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58-448: Approximately 67 species (see text) Tabebuia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Bignoniaceae . Tabebuia consists almost entirely of trees , but a few are often large shrubs . A few species produce timber , but the genus is mostly known for those that are cultivated as flowering trees. The genus name is derived from the Tupi words for "ant" and "wood", referring to

116-557: A species : see Botanical name and Specific name (zoology) . The rules for the scientific names of organisms are laid down in the nomenclature codes , which allow each species a single unique name that, for animals (including protists ), plants (also including algae and fungi ) and prokaryotes ( bacteria and archaea ), is Latin and binomial in form; this contrasts with common or vernacular names , which are non-standardized, can be non-unique, and typically also vary by country and language of usage. Except for viruses ,

174-478: A disadvantage when trying to publish in these journals, regardless of the quality of the scientific study itself. Yet many international universities require publication in these high-impact journals by both their students and faculty. One way that some international authors are beginning to overcome this problem is by contracting with freelance copy editors who are native speakers of English and specialize in ESL (English as

232-494: A formal article. Articles are usually prepared at the end of a project, or at the end of components of a particularly large one. In preparing such an article vigorous rules for scientific writing have to be followed. Often, career advancement depends upon publishing in high-impact journals, which, especially in hard and applied sciences, are usually published in English. Consequently, scientists with poor English writing skills are at

290-643: A later homonym of a validly published name is a nomen illegitimum or nom. illeg. ; for a full list refer to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants and the work cited above by Hawksworth, 2010. In place of the "valid taxon" in zoology, the nearest equivalent in botany is " correct name " or "current name" which can, again, differ or change with alternative taxonomic treatments or new information that results in previously accepted genera being combined or split. Prokaryote and virus codes of nomenclature also exist which serve as

348-621: A long time and redescribed as new by a range of subsequent workers, or if a range of genera previously considered separate taxa have subsequently been consolidated into one. For example, the World Register of Marine Species presently lists 8 genus-level synonyms for the sperm whale genus Physeter Linnaeus, 1758, and 13 for the bivalve genus Pecten O.F. Müller, 1776. Within the same kingdom, one generic name can apply to one genus only. However, many names have been assigned (usually unintentionally) to two or more different genera. For example,

406-409: A reference for designating currently accepted genus names as opposed to others which may be either reduced to synonymy, or, in the case of prokaryotes, relegated to a status of "names without standing in prokaryotic nomenclature". An available (zoological) or validly published (botanical) name that has been historically applied to a genus but is not regarded as the accepted (current/valid) name for

464-736: A revision of Tabebuia described 99 species and one hybrid . Phylogenetic studies of DNA sequences later showed that Tabebuia , as then circumscribed , was polyphyletic . In 2007, it was divided into three separate genera. Primavera ( Roseodendron donnell-smithii ) and a related species with no unique common name ( Roseodendron chryseum ) were transferred to Roseodendron . Those species known as ipê and pau d'arco (in Portuguese ) or poui were transferred to Handroanthus . Sixty-seven species remained in Tabebuia . The former genus and polyphyletic group of 99 species described by Gentry in 1992

522-536: A revision of Tabebuia in Flora Neotropica , in which he described 99 species and one hybrid , including those species placed by some authors in Roseodendron or Handroanthus . Gentry divided Tabebuia into ten "species groups", some of them intentionally artificial. Tabebuia , as currently circumscribed, consists of groups 2, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10. Group 1 is now the genus Roseodendron . Groups 3, 4, and 5 compose

580-797: A second language) editing to polish their manuscripts' English to a level that high-impact journals will accept. Although the content of an article is more important than the format, it is customary for scientific articles to follow a standard structure, which varies only slightly in different subjects. Although the IMRAD structure emphasizes the organization of content, and in scientific journal articles, each section (Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion) has unique conventions for scientific writing style. The following are key guidelines for formatting, although each journal etc will to some extent have its own house style: Increasing reliance on digital abstracting services and academic search engines means that

638-647: A soft and spongy wood that is used for floats, razor strops, and the inner soles of shoes. In spite of its use for lumber, Tabebuia is best known as an ornamental flowering tree. Tabebuia aurea , Tabebuia rosea , Tabebuia pallida , Tabebuia berteroi , and Tabebuia heterophylla are cultivated throughout the tropics for their showy flowers. Tabebuia dubia , Tabebuia haemantha , Tabebuia obtusifolia , Tabebuia nodosa , and Tabebuia roseo-alba are also known in cultivation and are sometimes locally abundant. Some species of Tabebuia have been grown as honey plants by beekeepers . The nectar of Tabebuia flowers

