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68-651: The Tafuna Dynasty together with that of Mukupa Kaoma and the Tabwa chiefly dynasties belong to the matrilineal Zimba (leopard) clan. The commoners under Tafuna, however, are patrilineal and have close affinities with the Mambwe, whereas the Malaila Lungu of Mukupa Kaoma are all matrilineal and have far more in common with the Bemba. The two main groups of Lungu have been distinct and separate throughout their brief remembered histories and there

136-460: A Mambwe chief called Chitongwe (Mphande V). Chitongwe's was a large village and not easily taken. The Bemba group led by Chitapankwa, Makasa and Mwamba, surrounded it, cutting access to the gardens and streams. The Bemba themselves were able to live off the land. After a month, the Mambwe were reduced to starvation; they were forced to live on rats, dogs and even the bark cloth in which babys were carried. At length they sent forth an emissary to arrange

204-404: A dialect of Mambwe-Lungu . The Lungu have a traditional music piece consisting of a dance called Nsimba and musical instruments called Vingwengwe. They also have various artists such as Kalambo Hit Parade, Solo Kalenge and Esther Namunga who perform Mambwe Lungu traditional music. This is a traditional ceremony held to install Chief Tafuna. In olden days the designate Chief was required to cross

272-722: A heirachy of importance corresponding to the political status of the title holder. These land shrines are resorted to once a year in normal times and when crops have been harvested. Part of each crop is left at the shrine and the ancestral spirits are thanked. Apart from the annual harvest ceremony, the Chief and his people appeal to the shrines in times of disasters: drought, failure of crops, locust invasion, outbreak of disease and invasion of their country. "They tend to regard strangers with suspicion, an attitude justified by their past experiences. Though insular, they are hardy, resilient and cherish their independence that has been assailed so often in

340-422: A large number of exogamous, dispersed, patrilineal clans, nearly all of which are prefixed by the syllable 'Si' (Father of) for males and 'Na' (Mother of) for females. The people say that they were clans before they were chiefs. The clan names represent, natural objects of the environment, manufactured objects but most are abstract objects with few equivalents in english. Many of these clan names are also found among

408-660: A reputation for being a strong subscriber to military innovation and reform, which he demonstrated in Africa. There he used machine guns, explored other unconventional ideas, and founded an Egyptian camel corps. The gun's design was also purchased and used by several other European countries. In January 1899, just before the outbreak of the Philippine-American War , the Philippines had forty-two Maxim guns. An English observer who had seen one of them, described it as being "of

476-418: A successful harvest. The Chiefs then taste the food and then the subjects are free to eat. The ceremony also involves traditional dances and music. [3] Most Mambwe people today are Christian, many of them Jehovah Witnesses or Catholic. Traditional Mambwe religion recognizes a supreme god called Leza, he created the earth and everything on it, but he is so remote from his creation that he is not concerned with

544-474: A surrender. The Mambwe were instructed to file out of the village through a single gate. As they came through the men were seized and slain and the women taken into captivity. Chitongwe himself was taken, his body cut up and the pieces put in a pot and boiled. In a later battle with the Bemba, the Mambwe killed two Bemba chiefs, Chilangwa and Mpangamina. Some time later Chtapankwa raised a large army and set off to maswepa in Mambwe country to seek vengeance. This time

612-563: Is a traditional ceremony of the Mambwe and the Lungu of Tafuna, it is conducted to celebrate a successful harvest and to pray for rains for the next farming season. It takes place every last Saturday of June on the shores of lake Chila in Mbala. During the ceremony the wives of the Chiefs present samples of food grown in their chiefdom so that the Chiefs can bless them and give thanks to the ancestral spirits for

680-491: Is no record of their collaborating in any common effort against the Bemba. An early British official once remarked "the Malaila Alungu are for all practical purposes Awemba, Tafuna's Lungu are sometimes referred to as Mambwe or Mambwe-Lungu" According to legend, the Lungu royal line of Chief Tafuna came from a land called Uzao, on the west of Lake Tanganyika in what is now eastern DR Congo. The people of this land were known as

