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89-653: Further development of the design resulted in the Fuchs 2, first shown in 2001. The enhanced Fuchs 2 is currently in production. Known customers include the Algerian Army , the Kuwait Army and the United Arab Emirates Army (UAE). In 1977, Rheinstahl Wehrtechnik (which in 1996 became Henschel Wehrtechnik , then Rheinmetall Landsysteme and now Rheinmetall MAN Military Vehicles (RMMV), under licence from Daimler-Benz ,

178-411: A planetary gearset ) is a gear reduction assembly consisting of two gears mounted so that the center of one gear (the "planet") revolves around the center of the other (the "sun"). A carrier connects the centers of the two gears and rotates, to carry the planet gear(s) around the sun gear. The planet and sun gears mesh so that their pitch circles roll without slip. If the sun gear is held fixed, then

267-536: A disaster as they believed it would be catastrophic for the economy through capital flight and foreign petrol companies cancelling their agreements to extract oil and gas in Algeria. Politically, the military believed the election of the FIS could bring instability to the country, as there were indications that the FIS's opponents are preparing to start armed conflicts against any future Islamist governments. Despite Benjedid assured

356-453: A further development of the Fuchs 1, two pre-production Fuchs KRK ( Krisenreaktionskräfte - German: "Crisis Reaction Forces") were built, with production vehicle options for 50 units expected in 1999. The type never entered quantity production. In 2002, the German BWB awarded a €45 million contract to upgrade 123 Fuchs 1 APCs. The work was carried out between 2004 and 2007 at Kassel , where

445-491: A modular upgrade package for installation on tracked and wheeled armoured vehicles. A MOUT demonstrator vehicle was completed in 2008, based on the Fuchs 1. Armament varies according to mission requirements. The Fuchs 1 can mount a 7.62 mm Rheinmetall MG3 general-purpose machine gun over the commander's position. Vehicles of the Armoured Reconnaissance Battalion, Panzergrenadiers mechanized infantry,

534-410: A planetary gear train begins by considering the speed ratio of the gear train when the carrier is held fixed. This is known as the fixed carrier train ratio. In the case of a simple planetary gear train formed by a carrier supporting a planet gear engaged with a sun and ring gear, the fixed carrier train ratio is computed as the speed ratio of the gear train formed by the sun, planet and ring gears on

623-427: A point on the pitch circle of the planet gear traces an epicycloid curve. An epicyclic gear train can be assembled so the planet gear rolls on the inside of the pitch circle of an outer gear ring, or ring gear, sometimes called an annulus gear . Such an assembly of a planet engaging both a sun gear and a ring gear is called a planetary gear train . By choosing to hold one component or another—the planetary carrier,

712-559: A presidential decree creating the position of General Secretary within the Ministry of Defence. Nevertheless, current and retired officers—"le pouvoir"—remain important decision-makers. In order to encourage Algerian military reforms, the U.S. decided to allow Algeria to receive International Military Education and Training (IMET) funds. Algeria has the largest defence budget in Africa. Historically, Algeria bought weapons and military equipment from

801-514: A shaft connection between two planets in each planet train), and multi-stage structures (the system contains two or more planet sets). Compared to simple planetary gears, compound planetary gears have the advantages of larger reduction ratio, higher torque-to-weight ratio, and more flexible configurations. The axes of all gears are usually parallel, but for special cases like pencil sharpeners and differentials , they can be placed at an angle, introducing elements of bevel gear (see below). Further,

890-714: A shattered political landscape dominated by weak and competing political factions. At the end of the war of independence, a split developed between the National Liberation Army and the Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic (GPRA). The GPRA was set up in 1958 to represent the National Liberation Front abroad, mobilise the funds needed to organise the underground movement and support the refugees who had fled to Morocco and Tunisia. But it

979-682: A small domestic military industry of its own. The army produces AK-47 and AKM-47 assault rifles, licensed by Russia and China, as well as rocket-type RPGs in the Construction Company Mechanical Khenchela (ECMK). Moreover, the ECMK also builds under license the UAE Caracal pistol . The logistics base station produces various types of AICV (Armoured Infantry Fighting Vehicle) for the transport of troops and light armored vehicles. The air force produces two types of light aircraft for

