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44-696: Talega is the name of a tract housing project in the city of San Clemente in Orange County, California . It is a planned community , and began construction in 1999. Talega is located about 3 miles (4.8 km) from the California coast and 2 miles (3.2 km) east of Interstate 5 in California , between the streets of Avenida Pico and Camino De Los Mares. It is near the Northrop Grumman Capistrano Test Site (formerly TRW Inc. ), where

88-409: A "cookie cutter" fashion faster and more cheaply to fulfill the growing demand. Developers would purchase a dozen or more adjacent lots and conduct the building construction as an assembly-line process. Tract housing development makes use of few architectural designs, and labor costs are reduced because workers need to learn the skills and movements of constructing only those designs rather than repeat

132-780: A few apartments. The Talega Specific Plan area encompasses a total of 3,510 acres (14.2 km) in the Northeastern portion of the City. The major streets within the Talega Specific Plan are Avenida Pico, Camino La Pedriza, Avenida Vista Hermosa, and Avenida Talega. In the southeastern part of Talega is an area called The Talega Gallery for residents over 55 years old. In December 2007 the Southern California Multiple Listing Service moved Talega out of San Clemente and made it its own city. Due to its location in

176-409: A game is perceived to be winnable. This is therefore referred to as the illusion of winnability . To generate an illusion of winnability games can include, internal value (a sense of moving towards a goal and being rewarded for it) driven by conflict which can be generated by an antagonistic environment and story driven suspense in the form of world building . The latter is not pivotal to progressing in

220-406: A heavy reliance on automobile travel, as residents are unable to address any of these needs locally. Learning curve A learning curve is a graphical representation of the relationship between how proficient people are at a task and the amount of experience they have. Proficiency (measured on the vertical axis) usually increases with increased experience (the horizontal axis), that

264-474: A larger percentage of the population. Early tract houses were often identical, but many tracts since the late 20th century have several designs and other variations in footprint, roof form, and materials, along with options such as garage bays, for a more diverse appearance. The concept of tract housing is occasionally mocked in North American popular culture as the basis of suburbia ; notable examples are

308-595: A metaphorical interpretation of the learning curve as a hill to climb. (A steeper hill is initially hard, while a gentle slope is less strainful, though sometimes rather tedious. Accordingly, the shape of the curve (hill) may not indicate the total amount of work required. Instead, it can be understood as a matter of preference related to ambition, personality and learning style.) The term learning curve with meanings of easy and difficult can be described with adjectives like short and long rather than shallow and steep . If two products have similar functionality then

352-487: A smooth curve results, which can often be described with a mathematical function . Several main functions have been used: The specific case of a plot of Unit Cost versus Total Production with a power law was named the experience curve : the mathematical function is sometimes called Henderson's Law. This form of learning curve is used extensively in industry for cost projections. Plots relating performance to experience are widely used in machine learning . Performance

396-441: A total of 3,500 residential units. Most are tract houses, with apartments, and condos all that share the same master pools and facilities. There are no full-custom homes. The community has a predominant Spanish- Tuscan architecture , which is carried out in almost every home, and all the public spaces and buildings within the community. It consists of over 30 neighborhoods which are mostly single-family homes, some condominiums, and

440-409: A tract (area) of land that is subdivided into smaller lots . Tract housing developments are found in suburb developments that were modeled on the " Levittown " concept and sometimes encompass large areas of dozens of square miles. Tract housing came about in the 1940s when the demand for cheap housing skyrocketed. Economies of scale meant that large numbers of identical houses could be built in

484-419: A two-phase process of first bigger steps corresponding to finding things easier, followed by smaller steps of finding things more difficult. It reflects bursts of learning following breakthroughs that make learning easier followed by meeting constraints that make learning ever harder, perhaps toward a point of cessation. The expression "steep learning curve" is used with opposite meanings. Most sources, including

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528-465: A whole system learning process with varying rates of progression. Generally speaking all learning displays incremental change over time, but describes an "S" curve which has different appearances depending on the time scale of observation. It has now also become associated with the evolutionary theory of punctuated equilibrium and other kinds of revolutionary change in complex systems generally, relating to innovation , organizational behavior and

572-532: Is served by the Capistrano Unified School District , and was recently annexed to San Clemente from the unincorporated territories it existed in upon the beginning of construction. City maintained parks include Talega Park, Liberty Park, and Tierra Grande Park. Talega HOA maintained parks include Altea Park, Pacifica Summit Park, Portofino Park, Sansol/Mirador Park, and Lucia Park. Talega is home to 9,000 residents and, when completed, will have

616-412: Is the error rate or accuracy of the learning system, while experience may be the number of training examples used for learning or the number of iterations used in optimizing the system model parameters. The machine learning curve is useful for many purposes including comparing different algorithms, choosing model parameters during design, adjusting optimization to improve convergence, and determining