748-435: Is now part of Tanzania. The Lungu are divided into a number of exogamous, dispersed patrilineal clans (Umwiko), nearly all of which are prefixed by the syllable 'Si' (Father of) for males and 'Na' (Mother of) for females. Some of the more common ones are; Sinyangwe, Sikazwe, Simuchenje, Silupya, Siulapwa, Sikatunga, Simfutata, Simuyemba, Sichilima, Sikasote and Chizu . The Lungu speak a Bantu Language called Lungu (Cilungu),

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816-643: The Abushiri Revolt . Wissmann was issued one of the first Maxim guns which had reached Germany and used it successfully in his capture of Pangani . The Singapore Volunteer Corps received a Maxim gun in 1889, but it was never used. This was a civilian volunteer defence unit on the British colony. The Maxim gun was first used extensively in an African conflict during the First Matabele War in Rhodesia . During

884-515: The Battle of the Shangani on 25 October 1893, 700 soldiers fought off 5,000 Matabele warriors with just five Maxim guns. It played an important role in the " Scramble for Africa " in the late 19th century. The extreme lethality was employed to devastating effect against obsolete charging tactics, when African opponents could be lured into pitched battles in open terrain. As it was put by Hilaire Belloc , in

952-576: The Emin Pasha Relief Expedition in 1886–1890, under the leadership of Henry Morton Stanley . More a publicity stunt than a serious military contribution, in view of the main financier of the expedition, William Mackinnon , "merely exhibiting" the gun was likely to "prove a great peace-preserver". The weapon was used on several occasions, especially during the expedition's retreat from central Africa, not because of its devastating effects, but as an effective means to scare off attackers. One of

1020-871: The Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905, the Russian Army employed the Maxim in combat and placed a rush order for another 450 units from overseas suppliers, which were mostly delivered to front-line troops before the end of the war. By World War I , many armies had moved on to improved machine guns. The British Vickers machine gun was an improved and redesigned Maxim, introduced into the British Army in 1912 and remaining in service until 1968. Production took place at Erith in Kent, and some models were fitted to early biplanes also fabricated there. The German Army's Maschinengewehr 08 and

1088-428: The 1860s, the Lungu were part of a large Ngoni led force along with the Mambwe, Inamwanga and Iwa that defeated the Bemba at Manga in which they killed Mukukamfumu Kasonde II, a sister of Chtapankwa's and captured her daughter Chimbabantu, Makasa himself had already fled. In 1893, Chitimukulu Sampa along with Makasa led a joint expedition north into Lungu country. This was apparently an annual raid, which on this occasion

1156-602: The Azao, led by a Chief Tandwe Lesa. They came as a group led by three royal women of the Azimba clan. Mukulu Kalwa married a Tabwa man to establish their chieftaincy of Nsama while Mukulu Munakile also known as Mukulu Lyanse married among the Malaila to establish the chieftaincy of Mukupa Kaoma and Chitoshi. The oldest of the sisters, Mukulu Mwenya, settled at Mbete along Lake Tanganyika in the present day Mpulungu District. She went on to marry into

1224-570: The Bemba border, a four-day march away. Sampa himself got stuck in a marsh, and by the time he returned, his people had given him up for dead. The Germans heard that three of his sons had been killed. In 1889 the Lungu made treaties with the British through Chiefs; Tafuna, Chitimbwa and Chungu. The Mambwe did the same through Chief Fwambo and Chief Kela As a result, they became part of the North-Eastern Rhodesia protectorate which eventually became part of Zambia. The rest of Lungu and Mambwe land

1292-411: The Bemba fired a few shots at Nondo's stockade, an act of provocation from which Makasa vainly tried to desuade Sampa. By the following morning, the Bemba had deployed several of their men around ant-hills no more than 50 yards from the stockade, most of these warriors had guns. Wissmann then engaged these vanguards in discussion. They explained through Wissmann's interpreter, that Sampa had no quarrel with