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1068-609: A wide range of weapon systems up to and including a 30 mm cannon and 7.62 mm MG, as well as various missile installations, such as anti-tank missiles. Standard equipment for the Fuchs 2 includes an NBC system and an air conditioning system. Numerous options available include an automatic fire detection and suppression system, winch, global positioning system and an auxiliary power unit (APU). People%27s National Army (Algeria) The People's National Army (PNA) ( Arabic : الجيش الوطني الشعبي الجزائري , romanized :  al-Jaysh al-Waṭanī al-Shaʿbī al-Jazāʾirī )

1157-510: Is al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb , formerly known as GSPC. Since major fighting subsided in about 1997, the army has been engaged in refitting itself for the tasks of a conventional army, after more than a decade of anti- guerrilla action. Over Boutiflika's 20-year-presidency, the military's influence over politics decreased, as commanders who once held strong political power started to retire, and Boutiflika himself secured more mandate from

1246-454: Is 4,000 kg (8,800 lb). Depending on configuration and protection options, up to 5,000 kg of cargo can be carried on land. The Fuchs 2 has a maximum payload of 6,000 kg. Motive power for the Fuchs 1 is provided by a Mercedes-Benz Model OM 402A V8 12.8-litre water-cooled diesel engine , with 320 hp (240 kW). This is coupled in a powerpack set-up, to a six-speed planetary gear torque converter transmission. In

1335-468: Is a whole number If one is to create an asymmetric carrier frame with non-equiangular planet gears, say to create some kind of mechanical vibration in the system, one must make the teething such that the above equation complies with the "imaginary gears". For example, in the case where a carrier frame is intended to contain planet gears spaced 0°, 50°, 120°, and 230°, one is to calculate as if there are actually 36 planetary gears (10° equiangular), rather than

1424-448: Is approx. 8 km/h. For steering, the propellers can be swivelled through 360°. Before entering the water, a trim vane, which is stowed on the glacis plate when travelling, is hydraulically erected. Bilge pumps are fitted. As part of the TPz A8 upgrade, the amphibious capability is removed, but the vehicles can wade up to 1.3 m. The welded steel hull of the Fuchs was designed to protect

1513-466: Is believed to have claimed 100-350,000 lives during the 1990s. During the war, both the armed forces and Islamist insurgents have been severely criticized by outside observers for their conduct of the war on humanitarian and human rights grounds. The state and army Islamist resistance in the late 1990s, but local and sporadic fighting persists in 2009, along with occasional bomb attacks against government targets in major cities. The most active insurgent group

1602-422: Is constructed from two identical coaxial epicyclic gear trains assembled with a single carrier such that their planet gears are engaged. This forms a planetary gear train with a fixed carrier train ratio R  = −1. In this case, the fundamental formula for the planetary gear train yields, or Thus, the angular velocity of the carrier of a spur gear differential is the average of the angular velocities of

1691-425: Is on the front four wheels. The Fuchs 2 offers the option of a central tyre inflation system (CTIS). The 1400 R20 tyres are of the run-flat type. On land the maximum speed is 105 km/h (65 mph). The operational range is 800 km. The Fuchs was designed as an amphibious vehicle . Water propulsion is provided by two four-bladed propellers mounted one either side of the hull at the rear. Maximum water speed

1780-536: Is one of four Saharan states which will create a Joint Military Staff Committee, to be based at Tamanrasset in southern Algeria. Algeria, Mauritania, Niger, and Mali will take part. Mortimer wrote that '..In March 2010, the Centre d'Etat-Major commun Opérationel Conjoint (CEMOC) was established'. A later report said the committee had a secretariat with four staff sections: operations, intelligence, logistics, and communications. Algeria's primary military suppliers have been

1869-405: Is stationary); one of the two remaining components is an input , providing power to the system, while the last component is an output , receiving power from the system. The ratio of input rotation to output rotation is dependent upon the number of teeth in each of the gears, and upon which component is held stationary. Alternatively, in the special case where the number of teeth on each gear meets

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1958-619: Is the military of the Algerian republic . It is the direct successor of the National Liberation Army (ALN), the armed wing of the nationalist National Liberation Front , which fought French colonial rule during the Algerian War of Independence (1954–1962). It ranks as the 26th most powerful military in the world according to Global Firepower Index, and ranks 22nd in defense spending globally. The People's National Army include

