time, and energy. It is very common for musicians to not see family members for over a year during their touring. British singer Adele expressed her unhappiness of concert tours, saying "Touring

3960-577: The venues. The logistics phase of that tour did not include transportation of the backstage staff, musicians, performers, and the singer herself. The majority of concert tours are part of a promotional campaign to support an album release. Hence, new songs from the respective album are included on its tour's setlist . Some tours are known as "greatest hits tours" or "reunion tour" without any new material or specific album release, such as Fleetwood Mac 's 2009 Unleashed tour and No Doubt 's 2009 Summer Tour . Taylor Swift 's The Eras Tour (2023–2024)

4026-457: The vocoder in emulating the human voice are Daft Punk , who have used this instrument from their first album Homework (1997) to their latest work Random Access Memories (2013) and consider the convergence of technological and human voice "the identity of their musical project". For instance, the lyrics of " Around the World " (1997) are integrally vocoder-processed, " Get Lucky " (2013) features

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4092-441: Was an early attempt at applying speech synthesis technique through a vocoder to electronic rock . The album featured electronic renditions of contemporary rock and pop songs, while utilizing synthesized voices in place of human voices. In 1974, he utilized synthesized voices in his popular classical music album Snowflakes are Dancing , which became a worldwide success and helped to popularize electronic music. In 1973,

4158-556: Was certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry . A shortened version of the recording was shown on Channel 4 various times in December 2008. The Tangled Up Tour received mostly positive reviews from contemporary music critics. The Independent gave the show four stars, saying that "even their between-song chatter is amusing". Although low points were noted, the review continued that "Girls Aloud remain confidently

4224-472: Was introduced to the public at the AT&;T building at the 1939–1940 New York World's Fair. The voder consisted of an electronic oscillator  – a sound source of pitched tone – and noise generator for hiss , a 10-band resonator filters with variable-gain amplifiers as a vocal tract , and the manual controllers including a set of pressure-sensitive keys for filter control, and

4290-513: Was released in 1949 in limited quantities; it was a close approximation to the SIGSALY at 1,200 bit/s. In 1953, KY-9 THESEUS 1650 bit/s voice coder used solid-state logic to reduce the weight to 565 pounds (256 kg) from SIGSALY's 55 short tons (50,000 kg), and in 1961 the HY-2 voice coder, a 16-channel 2400 bit/s system, weighed 100 pounds (45 kg) and was the last implementation of

4356-465: Was released on DVD and Blu-ray under the title Tangled Up: Live from The O 2 2008 in October 2008. The tour was also broadcast on a number of television channels. The first dates were announced by various news sources towards the end of November 2007. Pre-sale tickets were offered on Girls Aloud's official website on 22 November 2007. In March 2008, Girls Aloud signed a deal to front an ad campaign for

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