1360-474: The Bemba lured the Mambwe out of their village and utterly routed them. Though Nsokolo, was their paramount, the other Mambwe chiefs were never really under his authority. Chiefs of the main lineages had fought each other throughout history, and within lineages the chiefs had quarrelled. Musante Mpande II is said to have killed his two young brothers, Nsokolo II & III. They did not hesitate to seek outside help in their struggles with one another: Mphande joined

1428-489: The Bemba, but he failed to draw them into war with Fwambo in September 1889 and two months later Harry Johnson, a British explorer induced Fwambo and Mpenza to make peace. The Bemba were repulsed from Fwambo again in 1892 and Fwambo kept his impressive herds of cattle. In April 1893 a group of Chitimukulu Sampa's men were also beaten back from Nsokolo's neighborhood. When the British arrived at Abercon(Mbala) in 1893, they found

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1496-426: The Bemba. The British though, began to use Kimialile as the principal administrative agent, and for the first time he found himself backed by a force sufficient to compel the other chiefs to recognize him as the main authority. The British wished to treat Nsokolo as a paramount chief, and to make him responsible for Mambwe affairs in general and for the conduct of the other chiefs. Thus the imposition of colonial rule on

1564-406: The British 'may have saved the Mambwe from extinction as a people'. Nonetheless the Bemba were met with determined resistance from Kela and his relative Fwambo, who by 1885 had supplanted Nsokolo the nominal paramount, as the most powerful Mambwe Chief, Kela and Fwambo beat off repeated Bemba attacks on their stockaded villages. Another Mambwe Chief Mpenza seemed to have made some sort of alliance with

1632-550: The Germans if they promptly left Nondo's village; otherwise, the Bemba would attack both Lungu and Germans together. Wissmann refused to comply and warned the Bemba that it was a grave matter to do battle with Europeans. Meanwhile, his fellow officers, as also some of the Bemba began to show signs of impatience with this parley. The delay was well calculated however, as the great mass of Bemba continued to draw closer, they became more vulnerable to Wissmann's firepower. Nondo's councilor fired

1700-558: The Lifubu river. Other Lungu Chiefs such as Kasonso, Chitimbwa and Chibwe seem to have been independent of Tafuna III. Soon afterwards, Tafuna III died, but his successor as holder of the Chungu title was more concerned to protect his country in the west against Bemba raiders than to move east and claim the Tafuna title. Instead in about 1870, another Lungu royal Kakungu, obtained help from Tippu Tip and in

1768-558: The Lucheche river. They underestimated their opponent Zombe who held out under siege; he was eventually relieved by Chitimbwa and Kasonso: and together the Lungu Chiefs routed Chitapankwa. He fled, together with the Swahili, whom he had coerced to help him, leaving almost all their guns behind. The Lungu, for once united, the Bemba were not. Chitapankwa's elder brother Mwamba II had refused to join

1836-462: The Lungu of Tafuna (but not those of Mukupa-Kaoma who are essentially bemba speakers) are part of the same ethnic group. According to Coxhead the two can hardly be distinguished. They migrated from north east Africa along with the Fipa , Namwanga and other Tanganikan peoples they are related to. The ruling line of the Mambwe is said to have been founded by a man called Changala who came from Kola (Angola) and

1904-592: The Lungu, Namwanga and Iwa. Some of the more common are; Sikazwe, Sichula ( Frog, royal clan of the Mambwe), Sichilima (Cultivators), Simpemba (White clay), Simwinga (Hunters), Simpasa (Axe), Simutowe (Caterpillar), Simutami (to throw a stone at someone), Silavwe, Mwambazi, Sikasote, Sichivula, Simpungwe, Sinyangwe, Sinchangwa, Simfukwe, Sinjela, Sikapite, Simazuo, Simbao, Simukoko, Simbeya, Siluamba, Simpokolwe, Musukuma, Sinzumwa, Silungwe, Simunyola, Sikaumbwe and Simuyemba. A small number of these clans have an associated avoidance,