2047-610: Is the lowest gear ratio attainable with an epicyclic gear train. This type of gearing is sometimes used in tractors and construction equipment to provide high torque to the drive wheels. In bicycle hub gears , the sun is usually stationary, being keyed to the axle or even machined directly onto it. The planetary gear carrier is used as input. In this case the gear ratio is simply given by N s + N r N r   . {\displaystyle {\tfrac {\,N_{\text{s}}+N_{\text{r}}\,}{N_{\text{r}}}}~.} The number of teeth in

2136-607: The Algeria-Mali border , where various insurgent movements are based. Algeria has fought only two brief wars and battles after independence (the Sand War , a border conflict with Morocco in 1963 and the First battle of Amgala in 1976), but the country is also, like most Arab nations , formally at war with Israel since 1948. In 1984, after promoting eight colonels to become the first generals in independent Algeria, Chadli Benjedid announced

2225-668: The Algerian Land Forces , the Algerian Air Force , the Navy , and the Algerian Air Defence Force . The antecedents of the army were the conventional military units formed in neighbouring Morocco and Tunisia during the war of independence from France. The Algerian military élite has played a dominating role in Algerian politics ever since independence in 1962, when the army emerged as the only effective powerbroker in

2314-653: The Franco-German Brigade , the mountain infantry and the Jägers of the German Army have previously been fitted with the MILAN anti-tank guided missile, but these are no longer in service. All vehicles have six 76 mm grenade dischargers mounted to fire forwards. Vehicles deployed to Afghanistan were equipped with a GMG grenade launcher or an M2 Browning heavy machine gun instead of an MG3. The Fuchs 2 can be fitted with

2403-548: The German Ministry of Economic Affairs and Energy confirmed that it had approved the transfer of production equipment to Algeria to enable local production of the Fuchs 2. Kuwait ordered a batch of Fuchs 2 in 2015. These will be manufactured in Germany. The hull of the Fuchs is constructed of all-welded armoured steel . The driver sits at the front on the left, with the vehicle commander to his right. There are doors for both

2492-664: The Middle East . Since 2017 the "Société Algérienne de Fabrication de Véhicules de Marque Mercedes Benz" (SAFAV-MB) supplied the Algerian armed and security forces with several types of Mercedes-Benz vehicles like the Mercedes-Benz Unimog , Zetros , Sprinter , Actros , G-class ... Moreover all of this vehicles were created in algeria with the vehicles of the "Société Nationale des Véhicules Industrielles" (SNVI). Epicyclic gearing An epicyclic gear train (also known as

2581-745: The Soviet Union . United Press International reported in March 2013 that Algeria was undergoing a process of military modernization, which includes the introduction of new, more modern warships, aircraft, and tanks. On 19 January 2013, Algerian troops killed 32 militant hostage-takers and freed more than 650 hostages held at the Tigantourine gas facility , situated near in Amenas in the Illizi Province . Nearly 48 hostages are confirmed to be dead. The kidnappers said

2670-488: The bookwheel , a vertically revolving bookstand containing epicyclic gearing with two levels of planetary gears to maintain proper orientation of the books. French mathematician and engineer Desargues designed and constructed the first mill with epicycloidal teeth c.  1650 . In order that the planet gear teeth mesh properly with both the sun and ring gears, assuming n p {\displaystyle n_{\text{p}}} equally spaced planet gears,

2759-523: The 1980s played a crucial role when the Algerian Civil War occurred a decade later. The indigenously manufactured weapons helped the Algerian military in combating the Islamists around the country, contributing to the government's victory in 2002. Algeria exports its indigenously manufactured weapons to Tunisia , Mali , Niger , Libya , Mauritania and several other African as well as Arab states in

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2848-585: The Boumédiène era, and retaining its allegiance to the FLN during the one-party state years of Algerian history , the military forces were formally depoliticized in 1988, as a multi-party system was introduced. This, however, did not end military influence over Algerian politics. It was extremely suspicious of Islamist parties, such as the Islamic Salvation Front (Front Islamique du Salut, FIS) , and opposed

2937-517: The DRS has been dissolved and the new Algerian intelligence service is the "Direction des services de sécurités" (DSS). Military forces are supplemented by a 150,000-member National Gendarmerie ( Gendarmerie Nationale ), a paramilitary body, which is used mainly as a police force in rural areas. The 200,000-member Sûreté nationale or metropolitan police force is under the Ministry of the Interior. Algeria

