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67-504: The TFI Leap Card is a contactless smart card for automated fare collection overseen by Transport for Ireland (TFI). It was introduced in the Greater Dublin area in 2011 for Luas , DART , Iarnród Éireann and Dublin Bus , but acceptance has significantly expanded, and it is now accepted in cities nationwide and on some longer distance commuter routes. Initially, Leap Cards offered only

134-451: A NFC -enabled compatible iPhone or Android smartphone. It is also possible to reload a card using the Leap Card website, but it must then be registered online. When a Leap Card is registered, the cardholder can check their travel/purchase history online, but the card is no longer anonymous. Acceptance has extended beyond the original three operators, and now covers The capabilities of

201-482: A personal area network . GSMA defined a platform for the deployment of GSMA NFC Standards within mobile handsets. GSMA's efforts include, Single Wire Protocol , testing and certification and secure element. The GSMA standards surrounding the deployment of NFC protocols (governed by NFC Forum ) on mobile handsets are neither exclusive nor universally accepted. For example, Google's deployment of Host Card Emulation on Android KitKat provides for software control of

268-981: A 2005 tender; and the costs for the new system were far higher than budgeted. This led to the development of the Leap card platform from scratch; with the first cards becoming available to the general public in December 2011. Prior to this, both Luas and Iarnród Éireann (in the Greater Dublin Area only) had rolled out their own, non-interoperable smartcard systems with both e-purse and long-term period pass options in 2005 and 2010 respectively. Additionally, Dublin Bus started providing long-term period passes on smartcards from 2009 but did not offer an e-purse option. Smartcard tickets were generally slightly cheaper than cash fares on these systems, but without any consistency or any multi-operator offerings. The reader infrastructure installed at tram stops, rail stations and buses from this period

335-536: A NFC-enabled device such as a smartphone . NFC communicating in one or both directions uses a frequency of 13.56 MHz in the globally available unlicensed radio frequency ISM band , compliant with the ISO/IEC 18000-3 air interface standard at data rates ranging from 106 to 848 kbit/s. The NFC Forum has helped define and promote the technology, setting standards for certifying device compliance. Secure communications are available by applying encryption algorithms as

402-630: A company or manufacturer, but can be utilized immediately with an NFC-equipped smartphone and an NFC tag. The NFC Forum published the Signature Record Type Definition (RTD) 2.0 in 2015 to add integrity and authenticity for NFC Tags. This specification allows an NFC device to verify tag data and identify the tag author. NFC has been used in video games starting with Skylanders: Spyro's Adventure . These are customizable figurines which contain personal data with each figure, so no two figures are exactly alike. Nintendo's Wii U GamePad

469-587: A flat fare. This fare was originally €2.30 but it was decreased to €2 in May 2022 as part of measures to tackle the cost of living crises. In 2022, the fare was cut to €1 for students and those holding a Young Adult Leap card. The Leap platform has also been used for the rollout of the Public Services Cards , allowing the replacement of the paper (rural) or paper + cardboard photocard (Dublin) Free Travel Pass for older people and those with disabilities. This removes

536-451: A future possible alternatives to NFC technology due to further distances of data transmission, as well as Bluetooth and wireless technology. NFC is a set of short-range wireless technologies, typically requiring a separation of 10 cm ( 3 + 7 ⁄ 8  in) or less. NFC operates at 13.56  MHz on ISO/IEC 18000-3 air interface and at rates ranging from 106 kbit/s to 424 kbit/s. NFC always involves an initiator and

603-428: A lower transfer rate than Bluetooth low energy . With NFC, instead of performing manual configurations to identify devices, the connection between two NFC devices is automatically established in less than .1 second. The maximum data transfer rate of NFC (424 kbit/s) is slower than that of Bluetooth V2.1 (2.1 Mbit/s). NFC's maximum working distance of less than 20 cm ( 7 + 7 ⁄ 8  in) reduces