1972-433: The Mambwe and the Lungu of Tafuna, it is conducted to celebrate a successful harvest and to pray for rains for the next farming season. It takes place every last Saturday of June on the shores of lake Chila in Mbala. During the ceremony the wives of the Chiefs present samples of foods grown in their chiefdom so that the Chiefs can bless them and give thanks to the ancestral spirits for a successful harvest. The Chiefs then taste

2040-438: The Mambwe began a process of centralization of political authority. Disputes between chiefs seized to be settled by armed conflict, and internal order was enforced. In 1898 the British pacified the Bemba and established an admininstrative center at Kasama. This relieved the Mambwe of Bemba pressure. Chief Mphande returned to his own area and started working to recover his authority among his people. Every Mambwe belongs to one of

2108-488: The Mambwe largely disrupted by internal politics. Chief Mphande and Chivuta had fled to the Senga for sanctuary, leaving many of their subjects under the rule of the Bemba chief Makasa. The then Nsokolo, Kimialile, was living with the Mambwe of what is now Tanzania, having sought refuge there after a defeat inflicted by the Bemba. Kamialile was blind, his younger brother Kosi had put out his eyes because he contemplated surrendering to

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2176-512: The Mambwe population in Tanzania was estimated to number 63,000 [1] . The number of Mambwe in Zambia has not been independently estimated, though the combined number of Mambwe and Lungu people in Zambia was estimated to be 262,800 in 1993 [2] . Accounts of the history of the Mambwe people distinguish between the origin of the common people and that of their Chiefs. The common people of the Mambwe and

2244-746: The Maxim Gun Company with financing from Albert Vickers  [ la ] , son of steel entrepreneur Edward Vickers . A blue plaque on the factory where Maxim invented and produced the gun is located in Hatton Garden at the junction with Clerkenwell Road in London. Albert Vickers became the company's chairman, and it later joined hands with a Swedish competitor, Nordenfelt , to become Maxim Nordenfelt Guns and Ammunition Company . The Post Office Directory of trades in London of 1895 lists its office at 32 Victoria Street SW (London) on page 1579. Finally,

2312-578: The Maxim could fire 600 rounds per minute. Compared to modern machine guns, the Maxim was heavy, bulky, and awkward. A lone soldier could fire the weapon, but it was usually operated by a team of men, usually 4 to 6 in number. Apart from the gunner, other crew were needed to speed reload, spot targets, and carry and ready ammunition and water. Several men were needed to move or mount the heavy weapon. In 1884, Maxim began to develop his machine gun in Hatton Garden , London. In November of that year, he founded

2380-593: The Maxim machine gun since 1887. Model 1889 and Model 1900 Maxims were used for testing, which lasted for years but not continuously. The gun was finally adopted in 1904 as the Maxim Machine Gun, Caliber .30, Model of 1904 as the first rifle-caliber heavy machine gun for standard service in the U.S. Army. The design was characteristic for its visually distinctive cage-like muzzle recoil booster designed by Trevor Dawson and J. Ramsay of Vickers. The first 50 guns and tripods were made by Vickers, Sons & Maxim in

2448-511: The Maxim was far more reliable than its contemporaries. A more immediate problem was that, initially, its position was easily given away by the clouds of smoke that the gun produced (although the same was true of artillery pieces and units of troops that the machine gun was intended to replace or supplement, so this wasn't viewed as a particular drawback by the early users). The advent of smokeless powder (developed by, among others, Hiram's brother Hudson Maxim ), helped to change this. The weapon

2516-710: The Maxim, firing a one-pound shell, was built by Maxim-Nordenfeldt. This was known in the Second Boer War (in South Africa) as the Pom-Pom from its sound. The Boers' "one-pounder" Maxim-Nordenfeldt was a large-caliber, belt-fed, water-cooled "auto cannon" that fired explosive rounds (smokeless ammunition) at 450 rounds per minute. The Maxim gun was also used in the Anglo-Aro War (in present-day Nigeria ) of 1901–1902. National and military authorities were reluctant to adopt