3026-463: The FIS's legal recognition in 1989. Since most of the officers were trained overseas in states practicing secular laws, such as France and the Soviet Union, they believe Islamism was a threat to state foundations and a threat to the military's interests. This was reflected in decisions by army chiefs to ban the hijab and its reluctance to support Iraq during its invasion of Kuwait . In 1991, fearing

3115-525: The Fuchs 2, the powerpack is upgraded to a MTU 6V 199 TE20 V6 11.9-litre water-cooled EURO 3 emissions compliant diesel producing 456 hp (340 kW). This is coupled to a ZF 6HP 602 fully automatic six-speed transmission with integrated retarder. For test purposes, the power pack of the Fuchs can be run outside the vehicle. The rigid Mercedes-Benz drive axles are of the hub-reduction type, fitted with differential locks and are sprung by progressively acting coil springs and shock-absorbers. Power-steering

3204-541: The Fuchs 2, the roof height has been raised by 145 mm (5.7 in) for greater internal volume. Two assisted doors are fitted at the rear. On the Fuchs 2, a ramp is an option. There are three or four hatches in the roof of the troop compartment. In APC configuration, the ten infantrymen carried by Fuchs 1 are seated on individual bucket-type seats, five on each side. These seats can be folded up when not required. Fuchs 2 seats up to nine on much-improved blast-resistant seating. The normal amphibious payload for Fuchs 1

3293-601: The Greeks invented the idea of epicycles, of circles travelling on the circular orbits. With this theory Claudius Ptolemy in the Almagest in 148 CE was able to approximate planetary paths observed crossing the sky. The Antikythera Mechanism , circa 80 BCE, had gearing which was able to closely match the Moon's elliptical path through the heavens, and even to correct for the nine-year precession of that path. (The Greeks interpreted

3382-492: The Military Industry of Central Direction, which produces military arms, vehicles, weapons, ships, jets, helicopters, tanks, and other equipment. It was founded in 1998. The military industry of Algeria dates back to 1980, when Algeria needed to diversify and sought to have its own national equipment to be less reliant on weapons imported from the Soviet Union and France. The development of the military industry in Algeria in

3471-426: The Ministry of National Defence to coordinate staff activities. That year, Chadli Bendjedid announced the establishment of an ANP general staff. The general staff had responsibility for operational planning for the integrated armed forces, budgeting, information and communications, logistics and administrative support, mobilization, and recruiting. It was not, however, part of the regular chain of command. In practice,

3560-587: The TPz A7 and A8 upgrades, additional elements protect the underside and lower part of the hull against blast and IED threats. The baseline Fuchs 2 provides protection against small arms armour-piercing attack through a full 360°. To meet different threat levels, the Fuchs 2 has been designed to be fitted with enhanced passive armour packages developed by IBD. To enhance survivability while conducting Military Operations in Urban Terrain (MOUT), Rheinmetall has developed

3649-624: The armed forces chief of staff dealt directly with the chiefs of the service branches and with the commanders of the six military regions . Along with the minister of defence (Nezzar in 1993), Helen Chapin Metz wrote in 1993 that the senior hierarchy of the armed forces included the Chief of Staff of the People's National Army , Abdelmalek Guénaizia ; the commander of the National Gendarmerie, Abbas Ghezaiel;

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3738-413: The assault on the gas plant was launched in retaliation for French intervention against Islamist groups in neighboring Mali . The army is under the control of the president , who also is the minister of National Defence. The U.S. Central Intelligence Agency estimated that military expenditures accounted for some 6% of GDP in 2019. Before 1984, the armed forces had relied on the secretary general of

3827-509: The basic training and has produced its own reconnaissance drone since December 2010. The Russian company, Rosoboronexport , has expressed a request for financial assistance to several countries including Algeria , Iran , Saudi Arabia , and the UAE to participate in the project for the production of the T-50 (PAK-FA) 5th generation fighter aircraft. Algeria also has a military industrial company called as

3916-460: The chief of the DRS, Mohamed Médiène ; and the inspector general of the land forces, Tayeb Derradji . In October 2013 Jeune Afrique predicted the recreation of an inspectorate of the armed forces, possibly to be headed by General Ben Ali Ben Ali . The armed forces comprise: The army was in the process of being reorganized into four divisions in 1993, and also has numerous independent brigades and battalions. There are seven military regions,