670-687: A modified Miller coding with 100 percent modulation is used. In all other cases Manchester coding is used with a modulation ratio of 10 percent. Every active NFC device can work in one or more of three modes: NFC tags are passive data stores which can be read, and under some circumstances written to, by an NFC device. They typically contain data (as of 2015 between 96 and 8,192 bytes) and are read-only in normal use, but may be rewritable. Applications include secure personal data storage (e.g. debit or credit card information, loyalty program data, personal identification numbers (PINs), contacts). NFC tags can be custom-encoded by their manufacturers or use

737-670: A new Reader Mode to act as readers for HCE cards and other NFC-based transactions. On September 9, 2014, Apple announced support for NFC-powered transactions as part of Apple Pay . With the introduction of iOS 11, Apple devices allow third-party developers to read data from NFC tags. As of 2022, there are five major NFC apps available in the UK: Apple Pay, Google Pay, Samsung Pay, Barclays Contactless Mobile and Fitbit Pay. The UK Finance's UK Payment Markets Summary 2021 looked at Apple Pay, Google Pay and Samsung Pay and found 17.3 million UK adults had registered for mobile payment (up 75% from

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804-423: A normal EMV card via their contact interface. The contactless interface provides similar data to a contact EMV transaction, but usually a subset of the capabilities (e.g. usually issuers will not allow balances to be increased via the contactless interface, instead requiring the card to be inserted into a device which uses the contact interface). EMV cards may carry an "offline balance" stored in their chip, similar to

871-502: A platform for the deployment of GSMA NFC Standards within mobile handsets. GSMA's efforts include Trusted Services Manager, Single Wire Protocol , testing/certification and secure element. NFC-enabled portable devices can be provided with application software , for example to read electronic tags or make payments when connected to an NFC-compliant system. These are standardized to NFC protocols, replacing proprietary technologies used by earlier systems. A patent licensing program for NFC

938-613: A pre-paid electronic wallet system for single-trip fares; since May 2014, it has also been possible to load it with weekly, monthly and annual subscriptions. In September 2017, there were over 2.5 million Leap Card users according to the National Transport Authority. The Leap Card is the result of many years' work by the Railway Procurement Agency and the National Transport Authority as part of

1005-690: A re-writeable smart card microchip that can be transcribed via radio waves. A contactless smart card is characterized as follows: Contactless smart cards can be used for identification, authentication, and data storage. They also provide a means of effecting business transactions in a flexible, secure, standard way with minimal human intervention. Contactless smart cards were first used for electronic ticketing in 1995 in Seoul, South Korea. Since then, smart cards with contactless interfaces have been increasingly popular for payment and ticketing applications such as mass transit. Globally, contactless fare collection

1072-463: A single card with some shared storage and processing. An example is Porto 's multi-application transport card, called Andante , that uses a chip in contact and contactless (ISO/IEC 14443 type B) mode. Like smart cards with contacts, contactless cards do not have a battery. Instead, they use a built-in inductor , using the principle of resonant inductive coupling , to capture some of the incident electromagnetic signal, rectify it, and use it to power

1139-654: A smart card usually implements some cryptographic algorithm . However, there are several methods of recovering some of the algorithm's internal state. Differential power analysis involves measuring the precise time and electric current required for certain encryption or decryption operations. This is most often used against public key algorithms such as RSA in order to deduce the on-chip private key, although some implementations of symmetric ciphers can be vulnerable to timing or power attacks as well. Smart cards can be physically disassembled by using acid, abrasives, or some other technique to obtain direct, unrestricted access to

1206-947: A target; the initiator actively generates an RF field that can power a passive target. This enables NFC targets to take very simple form factors such as unpowered tags, stickers, key fobs, or cards. NFC peer-to-peer communication is possible, provided both devices are powered. NFC tags contain data and are typically read-only, but may be writable. They can be custom-encoded by their manufacturers or use NFC Forum specifications. The tags can securely store personal data such as debit and credit card information, loyalty program data, PINs and networking contacts, among other information. The NFC Forum defines five types of tags that provide different communication speeds and capabilities in terms of configurability, memory, security, data retention and write endurance. As with proximity card technology, NFC uses inductive coupling between two nearby loop antennas effectively forming an air-core transformer . Because