2584-457: The Ngoni when they invaded Mambwe territory and helped them to harry Nsokolo's district. Nsokolo in turn leagued himself with the Bemba and defeated both the Ngoni and Mphande. Kela and other Mambwe Chiefs were repeatedly harassed by Bemba raiders in the 1880s and early 90s. The Mambwe indeed suffered, like the Tabwa and Lungu from disunity in the face of Bemba attacks: its even been suggested that

2652-574: The Philippines, Hawaii, Mexico, and Central and South America, but never saw much combat use. During World War I, it remained in the U.S. for training. The Maxim, in the form of the PM M1910 chambered in 7.62×54mmR , has been used by both sides of the Russo-Ukrainian War of 2022. Many Maxim guns were retrofitted to suit the nature of modern warfare, including its installation on technicals and

2720-626: The Russian Pulemyot Maxim were both more or less direct copies of the Maxim. It also saw use during the Russian Civil War , which followed the Revolution in 1917. A picture of the period depicts a Maxim gun mounted on a tachanka , a horse-drawn carriage, along with the gunner, firing backwards at a pursuing White Army regiment. Anarchists attribute this mobile setup to Nestor Makhno . The United States Army had shown interest in

2788-458: The Sinyangwe family, which it seems was the most dominant clan among the Lungu. She had a daughter called Chilombo, who married a man called Chitimbiti (Sikazwe), the two had a son called Ngolwe. In the late 1800s the Sinyangwe clan experienced a lot of unexplained deaths of which they accused their nephew Ngolwe of bewitching them. They also suspected him of having a sexual relationship with his aunt,

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2856-439: The U.K. chambered for .30-03 . Colt's Manufacturing Company was selected to produce it domestically, but challenges with schematics and specifications delayed its introduction. By the time Colt began production in 1908 (which was also the last year orders were placed for the guns), a total of 90 M1904s were made by Vickers. Colt made their machine guns for the new .30-06 caliber, and the ones made by Vickers were re-chambered for

2924-473: The affairs of men and as such is never worshiped. Worship is directed to spirits of chiefly ancestors (imipasi yamwene yafwe). A shrine or temple called kavua was erected in each village, dedicated to the ancestors of local chiefs. Natural objects such as hills, caves, large rocks or permanent pools of water are divinized and referred to as mayao or maleza. These shrines are associated with ancestral spirits (imipasi) of local title holders. They are also arranged in

2992-418: The campaign, and when he heard of the Bemba defeat, he was so shocked he threatened to rebel. Chitapankwa eventually avenged this humiliation. About ten years later, he recruited support from Makasa and Nkula. He then led the large force to Zombe's village. The Bemba's used a decoy with great success and inflicted a crushing defeat, they claim that Zombe was killed and his village razed to the ground. Earlier in

3060-610: The company was absorbed into the mother Vickers company, leading first to the Vickers-Maxim gun and then, after Vickers' redesign, the Vickers machine gun . Maxim's first British patents relating to the development of the Maxim gun were granted in June and July 1883. The first prototype was demonstrated to invited guests in October 1884. A prototype of the Maxim gun was given by Hiram Maxim to

3128-424: The external authority of Northern Rhodesia while the other came under Tanganyika, their Chief was Muti, a descendant of Funda, a brother of Nsokolo wa Chisenga. The Mambwe regarded the Bemba as their traditional enemies. They fought many bitters wars and suffered many raids. The Bemba were not only more numerous but they were more united under their paramount unlike the Mambwe. One time, the Bemba had made war on

3196-507: The face of local opposition set himself up at Isoko as Tafuna IV. The Lungu, like the Mambwe lost a lot of their territory to the Bemba through warfare. In 1872, Chitapankwa, the Bemba paramount, set out northwards to help the Fipa Chief of Lyangalile. While most of the Bemba force went on into Fipa country, Chitapankwa and his son Makasa IV were provoked by Zombe into attacking his village along

3264-431: The first shot from the stockade, Wissmann hurled a grenade into a group of Bemba leaders; and the Germans and Lungu came out of the stockade with two big guns. The Maxim was used with devastating effect. Within a few minutes the Bemba were fleeing in disarray, leaving several dead and wounded. Abandoning their numerous captives and much other booty. The main Bemba force pursued its headlong flight, not halting until it reached