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696-526: A source of confusion and misidentification . Tabebuia is native to the American tropics and subtropics from Mexico and the Caribbean to Argentina . Most of the species known are from the islands of Cuba and Hispaniola . It is commonly cultivated and often naturalized or adventive beyond its natural range . It easily escapes cultivation because of its numerous, air-borne seeds. In 1992,

754-427: A taxon; however, the names published in suppressed works are made unavailable via the relevant Opinion dealing with the work in question. In botany, similar concepts exist but with different labels. The botanical equivalent of zoology's "available name" is a validly published name . An invalidly published name is a nomen invalidum or nom. inval. ; a rejected name is a nomen rejiciendum or nom. rej. ;

812-455: A total of c. 520,000 published names (including synonyms) as at end 2019, increasing at some 2,500 published generic names per year. "Official" registers of taxon names at all ranks, including genera, exist for a few groups only such as viruses and prokaryotes, while for others there are compendia with no "official" standing such as Index Fungorum for fungi, Index Nominum Algarum and AlgaeBase for algae, Index Nominum Genericorum and

870-610: Is an abbreviation of "tacyba bebuya", a Tupi name meaning "ant wood". Among the Indigenous peoples in Brazil , similar names exist for various species of Tabebuia . Tabebuia was first used as a generic name by Augustin Pyramus de Candolle in 1838. The type species for the genus is Tabebuia uliginosa , which is now a synonym for Tabebuia cassinoides . Confusion soon ensued over the meaning of Tabebuia and what to include within it. Most of

928-421: Is an important timber tree of tropical America. Tabebuia heterophylla and Tabebuia angustata are the most important timber trees of some of the Caribbean islands . Their wood is of medium weight and is exceptionally durable in contact with salt water. The swamp species of Tabebuia have wood that is unusually light in weight. The most prominent example of these is Tabebuia cassinoides . Its roots produce

986-466: Is an important food source for several species of bees and hummingbirds . Tabebuia rosea is the national tree of El Salvador and the state tree of Cojedes , Venezuela . Genus The composition of a genus is determined by taxonomists . The standards for genus classification are not strictly codified, so different authorities often produce different classifications for genera. There are some general practices used, however, including

1044-530: Is customarily not indexed by major databases and can include manuals, theses and dissertations, or newsletters and bulletins. The significance of different types of the scientific publications can vary between disciplines and change over time. According to James G. Speight and Russell Foote , peer-reviewed journals are the most prominent and prestigious form of publication. University presses are more prestigious than commercial press publication. The status of working papers and conference proceedings depends on

1102-596: Is discouraged by both the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants , there are some five thousand such names in use in more than one kingdom. For instance, A list of generic homonyms (with their authorities), including both available (validly published) and selected unavailable names, has been compiled by the Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera (IRMNG). The type genus forms

1160-530: Is listed below. Authorities are cited for some of the names below. These can be found in Gentry (1992) or at the International Plant Names Index . The name Tabebuia entered the botanical literature in 1803, when António Bernardino Gomes used it as a common name for Tabebuia uliginosa , now a synonym for Tabebuia cassinoides , which he described as a species of Bignonia . Tabebuia

1218-424: Is now usually referred to as " Tabebuia sensu lato ". All of the species in the first two columns below were recognized and described by Gentry in 1992. Listed in the third column are species names that have been used recently, but were not accepted by Gentry. The currently accepted synonym for each is in parentheses. Some recently used names in Tabebuia that were not recognized by Gentry are not listed in

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1276-627: Is sister to Ekmanianthe , a genus of two species from Cuba and Hispaniola. Tabebuia had been traditionally placed in the tribe Tecomeae , but that tribe is now defined much more narrowly than it had been, and it now excludes Tabebuia . Tabebuia is now one of 12 to 14 genera belonging to a group that is informally called the Tabebuia alliance . This group has not been placed at any particular taxonomic rank . Cladistic analysis of DNA data has strongly supported Tabebuia by Bayesian inference and maximum parsimony . Such studies have so far revealed almost nothing about relationships within

1334-460: Is somewhat arbitrary. Although all species within a genus are supposed to be "similar", there are no objective criteria for grouping species into genera. There is much debate among zoologists about whether enormous, species-rich genera should be maintained, as it is extremely difficult to come up with identification keys or even character sets that distinguish all species. Hence, many taxonomists argue in favor of breaking down large genera. For instance,