1273-502: A transaction. They are often used when transactions must be processed quickly or hands-free, such as on mass transit systems, where a smart card can be used without even removing it from a wallet . The standard for contactless smart card communications is ISO/IEC 14443 . It defines two types of contactless cards ("A" and "B") and allows for communications at distances up to 10 cm (3.9 in) . There had been proposals for ISO/IEC 14443 types C, D, E, F and G that have been rejected by

1340-1375: A universal radio. In this HCE Deployment the NFC protocol is leveraged without the GSMA standards. Other standardization bodies involved in NFC include: NFC allows one- and two-way communication between endpoints, suitable for many applications. NFC devices can act as electronic identity documents and keycards . They are used in contactless payment systems and allow mobile payment replacing or supplementing systems such as credit cards and electronic ticket smart cards. These are sometimes called NFC/CTLS or CTLS NFC , with contactless abbreviated as CTLS . NFC can be used to share small files such as contacts and for bootstrapping fast connections to share larger media such as photos, videos, and other files. NFC devices can be used in contactless payment systems, similar to those used in credit cards and electronic ticket smart cards, and allow mobile payment to replace/supplement these systems. In Android 4.4, Google introduced platform support for secure NFC-based transactions through Host Card Emulation (HCE), for payments, loyalty programs, card access, transit passes and other custom services. HCE allows any Android 4.4 app to emulate an NFC smart card, letting users initiate transactions with their device. Apps can use

1407-497: Is a pan-European consortium supported by the European Commission 's Information Society Technologies program. StoLPaN will examine the potential for NFC local wireless mobile communication. NFC Forum is a non-profit industry association formed on March 18, 2004, by NXP Semiconductors , Sony and Nokia to advance the use of NFC wireless interaction in consumer electronics, mobile devices and PCs. Its specifications include

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1474-425: Is a set of communication protocols that enables communication between two electronic devices over a distance of 4 cm ( 1 + 1 ⁄ 2  in) or less. NFC offers a low-speed connection through a simple setup that can be used for the bootstrapping of capable wireless connections. Like other proximity card technologies, NFC is based on inductive coupling between two electromagnetic coils present on

1541-423: Is a soccer ball that contains an NFC chip within. The chip enables users to interact with the ball using a smartphone. NFC and Bluetooth are both relatively short-range communication technologies available on mobile phones . NFC operates at slower speeds than Bluetooth and has a much shorter range, but consumes far less power and doesn't require pairing. NFC sets up more quickly than standard Bluetooth, but has

1608-548: Is able to eavesdrop the RF signal depends on multiple parameters, but is typically less than 10 meters. Also, eavesdropping is highly affected by the communication mode. A passive device that doesn't generate its own RF field is much harder to eavesdrop on than an active device. An attacker can typically eavesdrop within 10 m of an active device and 1 m for passive devices. Because NFC devices usually include ISO/IEC 14443 protocols, relay attacks are feasible. For this attack

1675-515: Is at a premium and high power charging is less critical. The NFC Forum also facilitates a certification program, labeled as Test Release 13.1 (TR13.1), ensuring that products adhere to the WLC 2.0 specification. This certification aims to establish trust and consistency across NFC implementations, minimizing risks for manufacturers and providing assurance to consumers about the reliability and functionality of their NFC-enabled wireless charging devices. NFC

1742-584: Is being employed for efficiencies in public transit. The various standards emerging are local in focus and are not compatible, though the MIFARE Classic card from Philips has a large market share in the United States and Europe. In more recent times, Visa and MasterCard have agreed to standards for general "open loop" payments on their networks, with millions of cards deployed in the U.S., in Europe and around

1809-519: Is done for credit cards and if they fit the criteria for being considered a personal area network . NFC standards cover communications protocols and data exchange formats and are based on existing radio-frequency identification (RFID) standards including ISO/IEC 14443 and FeliCa . The standards include ISO/IEC 18092 and those defined by the NFC Forum. In addition to the NFC Forum, the GSMA group defined