660-701: Is the exponent n {\displaystyle n} measuring the strength of learning. It is usually expressed as n = log ⁡ ( ϕ ) / log ⁡ ( 2 ) {\displaystyle n=\log(\phi )/\log(2)} , where ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } is the "learning rate". In words, it means that the unit cost decreases by 1 − ϕ {\displaystyle 1-\phi } , for every doubling of total units made. Wright found that ϕ ≈ 80 % {\displaystyle \phi \approx 80\%} in aircraft manufacturing, meaning that

704-414: Is to say, the more someone, groups, companies or industries perform a task, the better their performance at the task. The common expression "a steep learning curve" is a misnomer suggesting that an activity is difficult to learn and that expending much effort does not increase proficiency by much, although a learning curve with a steep start actually represents rapid progress. In fact, the gradient of

748-608: The Oxford Dictionary of English , the American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language , and Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary , define a learning curve as the rate at which skill is acquired, so a steep increase would mean a quick increment of skill. However, the term is often used in common English with the meaning of a difficult initial learning process. The common English usage aligns with

792-426: The arduous interpretation as 1978. The idea of learning curves is often translated into video game gameplay as a "difficulty curve", which described how hard the game may get as the player progresses through the game and requiring the player to either become more proficient with the game, gain better understanding of the game's mechanics, and/or spend time " grinding " to improve his or her characters. Establishing

836-418: The learning curve . In addition, as all houses in the development will be built at the same time, the cost of purchasing and transporting building supplies may be reduced due to economies of scale . Components such as roof trusses , plumbing , and stair systems are often prefabricated in factories and installed on-site. This allows builders to offer lower prices, which in turn can make houses affordable to

880-611: The lunar module descent engines were developed in the 1960s for the Apollo 11 Moon landing. It is about 8 miles (13 km) from the San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station and near the Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton . There is a shopping center which includes Ralphs , a Target , Barnoa Wine Company , Walmart , a golf course and one K-8 elementary school/middle school, named Vista Del Mar. It

924-490: The management of group learning, among other fields. These processes of rapidly emerging new form appear to take place by complex learning within the systems themselves, which when observable, display curves of changing rates that accelerate and decelerate. Learning curves , also called experience curves , relate to the much broader subject of natural limits for resources and technologies in general. Such limits generally present themselves as increasing complications that slow

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968-601: The 1950s. In 1968 Bruce Henderson of the Boston Consulting Group (BCG) generalized the Unit Cost model pioneered by Wright, and specifically used a Power Law , which is sometimes called Henderson's Law . He named this particular version the experience curve . Research by BCG in the 1970s observed experience curve effects for various industries that ranged from 10 to 25 percent. The main statistical models for learning curves are as follows: The key variable

1012-446: The amount of data used for training. Initially introduced in educational and behavioral psychology , the term has acquired a broader interpretation over time, and expressions such as "experience curve", "improvement curve", "cost improvement curve", "progress curve", "progress function", "startup curve", and "efficiency curve" are often used interchangeably. In economics the subject is rates of " development ", as development refers to

1056-443: The application of learning curve on managerial economics would provide plenty of benefits on strategic level. People could predict the appropriate timing of the introductions for new products and offering competitive pricing decisions, deciding investment levels by stimulate innovations on products and the selection of organizational design structures. Balachander and Srinivasan used to study a durable product and its pricing strategy on

1100-482: The buyers obey to a learning curve, and this result is useful for decision-making on inventory management . Learning curves have been used to model Moore's law in the semiconductor industry. When wages are proportional to number of products made, workers may resist changing to a different post or having a new member on the team, since it would temporarily decrease productivity. Learning curves has been used to adjust for temporary dips so that workers are paid more for

1144-417: The co-owner of the estate, says, 'I've been on a steep learning curve since arriving at Downton.' By this he means that he has had a difficult time learning the ways of Downton, but people did not start talking that way until the 1970s." Zimmer also comments that the popular use of steep as difficult is a reversal of the technical meaning. He identifies the first use of steep learning curve as 1973, and

1188-399: The curve has nothing to do with the overall difficulty of an activity, but expresses the expected rate of change of learning speed over time. An activity that it is easy to learn the basics of, but difficult to gain proficiency in, may be described as having "a steep learning curve". The learning curve may refer to a specific task or a body of knowledge . Hermann Ebbinghaus first described

1232-486: The effect of learning on production costs in the aircraft industry and proposed a mathematical model of the learning curve. In 1952, the US Air Force published data on the learning curve in the airframe industry from 1940 to mid-1945. Specifically, they tabulated and plotted the direct man-hour cost of various products as a function of cumulative production. This formed the basis of many studies on learning curves in

1276-524: The hills, Talega faced several transportation issues. As of March 2009, there were only two main roads out of the community. There was a proposed extension of La Pata that would bridge the 1.5-mile gap between Talega and the point where the road currently ends in San Juan Capistrano . The Orange County Master Plan placed the location of this extension close to some homes in Talega. A suggestion to relocate