4005-615: The country's Saharan south. Another weapons supplier of Algeria is France. France and Algeria have had a significant connection since the French Algeria colonial era, as France supplies weapons and armor to Algerian forces. As of October 2009, it was reported that Algeria canceled a weapons deal with France over the presence of Israeli parts. Four or eight battalions of Russian S-300PMU2 long-range anti-aircraft missiles were ordered in 2006. In 2006, multibillion-dollar purchases of Russian military equipment were made in order to upgrade

4094-635: The country's conventional arsenal. This included a deal by the Algerian Air Force to buy 28 Su-30MKA and 36 MiG-29 SMT for up to $ 3.5 billion. However, those MiG-29s were returned to Russia in February 2008 because of poor airframe quality, after technical evaluations in Algeria . In May 2008 the two governments agreed on a new deal to replace those 36 MiG-29SMT by a new batch of 16 Su-30MK A which meet all requirements of Algerian Air Force. Algeria also has

4183-567: The crew from armor-piercing small arms fire and shell splinters. For service with the United Nations Implementation Force (IFOR) operating in Bosnia , a higher level of protection was required and a batch of Fuchs 1 were upgraded with passive fibre compound add-on armour package developed by IBD-Deisenroth . This armour package includes an add-on armour mounted externally on the sides of the hull; internal spall liners fitted to

4272-470: The driver and commander. The door windows and windscreen have metal shutters that can be closed up. When closed up, the periscopes fitted in the roof of the vehicle, to the front of the driver's hatch, allow visibility out of the cabin. The commander has a circular roof hatch. The troop/cargo compartment, which is at the rear of the vehicle, is 3.2 m (10 ft) long, 1.25 m (4.1 ft) high and 1.5 m (4.9 ft) wide at its widest point. On

4361-570: The establishment of an ANP general staff. Previously, the armed forces had relied on the secretary general of the Ministry of National Defence to coordinate staff activities. The previous secretary general of the ministry, Major General Moustafa Benloucif , was named the first chief of staff. Benloucif had risen quickly in the ANP and was also an alternate member of the FLN Political Bureau. However, he

4450-406: The fixed carrier. This is given by In this calculation the planet gear is an idler gear. The fundamental formula of the planetary gear train with a rotating carrier is obtained by recognizing that this formula remains true if the angular velocities of the sun, planet and ring gears are computed relative to the carrier angular velocity. This becomes, This formula provides a simple way to determine

4539-399: The following equation must be satisfied: where N s , N r {\displaystyle N_{\text{s}},N_{\text{r}}} are the number of teeth of the sun gear and the ring gear , respectively and n p {\displaystyle n_{\text{p}}} is the number of planet gears in the assembly and A {\displaystyle A}

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4628-414: The following: and only if ω r ≠ ω c   . {\displaystyle \omega _{\text{r}}\neq \omega _{\text{c}}~.} In many epicyclic gearing systems, one of these three basic components is held stationary (hence set ω ... = 0 {\displaystyle \omega _{\text{...}}=0} for whichever gear

4717-577: The former Soviet Union, which sold various types of sophisticated equipment under military trade agreements, and the People's Republic of China . Since independence in the 1960s, no foreign bases are known to have been allowed in Algeria, although in the 1970s and 1980s, large numbers of Soviet military advisers were stationed in the country. Since 2001, security cooperation with the United States has increased, and US forces have taken part in training missions in

4806-477: The four real ones. The gear ratio of an epicyclic gearing system is somewhat non-intuitive, particularly because there are several ways in which an input rotation can be converted into an output rotation. The four basic components of the epicyclic gear are: The overall gear ratio of a simple planetary gearset can be calculated using the following two equations, representing the sun-planet and planet-ring interactions respectively: where from which we can derive

4895-415: The hull sides, rear and roof to reduce the secondary effects of particles having penetrated the main armour; additional elements in the floor area of the front and rear compartments to provide increased protection against mines ; new windows with increased protection and modification of the window protective shields. The TPz A7 upgrade included protection enhancements, as does the current TPz A8 upgrade. For