1876-547: Is especially suitable for smaller devices like earbuds, wearables, and other compact Internet of Things (IoT) appliances. Compared to the more widely known Qi wireless charging standard by the Wireless Power Consortium , which offers up to 15W of power over distances up to 4 cm ( 1 + 5 ⁄ 8  in), NFC WLC provides a lower power output but benefits from a significantly smaller antenna size. This makes NFC WLC an ideal solution for devices where space

1943-533: Is rooted in radio-frequency identification technology (known as RFID) which allows compatible hardware to both supply power to and communicate with an otherwise unpowered and passive electronic tag using radio waves. This is used for identification, authentication and tracking . Similar ideas in advertising and industrial applications were not generally successful commercially, outpaced by technologies such as QR codes , barcodes and UHF RFID tags. Ultra-wideband (UWB) another radio technology has been hailed as

2010-558: Is standardized in: NFC incorporates a variety of existing standards including ISO/IEC 14443 Type A and Type B, and FeliCa (also simply named F or NFC-F). NFC-enabled phones work at a basic level with existing readers. In "card emulation mode" an NFC device should transmit, at a minimum, a unique ID number to a reader. In addition, NFC Forum defined a common data format called NFC Data Exchange Format (NDEF) that can store and transport items ranging from any MIME -typed object to ultra-short RTD-documents, such as URLs . The NFC Forum added

2077-607: Is under deployment by France Brevets, a patent fund created in 2011. This program was under development by Via Licensing Corporation, an independent subsidiary of Dolby Laboratories , and was terminated in May 2012. A platform-independent free and open source NFC library, libnfc , is available under the GNU Lesser General Public License . Present and anticipated applications include contactless transactions, data exchange and simplified setup of more complex communications such as Wi-Fi . In addition, when one of

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2144-505: The COVID-19 pandemic , demand for and usage of contactless credit and debit cards has increased, although coins and banknotes are generally safe and this technology will thus not reduce the spread of the virus. Contactless smart card readers use radio waves to communicate with, and both read and write data on a smart card. When used for electronic payment, they are commonly located near PIN pads , cash registers and other places of payment. When

2211-553: The Simple NDEF Exchange Protocol (SNEP) to the spec that allows sending and receiving messages between two NFC devices. The GSM Association (GSMA) is a trade association representing nearly 800 mobile telephony operators and more than 200 product and service companies across 219 countries. Many of its members have led NFC trials and are preparing services for commercial launch. GSM is involved with several initiatives: StoLPaN (Store Logistics and Payment with NFC)

2278-462: The electronic wallet or "purse" that users of transit smart cards are used to. A quickly growing application is in digital identification cards. In this application, the cards are used for authentication of identity. The most common example is in conjunction with a PKI . The smart card will store an encrypted digital certificate issued from the PKI along with any other relevant or needed information about

2345-625: The ISO/IEC 14443 standard. The following tables list smart cards used for public transportation and other electronic purse applications. A related contactless technology is RFID (radio frequency identification). In certain cases, it can be used for applications similar to those of contactless smart cards, such as for electronic toll collection . RFID devices usually do not include writeable memory or microcontroller processing capability as contactless smart cards often do. There are dual-interface cards that implement contactless and contact interfaces on

2412-906: The International Organization for Standardization. An alternative standard for contactless smart cards is ISO/IEC 15693 , which allows communications at distances up to 50 cm (1.6 ft). Examples of widely used contactless smart cards are Seoul 's Upass (1996), Malaysia Touch 'n Go card (1997), Hong Kong 's Octopus card , Shanghai 's Public Transportation Card (1999), Paris 's Navigo card , Japan Rail 's Suica Card (2001), Singapore 's EZ-Link , Taiwan 's EasyCard , San Francisco Bay Area 's Clipper Card (2002), London 's Oyster card , Beijing 's Municipal Administration and Communications Card (2003), South Korea 's T-money , Southern Ontario 's Presto card , India 's More Card , Israel's Rav-Kav Card (2008), Melbourne 's Myki card and Sydney 's Opal card which predate