1392-474: Is the type species , and the generic name is permanently associated with the type specimen of its type species. Should the specimen turn out to be assignable to another genus, the generic name linked to it becomes a junior synonym and the remaining taxa in the former genus need to be reassessed. In zoological usage, taxonomic names, including those of genera, are classified as "available" or "unavailable". Available names are those published in accordance with

1450-519: Is to preserve the evidence for scientific priority, and in particular for priority for obtaining patents. They have also been used in scientific disputes. Since the availability of computers, the notebooks in some data-intensive fields have been kept as database records, and appropriate software is commercially available. The work on a project is typically published as one or more technical reports, or articles. In some fields both are used, with preliminary reports, working papers, or preprints followed by

1508-621: The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature ; the earliest such name for any taxon (for example, a genus) should then be selected as the " valid " (i.e., current or accepted) name for the taxon in question. Consequently, there will be more available names than valid names at any point in time; which names are currently in use depending on the judgement of taxonomists in either combining taxa described under multiple names, or splitting taxa which may bring available names previously treated as synonyms back into use. "Unavailable" names in zoology comprise names that either were not published according to

1566-726: The International Plant Names Index for plants in general, and ferns through angiosperms, respectively, and Nomenclator Zoologicus and the Index to Organism Names for zoological names. Totals for both "all names" and estimates for "accepted names" as held in the Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera (IRMNG) are broken down further in the publication by Rees et al., 2020 cited above. The accepted names estimates are as follows, broken down by kingdom: The cited ranges of uncertainty arise because IRMNG lists "uncertain" names (not researched therein) in addition to known "accepted" names;

1624-682: The de facto acceptance in the academic discourse is predicted by the inclusion in such selective sources. Commercial providers of proprietary data include Chemical Abstracts Service , Web of Science and Scopus , while open data (and often open source , non-profit and library -led) services include DOAB , DOAJ and (for open access works) Unpaywall (based on CrossRef and Microsoft Academic records enriched with OAI-PMH data from open archives ). The transfer of copyright from author to publisher, used by some journals, can be controversial because many authors want to propagate their ideas more widely and re-use their material elsewhere without

1682-404: The platypus belongs to the genus Ornithorhynchus although George Shaw named it Platypus in 1799 (these two names are thus synonyms ) . However, the name Platypus had already been given to a group of ambrosia beetles by Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Herbst in 1793. A name that means two different things is a homonym . Since beetles and platypuses are both members of the kingdom Animalia,

1740-469: The French botanist Joseph Pitton de Tournefort (1656–1708) is considered "the founder of the modern concept of genera". The scientific name (or the scientific epithet) of a genus is also called the generic name ; in modern style guides and science, it is always capitalised. It plays a fundamental role in binomial nomenclature , the system of naming organisms , where it is combined with the scientific name of

1798-442: The base for higher taxonomic ranks, such as the family name Canidae ("Canids") based on Canis . However, this does not typically ascend more than one or two levels: the order to which dogs and wolves belong is Carnivora ("Carnivores"). The numbers of either accepted, or all published genus names is not known precisely; Rees et al., 2020 estimate that approximately 310,000 accepted names (valid taxa) may exist, out of

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1856-403: The calyx of Tabebuia is always distinctly harder and thicker than the corolla. Tabebuia always has a dichotomously branched inflorescence; never a central rachis as in Roseodendron . Some species of Tabebuia have ribbed fruit, but not as conspicuously so as the two species of Roseodendron . The wood of Tabebuia is light to medium in weight. Tabebuia rosea (including T. pentaphylla )

1914-423: The discipline; they are typically more important in the applied sciences . The value of publication as a preprint or scientific report on the web has in the past been low, but in some subjects, such as mathematics or high energy physics , it is now an accepted alternative. Scientific papers have been categorised into ten types. Eight of these carry specific objectives, while the other two can vary depending on

1972-474: The fact that many Tabebuia species have twigs with soft pith which forms hollows within which ants live, defending the trees from other herbivores. The ants are attracted to the plants by special extra-floral nectar glands on at the apex of the petioles. The common name "roble" is sometimes found in English . Tabebuias have been called "trumpet trees", but this name is usually applied to other trees and has become