4984-604: The installation of Sharia Law , which would result in Algeria becoming an Islamic state , the Algerian Army cancelled free elections that were likely to bring an Islamist party, the Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) ( Front Islamique du Salut ) to power. They also launched a coup d'etat in January 1991 and forced Bendjedid to resign the presidency. For many officers, the election of an Islamist Algerian government would be

5073-401: The internal gear mate that is typical of a ring gear. Some epicyclic gear trains employ two planetary gears which mesh with each other. One of these planets meshes with the sun gear, the other planet meshes with the ring gear. This results in different ratios being generated by the planetary and also causes the sun gear to rotate in the same direction as the ring gear when the planet carrier is

5162-493: The late 1980s and early 1990s into Département du Renseignement et de la Sécurité (Department of Intelligence and Security, DRS). The DRS and its counter-espionage branch, DCE, was a leading role in the fight against the Islamist insurgency of the 1990s through a number of its own special forces units , as well as by establishing joint task force commands which assumed control over specialized military and police units. Since 2016

5251-459: The military ensured the continuation of its influence in politics by choosing Colonel Chadli Benjedid to succeed as the President, as he increasingly relied on the a small number of military advisers for advice. Despite this, factionalization and rivalries within the military and political élites remains a major factor in Algerian politics. After being structured as a politicized "people's army" in

5340-474: The military establishment as the founders and the backbone of the Algerian regime. Despite the influence of the army that time was limited due to state and army leadership were joined under Boumediène's highly authoritarian presidency, after his death in 1978, the role of the military in politics started to grow from the late 1970s. The Ministry of Defence took over administrative control of the government after Boumediène fell ill. After Boumediène's death in 1978,

5429-604: The military, General Ahmed Gaid Salah , demanded that he be declared unfit for office and be removed immediately. The major part of Algeria's armed forces are directed towards the country's western border with Morocco and Western Sahara . Algeria supported the guerrilla Western Sahara War (1975–1991) against Moroccan control of Western Sahara by the Polisario Front , a national liberation movement of Sahrawi Bedouin exiled in Algeria's Tindouf Province . Algeria has had longstanding border disagreements with Morocco, due to

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5518-465: The motion they saw, not as elliptical, but rather as epicyclic motion.) In the 2nd century AD treatise The Mathematical Syntaxis (a.k.a. Almagest ), Claudius Ptolemy used rotating deferent and epicycles that form epicyclic gear trains to predict the motions of the planets. Accurate predictions of the movement of the Sun, Moon, and the five planets, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn, across

5607-541: The new state, including naming Boumediène as the defence minister. Just three years later, Boumediène deposed Ben Bella in a coup, which also saw the former take power and the National Assembly replaced by the Revolutionary Council to oversee the development of state structures. The Council was set up by 26 military officers, including Chadli Bendjedid and Abdelaziz Bouteflika , and it gradually entrenched

5696-464: The non-recognition of the colonial borders by the Moroccan regime. Although now basically resolved, these continue to linger as a factor in the consistently troubled but generally non-violent relations between the two neighboring states. The Algeria-Morocco border has been closed since 1994. Both countries' armed forces have engaged in costly equipment upgrades in recent years, clearly viewing each other as

5785-463: The officers that he could keep the FIS in check with his constitutional and institutional powers, the military were still suspicious, as they doubted Benjedid's ability to exercise such powers and feared he might compromise with the FIS to maintain his position, including sacking senior personnel. The coup and the cancellation of elections triggered the Algerian Civil War in December 1991, a conflict which

5874-466: The other, not with meshed teeth but with a pin inserted into a slot on the second. As the slot drove the second gear, the radius of driving would change, thus invoking a speeding up and slowing down of the driven gear in each revolution. Richard of Wallingford , an English abbot of St. Albans monastery, later described epicyclic gearing for an astronomical clock in the 14th century. In 1588, Italian military engineer Agostino Ramelli invented

5963-434: The people, as his foreign policies rejuvenated Algeria's international status and domestic policies were successful in achieving reconciliation between different sides of the civil war and achieving peace. However, the military still has a role in Algerian politics. This was displayed during the Algerian protests that forced Bouteflika to resign from office in 2019, after losing support of the military, which Chief of Staff of