3332-649: The first uses of the Maxim gun by British Forces was in the 1887 Yoni Expedition . The same prototype used by Stanley was brought back to central Africa by Frederick Lugard , where it played an instrumental role in the establishment of the Uganda Protectorate . The first unit in the world to receive the Maxim was the expeditionary force led by Hermann Wissmann which was sent in 1888 by the German Imperial government to its colonies in East Africa to suppress

3400-526: The food and then the subjects are free to eat. The ceremony also involves traditional dances and music. The Lungu traditionally believe in a supreme god called Leza. He is remote from human affairs and as such he's not worshiped. The principal lesser divinity of Ulungu is called Kapembwa. Other ancestral spirits are Mbita, Namukale, etc. Mambwe people The Mambwe are an ethnic group from Mbala and Senga Hill district of Northeastern Zambia and Kalambo District of Rukwa Region , Tanzania . In 1987

3468-409: The leadership of the clan and so became the first Chief Tafuna (Tafuna, from the word ukutafuna, to chew or to devour). In the late 19th century, there was much conflict among the Lungu who nominally accepted Tafuna's paramountcy. In the 1860s the minor Chief Chungu I, became Tafuna III, but he had difficulty maintaining his position at Isoko, the royal capital and by 1867 he had moved west to settle on

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3536-583: The most improved type." In 1895, the Imperial Japanese Army purchased a number of Maxims and tested them during the 1895 invasion of Taiwan but later decided to standardize on the Hotchkiss machine gun . The Imperial Russian Army likewise purchased 58 Maxim machine guns in 1899 and contracted with Vickers in 1902 to manufacture the design in Russia, although manufacturing did not start until 1910. During

3604-601: The new round. A total of 287 M1904 Maxims were manufactured. The U.S. procured other machine guns after M1904 production ended, including the M1909 Benét–Mercié , the Colt–Vickers M1915 , and the Browning M1917 . M1904 Maxims were issued to infantry companies and cavalry. Each company had four guns with associated tripods, ammunition, and 20 mules to transport the heavy guns. The M1904 was deployed in operations in

3672-452: The past." William Watson 13°16′59″S 32°06′00″E  /  13.283°S 32.100°E  / -13.283; 32.100 This Zambia -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about a Tanzanian ethnicity is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Maxim gun The Maxim gun is a recoil-operated machine gun invented in 1884 by Hiram Stevens Maxim . It

3740-459: The people. This marriage is said by the Mambwe to explain why the holder of the commoner title, Chindo, always addresses the holder of the senior royal title, Nsokolo, as son-in-law. Changala is said to have also married women from the Sichilima and Simpemba clans. These three clans have a joking relationship with the royal clan, Sichula, and say that they 'gave Chiefs to the country' for it was from

3808-434: The royal clan Sichula, avoids wild pigs, zebras and many small animals. The Mambwe speak a Bantu language called Mambwe (Cimambwe), a dialect of Mambwe-Lungu . The Mambwe have a traditional music piece consisting of a dance called Nsimba and musical instruments called Vingwengwe. They also have various artists such as; Kalambo hit parade, Solo Kalenge and Esther Namunga who perform Mambwe Lungu traditional music. This

3876-418: The strip of water between lake Tanganyika and the sacred Mbita island while holding on to two canoes. If he survived the journey without being eaten by crocodiles or falling over and drowning, it meant he was approved by the ancestors. It was upon reaching the island that he would seek permission from the spirits Kapembwa, Mbita and Namukale to become leader of the Lungu people. This is a traditional ceremony of

3944-482: The weapon, and Maxim's company initially had some trouble convincing European governments of the weapon's efficiency. Soldiers generally held a great mistrust of machine guns due to their tendency to jam . In the 1906 version of his book Small Wars , Charles Callwell says of machine guns: "The older forms are not suitable as a rule... they jammed at Ulundi , they jammed at Dogali , they jammed at Abu Klea and Tofrek , in some cases with unfortunate results." However,