2030-446: The form "author, year" in zoology, and "standard abbreviated author name" in botany. Thus in the examples above, the genus Canis would be cited in full as " Canis Linnaeus, 1758" (zoological usage), while Hibiscus , also first established by Linnaeus but in 1753, is simply " Hibiscus L." (botanical usage). Each genus should have a designated type , although in practice there is a backlog of older names without one. In zoology, this

2088-727: The generic name (or its abbreviated form) still forms the leading portion of the scientific name, for example, Canis lupus lupus for the Eurasian wolf subspecies, or as a botanical example, Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus . Also, as visible in the above examples, the Latinised portions of the scientific names of genera and their included species (and infraspecies, where applicable) are, by convention, written in italics . The scientific names of virus species are descriptive, not binomial in form, and may or may not incorporate an indication of their containing genus; for example,

2146-403: The genus Handroanthus . In 2007, a molecular phylogenetic study found Handroanthus to be closer to a certain group of four genera than to Tabebuia . This group consists of Spirotecoma , Parmentiera , Crescentia , and Amphitecna . A phylogenetic tree can be seen at Bignoniaceae . Handroanthus was duly resurrected and 30 species were assigned to it, with species boundaries

2204-599: The genus, placing nearly all of the sampled species in a large polytomy . The description below is excerpted from Grose and Olmstead (2007). Tabebuia is distinguished from Handroanthus by wood that is not especially hard or heavy, and not abruptly divided into heartwood and sapwood. Lapachol is absent. Scales are present, but no hair. The calyx is usually spathaceous in Tabebuia , but never so in Handroanthus . Only two species of Tabebuia are yellow-flowered, but most species of Handroanthus are. Unlike Roseodendron ,

2262-432: The idea that a newly defined genus should fulfill these three criteria to be descriptively useful: Moreover, genera should be composed of phylogenetic units of the same kind as other (analogous) genera. The term "genus" comes from Latin genus , a noun form cognate with gignere ('to bear; to give birth to'). The Swedish taxonomist Carl Linnaeus popularized its use in his 1753 Species Plantarum , but

2320-628: The largest component, with 23,236 ± 5,379 accepted genus names, of which 20,845 ± 4,494 are angiosperms (superclass Angiospermae). By comparison, the 2018 annual edition of the Catalogue of Life (estimated >90% complete, for extant species in the main) contains currently 175,363 "accepted" genus names for 1,744,204 living and 59,284 extinct species, also including genus names only (no species) for some groups. The number of species in genera varies considerably among taxonomic groups. For instance, among (non-avian) reptiles , which have about 1180 genera,

2378-412: The literature " within specific research fields. The process of academic publishing involves disseminating research findings to a wider audience. Researchers submit their work to reputable journals or conferences, where it undergoes rigorous evaluation by experts in the field. This evaluation, known as peer review , ensures the quality, validity, and reliability of the research before it becomes part of

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2436-558: The lizard genus Anolis has been suggested to be broken down into 8 or so different genera which would bring its ~400 species to smaller, more manageable subsets. Scientific literature Scientific literature encompasses a vast body of academic papers that spans various disciplines within the natural and social sciences . It primarily consists of academic papers that present original empirical research and theoretical contributions. These papers serve as essential sources of knowledge and are commonly referred to simply as "

2494-465: The misunderstanding was cleared up by Nathaniel Lord Britton in 1915. Britton revived the concept of Tabebuia that had been originated in 1876 by Bentham and Hooker , consisting of species with either simple or palmately compound leaves. Similar plants with pinnately compound leaves were placed in Tecoma . This is the concept of Tabebuia that was usually followed until 2007. The genus Roseodendron

2552-403: The most (>300) have only 1 species, ~360 have between 2 and 4 species, 260 have 5–10 species, ~200 have 11–50 species, and only 27 genera have more than 50 species. However, some insect genera such as the bee genera Lasioglossum and Andrena have over 1000 species each. The largest flowering plant genus, Astragalus , contains over 3,000 species. Which species are assigned to a genus

2610-428: The name could not be used for both. Johann Friedrich Blumenbach published the replacement name Ornithorhynchus in 1800. However, a genus in one kingdom is allowed to bear a scientific name that is in use as a generic name (or the name of a taxon in another rank) in a kingdom that is governed by a different nomenclature code. Names with the same form but applying to different taxa are called "homonyms". Although this

2668-449: The need for permission. Usually an author or authors circumvent that problem by rewriting an article and using other pictures. Some publishers may also want publicity for their journal so will approve facsimile reproduction unconditionally; other publishers are more resistant. In scientific publishing, a number of key issues include and are not restricted to: The first recorded editorial pre-publication peer-review occurred in 1665 by