2479-526: The Mifare Classic 1k. The Leap Card system has cost €55 million to date. However, since its launch in December 2011, it has had a turnover of €263 million as of April 2015. Later on, the National Transport Authority sought a partner to operate the Leap Card system on the authority's behalf. The partner would have to pull together the myriad facets required to operate the ITS, handling the complexities associated with

2546-515: The NFC Forum. NFC is standardized in ECMA-340 and ISO/IEC 18092. These standards specify the modulation schemes, coding, transfer speeds and frame format of the RF interface of NFC devices, as well as initialization schemes and conditions required for data collision-control during initialization for both passive and active NFC modes. They also define the transport protocol , including protocol activation and data-exchange methods. The air interface for NFC

2613-399: The U.S. Payment occurs in a similar fashion to mag-stripe, without a PIN and often in off-line mode (depending on parameters of the terminal). The security level of such a transaction is better than a mag-stripe card, as the chip cryptographically generates a code which can be verified by the card issuer's systems. Contactless EMV cards have two interfaces (contact and contactless) and work as

2680-430: The United States, and in 2006 in some parts of Europe and Asia (Singapore). In the U.S., contactless (non PIN ) transactions cover a payment range of ~$ 5–$ 100. In general there are two classes of contactless bank cards: magnetic stripe data (MSD) and contactless EMV . Contactless MSD cards are similar to magnetic stripe cards in terms of the data they share across the contactless interface. They are only distributed in

2747-601: The adversary forwards the request of the reader to the victim and relays its answer to the reader in real time, pretending to be the owner of the victim's smart card. This is similar to a man-in-the-middle attack . One libnfc code example demonstrates a relay attack using two stock commercial NFC devices. This attack can be implemented using only two NFC-enabled mobile phones. NFC standards cover communications protocols and data exchange formats, and are based on existing RFID standards including ISO/IEC 14443 and FeliCa . The standards include ISO/IEC 18092 and those defined by

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2814-484: The bus-driver terminal as well as the right-hand card reader), are made by Mifare/NXP and the 'pole terminals' are also made by Mifare (as the original Luas smart card is a Mifare classic). While the Leap Card is a MiFare DESFire EV1, the standard (carton/paper) Dublin bus RFID tickets were using MiFare Ultralight (Type A (ISO/IEC 14443 Type A)) while the Rail Smart Card (Dublin short-hop zone) from Iarnród Éireann used

2881-461: The card have been extended to reach almost all groups. The following are currently in operation: The Leap Card uses a chip inside the card that can be read from and written to without direct contact: a so-called proximity card or RFID card. The original Luas and Iarnród Éireann cards used the MIFARE classic card, which became notorious because of the ease with which they can be hacked into. Because of

2948-423: The card holder. Examples include the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) Common Access Card (CAC), and the use of various smart cards by many governments as identification cards for their citizens. When combined with biometrics, smart cards can provide two- or three-factor authentication. Smart cards are not always a privacy-enhancing technology, for the subject carries possibly incriminating information about him all

3015-592: The card's electronics. Since the start of using the Seoul Transportation Card , numerous cities have moved to the introduction of contactless smart cards as the fare media in an automated fare collection system. In a number of cases these cards carry an electronic wallet as well as fare products, and can be used for low-value payments. Starting around 2005, a major application of the technology has been contactless payment credit and debit cards. Some major examples include: Roll-outs started in 2005 in

3082-651: The configuration of Wi-Fi networks. Samsung Galaxy devices have a feature named S-Beam —an extension of Android Beam that uses NFC (to share MAC address and IP addresses ) and then uses Wi-Fi Direct to share files and documents. The advantage of using Wi-Fi Direct over Bluetooth is that it permits much faster data transfers, running up to 300 Mbit/s. NFC can be used for social networking , for sharing contacts, text messages and forums, links to photos, videos or files and entering multiplayer mobile games . NFC-enabled devices can act as electronic identity documents found in passports and ID cards, and keycards for

3149-551: The connected devices has Internet connectivity, the other can exchange data with online services. Near-field communication (NFC) technology not only supports data transmission but also enables wireless charging, providing a dual-functionality that is particularly beneficial for small, portable devices. The NFC Forum has developed a specific wireless charging specification, known as NFC Wireless Charging (WLC), which allows devices to charge with up to 1W of power over distances of up to 2 cm ( 3 ⁄ 4  in). This capability