1320-493: The learning curve in 1885 in the field of the psychology of learning, although the name did not come into use until 1903. In 1936 Theodore Paul Wright described the effect of learning on production costs in the aircraft industry . This form, in which unit cost is plotted against total production , is sometimes called an experience curve , or Wright's law . Hermann Ebbinghaus' memory tests, published in 1885, involved memorizing series of nonsense syllables , and recording

1364-432: The learning curve to study the transition between the old products' eliminating and new products' introduction. Their results indicated that the optimal switching time is determined by the characteristics of product and process, market factors, and the features of learning curve on this production. Konstantaras, Skouri, and Jaber applied the learning curve on demand forecasting and the economic order quantity. They found that

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1408-558: The learning experience. Perfecting things becomes ever more difficult despite increasing effort despite continuing positive, if ever diminishing, results. The same kind of slowing progress due to complications in learning also appears in the limits of useful technologies and of profitable markets applying to product life cycle management and software development cycles ). Remaining market segments or remaining potential efficiencies or efficiencies are found in successively less convenient forms. Efficiency and development curves typically follow

1452-472: The learning of how to do things more efficiently, like the well-known limits of perfecting any process or product or to perfecting measurements. These practical experiences match the predictions of the second law of thermodynamics for the limits of waste reduction generally. Approaching limits of perfecting things to eliminate waste meets geometrically increasing effort to make progress, and provides an environmental measure of all factors seen and unseen changing

1496-492: The one with a "steep" curve is probably better, because it can be learned in a shorter time. On the other hand, if two products have different functionality, then one with a short curve (a short time to learn) and limited functionality may not be as good as one with a long curve (a long time to learn) and greater functionality. For example, the Windows program Notepad is extremely simple to learn, but offers little after this. At

1540-545: The other extreme is the UNIX terminal editor vi or Vim , which is difficult to learn, but offers a wide array of features after the user has learned how to use it. Ben Zimmer discusses the use of the term "on a steep learning curve" in Downton Abbey , a television series set in the early 20th century, concentrating mainly on whether use of the term is an anachronism . "Matthew Crawley, the presumptive heir of Downton Abbey and now

1584-539: The practically achievable level of methodology improvement is reached. The effect of reducing local effort and resource use by learning improved methods often has the opposite latent effect on the next larger scale system, by facilitating its expansion, or economic growth , as discussed in the Jevons paradox in the 1880s and updated in the Khazzoom-Brookes Postulate in the 1980s. A comprehensive understanding of

1628-510: The principles of the learning curve. Based on the concepts that the growing experience in producing and selling a product would cause the decline of unit production cost, they found the potential best introductory price for this product. As for the problems of production management under the limitation of scarce resources, Liao observed that without including the effects of the learning curve on labor hours and machines hours, people might make incorrect managerial decisions. Demeester and Qi used

1672-407: The rapid rise at the beginning followed by a period of slower learning, and was thus convex to the vertical axis." Psychologist Arthur Bills gave a more detailed description of learning curves in 1934. He also discussed the properties of different types of learning curves, such as negative acceleration, positive acceleration, plateaus, and ogive curves. In 1936, Theodore Paul Wright described

1716-556: The right difficulty curve is part of achieving the game balance within a title. As with learning curves in educational settings, difficulty curves can have multitudes of shapes, and games may frequently provide various levels of difficulty that change the shape of this curve relative to its default to make the game harder or easier. Optimally the difficulty of a video game increases in correspondence with players ability. Games must neither be too challenging nor too undemanding nor too fortuitous. The players will continue playing as long as

1760-409: The route to a path halfway between Talega and the adjacent Forester Ranch community would have involved relocating power lines and would be the most expensive option. Construction started in 2014, to be completed in fall of 2016. Tract housing Tract housing , sometimes informally known as cookie cutter housing , is a type of housing development in which multiple similar houses are built on

1804-411: The same product while they are learning. A learning curve is a plot of proxy measures for implied learning ( proficiency or progression toward a limit) with experience . For the performance of one person in a series of trials the curve can be erratic, with proficiency increasing, decreasing or leveling out in a plateau . When the results of a large number of individual trials are averaged then

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1848-504: The songs " Little Boxes " by Malvina Reynolds , " Suburbia " by the Pet Shop Boys and " Subdivisions " by Rush . It is also often criticized by city planners and architects, as its construction tends to overlook required elements of successful community building, instead creating a homogeneous residential neighborhood with no walkability , local employment, commerce, services, or attractions within close commuting distance. This leads to

1892-399: The success over a number of trials. The translation does not use the term 'learning curve' — but he presents diagrams of learning against trial number. He also notes that the score can decrease, or even oscillate. The first known use of the term 'learning curve' is from 1903: "Bryan and Harter (6) found in their study of the acquisition of the telegraphic language a learning curve which had

1936-440: The unit cost decreases by 20% for every doubling of total units made. The economic learning of productivity and efficiency generally follows the same kinds of experience curves and have interesting secondary effects. Efficiency and productivity improvement can be considered as whole organization or industry or economy learning processes, as well as for individuals. The general pattern is of first speeding up and then slowing down, as

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