6052-705: The planet gear is irrelevant. From the above formulae, we can also derive the accelerations of the sun, ring and carrier, which are: In epicyclic gears, two speeds must be known in order to determine the third speed. However, in a steady state condition, only one torque must be known in order to determine the other two torques. The equations which determine torque are: where: τ r {\displaystyle \tau _{r}} — Torque of ring (annulus), τ s {\displaystyle \tau _{s}} — Torque of sun, τ c {\displaystyle \tau _{c}} — Torque of carrier. For all three, these are

6141-472: The planet gear(s) about its axis. Rotation of the planet gears can in turn drive the ring gear (not depicted in diagram), at a speed corresponding to the gear ratios: If the ring gear has N r {\displaystyle \,N_{\text{r}}\,} teeth, then the ring will rotate by N p N r {\displaystyle \,{\tfrac {\,N_{\text{p}}\,}{N_{\text{r}}}}\,} turns for each turn of

6230-533: The planetary gears. For instance, if the ring gear has 64 teeth, and the planets 16 teeth, one clockwise turn of a planet gear results in ⁠ 16 / 64  ⁠ , or ⁠ 1 / 4  ⁠ clockwise turns of the ring gear. Extending this case from the one above: So, with the planetary carrier locked, one turn of the sun gear results in − N s N r {\displaystyle \;-{\tfrac {\,N_{\text{s}}\,}{N_{\text{r}}}}\;} turns of

6319-403: The principal threat to their sovereignty, and equally reluctant to let the other nation gain the upper hand militarily. By contrast, Algeria's post-independence border disagreements with Tunisia and Libya , which were at times a cause for poor relations, both appear to have been peacefully resolved (to its advantage). The Algerian army has also, especially in later years, been very active along

6408-461: The ratio is equal to − N s N p . {\displaystyle -{\tfrac {\,N_{\text{s}}\,}{N_{\text{p}}}}\;.} For instance, if the sun gear has 24 teeth, and each planet has 16 teeth, then the ratio is ⁠− + 24 / 16  ⁠ , or ⁠− + 3 / 2  ⁠ ; this means that one clockwise turn of the sun gear produces 1.5  counterclockwise turns of each of

6497-415: The relationship N r = N s + 2 N p , {\displaystyle \,N_{\text{r}}=N_{\text{s}}+2\,N_{\text{p}}\;,} the equation can be re-written as the following: where These relationships can be used to analyze any epicyclic system, including those, such as hybrid vehicle transmissions, where two of the components are used as inputs with

6586-692: The ring gear is held stationary and the sun gear is used as the input, the planet carrier will be the output. The gear ratio in this case will be 1 / ( 1 + N r N s ) = N s N s + N r , {\displaystyle \,1/\left(1+{\tfrac {\,N_{\text{r}}\,}{N_{\text{s}}}}\right)={\tfrac {N_{\text{s}}}{\,N_{\text{s}}+N_{\text{r}}\,}}\;,} which may also be written as N s : N s + N r   . {\displaystyle \;N_{\text{s}}:N_{\text{s}}+N_{\text{r}}~.} This

6675-439: The ring gear, or the sun gear—stationary, three different gear ratios can be realized. Epicyclic gearing or planetary gearing is a gear system consisting of one or more outer, or planet , gears or pinions , revolving about a central sun gear or sun wheel . Typically, the planet gears are mounted on a movable arm or carrier , which itself may rotate relative to the sun gear. Epicyclic gearing systems also incorporate

6764-539: The ring gear. The ring gear may also be held fixed, with input provided to the planetary gear carrier; output rotation is then produced from the sun gear. This configuration will produce an increase in gear ratio, equal to 1 + N r N s = N s + N r N s   . {\displaystyle \;1+{\tfrac {\,N_{\text{r}}\,}{N_{\text{s}}}}={\tfrac {\,N_{\text{s}}+N_{\text{r}}\,}{N_{\text{s}}}}~.} If

6853-407: The seventh being added in 2013. The 6th Military Region was created in 1975 to cover the south, and the 7th Military Region in 2013. Regular military forces are composed of conscripts ; all Algerian men are required to do a year of military service. Military intelligence, recognized to have played a major political role, was long called Sécurité militaire (Military Security, SM) but reorganized in

6942-498: The sky assumed that each followed a trajectory traced by a point on the planet gear of an epicyclic gear train. This curve is called an epitrochoid . Epicyclic gearing was used in the Antikythera Mechanism , circa 80 BCE, to adjust the displayed position of the Moon for the ellipticity of its orbit , and even for its orbital apsidal precession . Two facing gears were rotated around slightly different centers; one drove