3216-583: The core financial process management (FPM), Contact Centre and card management functions. The National Transport Authority ended choosing DXC Technology. The company currently outsources NTA's integrated ticketing back-office operations, IT management, retail network and web portal delivery. Contactless smart card There are two broad categories of contactless smart cards. Memory cards contain non-volatile memory storage components, and perhaps some specific security logic. Contactless smart cards contain read-only RFID called CSN (Card Serial Number) or UID, and

3283-473: The distances involved are tiny compared to the wavelength of electromagnetic radiation (radio waves) of that frequency (about 22 metres), the interaction is described as near field . An alternating magnetic field is the main coupling factor and almost no power is radiated in the form of radio waves (which are electromagnetic waves, also involving an oscillating electric field ); that minimises interference between such devices and any radio communications at

3350-440: The five distinct tag types that provide different communication speeds and capabilities covering flexibility, memory, security, data retention and write endurance. NFC Forum promotes implementation and standardization of NFC technology to ensure interoperability between devices and services. As of January 2020, the NFC Forum had over 120 member companies. NFC Forum promotes NFC and certifies device compliance and whether it fits in

3417-400: The industry specifications. Although the range of NFC is limited to a few centimeters, standard plain NFC is not protected against eavesdropping and can be vulnerable to data modifications. Applications may use higher-layer cryptographic protocols to establish a secure channel. The RF signal for the wireless data transfer can be picked up with antennas. The distance from which an attacker

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3484-464: The need to get a paper concessionary ticket issued for many rail journeys, reduces fraud opportunities and allows for the cancellation of passes. Anonymous Leap cards can be purchased at Payzone outlets or from certain Luas or Irish Rail ticketing machines. A new card will cost €10 and that card will have an initial credit of €5. Value from an existing smart-card cannot be transferred onto a Leap Card, but it

3551-465: The on-board microprocessor. Although such techniques obviously involve a fairly high risk of permanent damage to the chip, they permit much more detailed information (e.g. photomicrographs of encryption hardware) to be extracted. Short distance (≈10 cm. or 4″) is required for supplying power. The radio frequency, however, can be eavesdropped within several meters once powered-up. Near-field communication Near-field communication ( NFC )

3618-446: The pickup antenna may be quenched in an eddy current by nearby metallic surfaces, the tags may require a minimum separation from such surfaces. The ISO/IEC 18092 standard supports data rates of 106, 212 or 424 kbit/s . The communication takes place between an active "initiator" device and a target device which may either be: NFC employs two different codings to transfer data. If an active device transfers data at 106 kbit/s,

3685-495: The readers are used for public transit they are commonly located on fare boxes, ticket machines, turnstiles, and station platforms as a standalone unit. When used for security, readers are usually located to the side of an entry door. A contactless smart card is a card in which the chip communicates with the card reader through an induction technology similar to that of an RFID (at data rates of 106 to 848 kbit/s). These cards require only close proximity to an antenna to complete

3752-619: The rollout of an integrated ticketing scheme for public transport in Dublin city. Fares are generally discounted compared to cash prices, and integrated ticketing is offered in the Dublin area via a flat fare system across all modes of transport. The minimum top-up for the card is currently €5, and it can be topped up via iPhone/Android app, at LUAS or DART ticketing machines, and in convenience stores offering Payzone services. The Railway Procurement Agency , now part of Transport Infrastructure Ireland ,

3819-644: The same frequency or with other NFC devices much beyond its intended range. NFC operates within the globally available and unlicensed radio frequency ISM band of 13.56 MHz. Most of the RF energy is concentrated in the ±7 kHz bandwidth allocated for that band, but the emission's spectral width can be as wide as 1.8 MHz in order to support high data rates. Working distance with compact standard antennas and realistic power levels could be up to about 20 cm ( 7 + 7 ⁄ 8  in) (but practically speaking, working distances never exceed 10 cm or 3 + 7 ⁄ 8  in). Note that because