4012-410: The wife of one of his uncles, who was the head of the clan. As custom demanded, he drunk umwavi a deadly poison, so that if he died then he was deemed guilty but if he vomited and survived then he was innocent. After it was established that they wrongly accused him as he had vomited the poison and survived, as per custom he was to be given anything he demanded. After consulting with his father, he demanded

4080-414: The women of these three clans whom Changala married that the present Mambwe Chiefs descended. Changala, the founder of the Mambwe royal line, had a son called Mwimbe, who in turn had a son called Nsokolo wa Chisenga. The successors of this man have always assumed the title Nsokolo and with it the Mambwe paramountcy. During the colonial period the main part of Mambwe country under Chief Nsokolo came under

4148-525: The words of the figure "Blood" in his poem "The Modern Traveller": Whatever happens, we have got The Maxim gun, and they have not. However, the destructive power of the Maxim gun in colonial warfare has often been embellished by popular myth. Modern historical accounts suggest that, while it was effective in pitched battles, as in the Matabele wars or the Battle of Omdurman , its significance owed much to its psychological impact. A larger-calibre version of

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4216-669: Was a Mulua. Before he came the people did not know 'chiefs' (i.e. they had no central political authority) but instead lived under their clan heads. Changala settled in the south of Mambwe country in the area which acknowledged the authority of Chindo, the head of the Simwinga clan. Changala had with him two hunting leopards which Chindo had never seen before. Chindo was so impressed that he asked Changala to stay with him and provide meat for his people. In return Chindo offered to marry his daughter to Changala and to recognize him as Chief. Changala accepted this offer and agreed to settle there as Chief of

4284-588: Was adopted by the British Army under the guidance of Sir Garnet Wolseley , who had been appointed Commander-in-Chief of the British Army in 1888. In October that year, he placed an order of 120 rifle-calibre Maxims using the same .577/450 ammunition as the Martini–Henry rifles. Wolseley had previously led military expeditions in Africa (the Ashanti war and the Gordon Relief Expedition in 1884–85) and had

4352-409: Was directing an anti-slavery campaign between Lakes Malawi and Tanganyika had with him a force of two other officers and sixty trained soldiers; he also had a cannon and a Maxim gun . He was camped in a stockaded village of a Lungu headman Nondo. The Bemba force, which the Germans estimated at five thousand, now approached Nondo's village. During the night of 6 July while the Germans kept watch within,

4420-407: Was greatly influential in the development of machine guns, and it has multiple variants and derivatives. The Maxim gun featured one of the earliest recoil -operated firing systems in history. Energy from recoil acting on the breech block is used to eject each spent cartridge and insert the next one. Maxim's earliest designs used a 360-degree rotating cam to reverse the movement of the block, but this

4488-670: Was later simplified to a toggle lock. This made it vastly more efficient and less labor-intensive than previous manually-operated rapid-firing guns, such as the manually-cranked Mitrailleuse of 1851, the Gatling gun of 1861, the Gardner gun of 1874, or the Nordenfelt gun of 1873. The Maxim gun was water cooled , allowing it to sustain its rate of fire far longer than air-cooled guns. The extra weight and complexity this added, however, made it heavier and less flexible in use. Trials demonstrated that

4556-541: Was the first fully automatic machine gun in the world. The Maxim gun has been called "the weapon most associated with imperial conquest" by historian Martin Gilbert , and was heavily used by colonial powers during the " Scramble for Africa ". Afterwards, Maxim guns also saw extensive usage by different armies during the Russo-Japanese War , the First and Second World Wars , as well as in contemporary conflicts. The Maxim gun

4624-570: Was undertaken just after harvest when the prospects were best for plunder. The Bemba appear to have marched north as far as Lupembe, a Lungu village on the shores of lake Tanganyika. They then climbed eastwards to cross the Kalambo river above the falls and a little to the north of the frontier between the German and British spheres of influence. At this point, the Bemba encountered the imperial commissioner for German East Africa, Herman von Wissmann. Wissmann, who

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