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112-529: TCHC is a municipal corporation of the City of Toronto , representing a $ 10 billion public asset. It operates as a non-profit with most of its operating funding coming from the residents' rental payments and subsidies from the City of Toronto. The remainder of funding comes from renting commercial spaces, parking, laundry, cable, and income from other investments. The City of Toronto is the sole shareholder of TCHC and appoints

224-497: A tiered police service delivery model , or by civil law enforcement agencies in jurisdictions that do not authorize a specific class of civil law enforcement officer. Special constabularies are differentiated from other types of special constable employers by their proactive, uniformed, and semi-independent role in community safety and delivery of police-style services, as opposed to the limited mandate of reactive law enforcement and investigations of other special constable employers or

336-559: A Safety and Security Department, responsible for emergency management, community patrols, and "ensur[ing] compliance" with Musqueam by-laws. The Fort McKay First Nation in the Alberta oil sands maintains a Park Ranger Program — staffed by peace officers able to enforce First Nation by-laws but only report violations of provincial or federal law — to patrol the reserve's parks and wilderness and provide assistance and education to band members and visitors. The Fort McKay First Nation also maintains

448-459: A TCHC building in 2011. One of the responses by TCHC CEO Len Koroneos was, “Good eviction prevention programs cannot be implemented at the expense of rent collection”. The TCHC Board adopted Ombudsman Toronto’s recommendations from their progress update. Some of these recommendations range from staff training to performance management so the TCHC can implement equitable practices for senior tenants. One of

560-481: A bedbug investigation in July. There are reports that the fire worsened because of newspapers, books, and other combustible materials in the unit when the fire began. The building was home to 1,200 residents and had massive damage on the 23rd, 24th, and 25th floors. TCHC has compiled a list of buildings in need of repair since forming in 2002. In 2011, TCHC initiated a program of selling off units and other assets to delegate

672-566: A board of directors to manage and monitor the TCHC performance. The Board includes two city councillors, a mayor or mayoral representative, three tenant directors and seven citizen members.   TCHC is a 2022 Greater Toronto’s Top Employers winner. TCHC was also named one of Canada’s Top 100 Employers by Mediacorp Canada’s Inc in 2009 and 2011. In 1998, the Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto, which included six constituent municipalities of East York, Etobicoke, North York, Scarborough, York, and

784-484: A former Canadian Pacific Police Service officer alleged that he was ordered to stop investigating a fatal railway derailment to protect the railway's interests. There are six provincial police services in Canada, maintained by four provinces, although only three are involved in frontline policing. The Ontario Provincial Police and Sûreté du Québec provide provincial police services to Ontario and Quebec , respectively,

896-582: A former subsidiary, Housing Services Inc., in connection with an insurance claim for the 200 Wellesley Street East building fire. The file was turned over to Toronto Police for further investigation. On May 27, 2022, a ceiling panel in the bedroom of a TCHC unit collapsed, sending a tenant to the hospital with injuries. The townhouse unit was in Swansea Mews, a complex near the Queensway, housing around 420 people. Inspection by third-party engineers determined that

1008-607: A generalist police service, where sworn police officers with standardized training provide the bulk of police services — response to emergencies, investigation of crimes, community safety initiatives, and some clerical duties — and are augmented by a handful of non-police specialists in administrative roles; tiered police organizations employ a variety of staff with different training and expertise, as well as sworn police officers, who then specialize in various policing functions or components of those functions, including criminal investigations and frontline police service delivery. In Canada,

1120-406: A minimum standard of "adequate and effective" policing, while others, such as Quebec , authorize several tiers of police forces based on the size of the municipality, with the lowest tiers providing only basic patrol and law enforcement functions and the highest tiers responsible for all law enforcement, investigations, and policing in their jurisdiction. Beginning in the 1970s, and continuing into

1232-981: A municipal police service, and the majority of municipal police forces serve urban areas exclusively. Many rural communities also operate police services, however, and several have only a handful of police officers. The police services in the Town of Luseland , Saskatchewan, and the Rural Municipality of Cornwallis , Manitoba both have one officer each. As the delivery of police services is a provincial responsibility, each province has its own set of standards that police services must meet. In several provinces, such as Ontario , police services must be able to provide 24/7 coverage, investigate all criminal matters, and provide for specialized units such as police dogs, while other provinces allow small police forces to rely on outside resources to routinely supplement their patrols and investigations. Some provinces, such as Manitoba , do not define

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1344-603: A narrower mandate (but not fewer powers) in communities that maintain independent traffic enforcement or mental health crisis response agencies . The federal government maintains two police forces: the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) and the Canadian Forces Military Police (CFMP). The RCMP's first responsibility is the enforcement of federal laws, although contract policing for provinces, territories, municipalities, and First Nations

1456-406: A neighbouring community or the province for police services. Civil law enforcement, however, is the responsibility of the level or agency of government that developed those laws — the by-laws of a transit authority, for example, are enforced by that transit authority, while federal environmental regulations are enforced by the federal government. The federal government maintains its own police force,