3886-537: The security concerns of the Mifare classic the company that designed the card, NXP Semiconductors , have developed RFID cards that use a better encryption method. The RPA has not disclosed which card is being used for the Leap Card but scanning the card with a generic RFID reader shows it as a MIFARE DESFire EV1 (in detail: cardtype=ISO/IEC 14443-4 Smart Card, Mifare DESFire EV1 (MF3ICD41)). The terminals used in Dublin Bus (both

3953-624: The time. By employing contactless smart cards, that can be read without having to remove the card from the wallet or even the garment it is in, one can add even more authentication value to the human carrier of the cards. The Malaysian government uses smart card technology in the identity cards carried by all Malaysian citizens and resident non-citizens. The personal information inside the smart card (called MyKad ) can be read using special APDU commands. Smart cards have been advertised as suitable for personal identification tasks, because they are engineered to be tamper resistant . The embedded chip of

4020-415: The use in fare cards , transit passes , login cards , car keys and access badges . NFC's short range and encryption support make it more suitable than less private RFID systems. NFC-equipped smartphones can be paired with NFC Tags or stickers that can be programmed by NFC apps. These programs can allow a change of phone settings, texting, app launching, or command execution. Such apps do not rely on

4087-494: The world. Smart cards are being introduced in personal identification and entitlement schemes at regional, national, and international levels. Citizen cards, drivers’ licenses, and patient card schemes are becoming more prevalent. In Malaysia, the compulsory national ID scheme MyKad includes 8 different applications and is rolled out for 18 million users. Contactless smart cards are being integrated into ICAO biometric passports to enhance security for international travel. With

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4154-546: The year before) and of those, 84% had made a mobile payment. NFC offers a low-speed connection with simple setup that can be used to bootstrap more capable wireless connections . For example, Android Beam software uses NFC to enable pairing and establish a Bluetooth connection when doing a file transfer and then disabling Bluetooth on both devices upon completion. Nokia, Samsung, BlackBerry and Sony have used NFC technology to pair Bluetooth headsets, media players and speakers with one tap. The same principle can be applied to

4221-480: Was all physically compatible with the Leap system when introduced and did not need replacement. Initially, only discounted cash fare equivalents were offered; but the ability to load period passes to the card was added in 2013 with all Taxsaver products converted from paper or the operators' prior smartcards by 2014. The fully integrated ticketing element of the project moved closer in 2019. Greater Dublin Area fare capping

4288-509: Was introduced for single operators in 2012 with a multi-operator cap introduced in 2013. A further step towards the planned 90-minute all-mode fare was introduced in 2015, with the Leap90 discount of €1 on each journey within 90 minutes of a prior journey. As of late 2021, the Leap Card is fully integrated in the Dublin area, allowing 90 mins of travel across any combination of Dublin Bus, Luas and most Dart, commuter rail and Go-Ahead Ireland buses for

4355-548: Was possible to get a free Leap Card for holders of the 'old' Luas or Rail smart-cards until 30 September 2014. Personalised cards for use with period tickets are provided free-of-charge but without any credit. Customers can only use the card for e-purse transactions when the card is in credit; although a fare can bring the card to a negative balance of up to -€5. Cards can be topped-up via Payzone outlets, or any Luas or Irish Rail ticketing machines, They can also be anonymously topped up, and recent ticket history viewed, using an app on

4422-413: Was responsible for the development of light railway and metro infrastructure and developing an integrated smart card system. First plans were made at the end of the last century and initially it was planned to introduce an integrated card when the Luas system would start to operate in 2004 or 2005. The development of the new system had many delays and setbacks, including the withdrawal of all three bidders in

4489-710: Was the first console system to include NFC technology out of the box. It was later included in the Nintendo 3DS range (being built into the New Nintendo 3DS/XL and in a separately sold reader which uses Infrared to communicate to older 3DS family consoles) and the Nintendo Switch range (being built within the right Joy-Con controller and directly in the Nintendo Switch Lite). The amiibo range of accessories utilize NFC technology to unlock features. Adidas Telstar 18

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