2726-526: The provisions of the ICZN Code, e.g., incorrect original or subsequent spellings, names published only in a thesis, and generic names published after 1930 with no type species indicated. According to "Glossary" section of the zoological Code, suppressed names (per published "Opinions" of the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature) remain available but cannot be used as the valid name for

2784-516: The results of published studies to underscore progress and new research directions, as well as books that tackle extensive projects or comprehensive arguments, including article compilations. Tertiary sources encompass encyclopedias and similar works designed for widespread public consumption. Scientific literature can include the following kinds of publications: Literature may also be published in areas considered to be " grey ", as they are published outside of traditional channels. This material

2842-411: The same as those of Gentry (1992). Roseodendron was resolved as sister to a clade consisting of Handroanthus and four other genera. This result had only weak statistical support , but Roseodendron clearly did not group with the remainder of Tabebuia . Consequently, Roseodendron was resurrected in its original form. The remaining 67 species of Tabebuia formed a strongly supported clade that

2900-511: The scientific literature. Peer-reviewed publications contribute significantly to advancing our understanding of the world and shaping future research endeavors. Original scientific research first published in scientific journals constitutes primary literature . Patents and technical reports , which cover minor research results and engineering and design efforts, including computer software , are also classified as primary literature. Secondary sources comprise review articles that summarize

2958-497: The specific name particular to the wolf. A botanical example would be Hibiscus arnottianus , a particular species of the genus Hibiscus native to Hawaii. The specific name is written in lower-case and may be followed by subspecies names in zoology or a variety of infraspecific names in botany . When the generic name is already known from context, it may be shortened to its initial letter, for example, C. lupus in place of Canis lupus . Where species are further subdivided,

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3016-412: The standard format for a species name comprises the generic name, indicating the genus to which the species belongs, followed by the specific epithet, which (within that genus) is unique to the species. For example, the gray wolf 's scientific name is Canis lupus , with Canis ( Latin for 'dog') being the generic name shared by the wolf's close relatives and lupus (Latin for 'wolf') being

3074-432: The style and the intended goal. Papers that carry specific objectives are: The following two categories are variable, including for example historical articles and speeches: The actual day-to-day records of scientific information are kept in research notebooks or logbooks. These are usually kept indefinitely as the basic evidence of the work, and are often kept in duplicate, signed, notarized, and archived. The purpose

3132-403: The taxon is termed a synonym ; some authors also include unavailable names in lists of synonyms as well as available names, such as misspellings, names previously published without fulfilling all of the requirements of the relevant nomenclatural code, and rejected or suppressed names. A particular genus name may have zero to many synonyms, the latter case generally if the genus has been known for

3190-465: The third column below because they apply to species that are now in Handroanthus . Tabebuia spectabilis is an obsolete name for Handroanthus chrysanthus subsp. meridionalis . Tabebuia ecuadorensis is now synonymized under Handroanthus billbergii . Tabebuia heteropoda is now synonymized under Handroanthus ochraceus . No species that is now assigned to Roseodendron or to Handroanthus

3248-566: The values quoted are the mean of "accepted" names alone (all "uncertain" names treated as unaccepted) and "accepted + uncertain" names (all "uncertain" names treated as accepted), with the associated range of uncertainty indicating these two extremes. Within Animalia, the largest phylum is Arthropoda , with 151,697 ± 33,160 accepted genus names, of which 114,387 ± 27,654 are insects (class Insecta). Within Plantae, Tracheophyta (vascular plants) make up

3306-429: The virus species " Salmonid herpesvirus 1 ", " Salmonid herpesvirus 2 " and " Salmonid herpesvirus 3 " are all within the genus Salmonivirus ; however, the genus to which the species with the formal names " Everglades virus " and " Ross River virus " are assigned is Alphavirus . As with scientific names at other ranks, in all groups other than viruses, names of genera may be cited with their authorities, typically in

3364-598: Was established by Faustino Miranda González in 1965 for the two species now known as Roseodendron donnell-smithii and Roseodendron chryseum . These species had been placed in Cybistax by Russell J. Seibert in 1940, but were returned to Tabebuia by Alwyn H. Gentry in 1992. Handroanthus was established by Joáo Rodrigues de Mattos in 1970. Gentry did not agree with the segregation of Handroanthus from Tabebuia and warned against "succumbing to further paroxysms of unwarranted splitting". In 1992, Gentry published

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