7031-476: The speed ratios for the simple planetary gear train under different conditions: 1. The carrier is held fixed, ω c =0, 2. The ring gear is held fixed, ω r =0, 3. The sun gear is held fixed, ω s =0, Each of the speed ratios available to a simple planetary gear train can be obtained by using band brakes to hold and release the carrier, sun or ring gears as needed. This provides the basic structure for an automatic transmission . A spur gear differential

7120-410: The sun and ring gears. In discussing the spur gear differential, the use of the term ring gear is a convenient way to distinguish the sun gears of the two epicyclic gear trains. Ring gears are normally fixed in most applications as this arrangement will have a good reduction capacity. The second sun gear serves the same purpose as the ring gear of a simple planetary gear train but clearly does not have

7209-471: The sun, planet carrier and ring axes are usually coaxial . Epicyclic gearing is also available which consists of a sun, a carrier, and two planets which mesh with each other. One planet meshes with the sun gear, while the second planet meshes with the ring gear. For this case, when the carrier is fixed, the ring gear rotates in the same direction as the sun gear, thus providing a reversal in direction compared to standard epicyclic gearing. Around 500 BCE,

7298-554: The third providing output relative to the two inputs. In one arrangement, the planetary carrier (green in the diagram above) is held stationary, and the sun gear (yellow) is used as input. In that case, the planetary gears simply rotate about their own axes (i.e., spin) at a rate determined by the number of teeth in each gear. If the sun gear has N s {\displaystyle \,N_{\text{s}}\,} teeth, and each planet gear has N p {\displaystyle \,N_{\text{p}}\,} teeth, then

7387-425: The torques applied to the mechanism (input torques). Output torques have the reverse sign of input torques. These torque ratios can be derived using the law of conservation of energy. Applied to a single stage this equation is expressed as: In the cases where gears are accelerating, or to account for friction, these equations must be modified. A convenient approach to determine the various speed ratios available in

7476-478: The use of an outer ring gear or annulus , which meshes with the planet gears. Planetary gears (or epicyclic gears) are typically classified as simple or compound planetary gears. Simple planetary gears have one sun, one ring, one carrier, and one planet set. Compound planetary gears involve one or more of the following three types of structures: meshed-planet (there are at least two more planets in mesh with each other in each planet train), stepped-planet (there exists

7565-487: The vehicles were originally built. Vehicles upgraded under this contract were given the TPz A7 designation. The latest upgraded Fuchs 1 are given the TPz A8 designation. Deliveries of these to the German Army began in March 2008. It introduced improved protection against mines and IEDs , specially for German units stationed in Afghanistan. The most recent TPz A8 upgrade award brought totals to 168 vehicles. Late in 2013, it

7654-454: Was awarded a contract by the German Army for 996 Transportpanzer Fuchs 1. The first production vehicle was handed over in December 1979, with deliveries running at 160 per year and concluding in late 1986. German Army designations for Fuchs 1 as delivered were: By early 1998 the German Army had upgraded 55 Fuchs 1 with additional protection, for use in the former Yugoslavia . In 1997, as

7743-460: Was dismissed in 1986 without explanation; in 1992 the regime announced that Benloucif would be tried for corruption and the embezzlement of US$ 11 million, which had been transferred to European accounts. Bouteflika sought to reassert the power of the presidency over the largely autonomous armed forces. As Minister of Defence, he nominated new commanders for military regions in August 2004. He also issued

7832-534: Was stated that, in the long term, the German Army planned to retain a fleet of up to 728 Fuchs 1 upgraded to TPz A8 standard. Continued development of the Fuchs 1 resulted in the Fuchs 2. It was shown to the public for the first time at the 2001 MSPO in Poland . In 2005, the first order for Fuchs 2 was for Nuclear, Biological and Chemical (NBC) reconnaissance variants for the United Arab Emirates (UAE). In 2014,

7921-580: Was the general staff of the ALN that was actually in charge of the revolution. When the war ended, it "dismissed" the GPRA and took over the running of the new state. After independence in 1962, the Army, led by Houari Boumediène , backed Ahmed Ben Bella to become president. Recognizing the role that the military played in bringing him to power, Ben Bella appointed senior officers as ministers and other important positions within

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