1568-637: A new unit being built as part of the revitalization process. In other cases, residents may need to move to a relocation unit in the same community or another TCHC building. Every resident who is relocated as part of a Revitalization has the right to return to a new unit being built as part of the revitalization process, subject to Relocation Agreement eligibility rules. The Foundation Program provides eligible Toronto Community Housing tenants living in Regent Park, Lawrence Heights, Alexandra Park or Allenbury Gardens with down payment assistance for up to 35 per cent of

1680-596: A number of communities, including: A significant project is the revitalization of Regent Park . Demolition work began in February 2006 and was followed by the completion of the neighbourhood’s first building in 2008. The five-phase project was developed by two companies. The Daniels Corporation was responsible for completing Phases 1, 2 and 3, while the remaining Phases 4 and 5 are to be completed by Tridel. As of 2022, work continues on Phases 4 and 5. In 2019, TCHC launched its 10-year $ 2.6 billion capital repair plan to revitalize

1792-668: A partially-redacted 2019 memo to then- Minister of Public Safety Bill Blair "confirmed" for the Minister that "federal policing responsibilities have been and are being eroded to meet contract demands." Between 2012 and 2020, the RCMP gradually closed its money laundering and financial crimes units in British Columbia and Ontario, and in 2019, there were no RCMP officers in B.C. dedicated to investigating money laundering. In 2021, an all-party federal parliamentary committee recommended terminating

1904-406: A plan to fix its buildings through its Revitalization program. The Revitalization plan leverages the value of the property in many of its communities to offset the cost of replacing and renewing homes. TCHC’s private sector development partners are addressing 10 to 12 per cent of its community Revitalization portfolio. TCHC and the City of Toronto developed the 10-Year Capital Financing Plan to address

2016-602: A program that allowed Indigenous governments to appoint federal judges to enforce Indigenous laws in specialized courts in 2004, and as of 2022, few Indigenous governments exercise their powers to enact and enforce by-laws. Several First Nations, such as the Asubpeeschoseewagong First Nation in northern Ontario , rely on police services to enforce by-laws, while others maintain dedicated by-law enforcement agencies. First Nations in Alberta , Saskatchewan , and Manitoba can maintain special constabularies for

2128-670: A railway line or as it relates to railway operations. As of 2023, the Canadian National Railway , the Canadian Pacific Kansas City railway, and Via Rail — a Crown Corporation — each maintain their own police service. TransLink , the transit authority for the Metro Vancouver Regional District in British Columbia , maintains a police force authorized by the province as opposed to

2240-633: A review of nine Canadian police services in 2016 found that there were no significant differences in cost or service quality between regional and non-regional police forces, and a separate 2015 literature review found that larger police services are less effective and more expensive than those serving about 50 000 people. As of 2022, police regionalization continues to be proposed by both provinces and municipalities, particularly in metropolitan areas where several urban municipalities that border one another each maintain independent police services. In 2022, there were 70 566 active police officers in Canada, out of

2352-489: A role in selecting detachment commanders, and review police service performance, including complaints, on a regular basis. In Quebec, contract police services are available to any municipality — outside of those in urban agglomerations — with fewer than 50,000 residents. In 2021, a provincial committee recommended that the population threshold for contract police services be raised to 130,000 residents and that police forces serving populations under this threshold be folded into

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2464-953: A special constabulary to provide general community safety services. In Yukon and the Northwest Territories , First Nations can hire "community safety officers", who — unlike community safety officers in Saskatchewan — have no law enforcement or police powers and are instead tasked with patrolling communities, engaging with residents, and responding to emergencies. Many of these agencies are composed mostly or entirely of elders. Some First Nations in Saskatchewan operate "peacekeeper" programs, whose staff do not have law enforcement or police powers, to respond to non-violent calls for service, vehicle accidents, and fires. Similar programmes exist in Winnipeg, Manitoba , where volunteer organizations like

2576-401: A total authorized strength (the maximum number of officers all the police forces in Canada combined are allowed to hire) of 74 528. Additionally, there were 32 717 non-sworn support personnel employed by police services across the country. Canadian police strength reached a peak in 1975, when there were 206 officers per 100,000 people. Although the current number reflects a significant rise in

2688-476: A transit agency, housing authority, park authority, or university campus; proactive community policing, crime prevention, and enhanced civil law enforcement for a municipality or First Nation; or security policing and law enforcement for an institution or legislature. Unlike police services, special constabularies only provide supplementary policing and do not replace the police service of jurisdiction. Although officers employed by special constabularies have

2800-602: A variety of categories and are referred to by different titles depending on the individual employer and role. They include sworn special constables and peace officers providing a variety of frontline police services; forensic and crime scene investigators; criminal investigators; clerical administrators; volunteers; and media affairs specialists. Individual police services may refer to non-police specialists as "police staff," "civilian employees," or "professional staff." Special constables and other peace officers employed in enforcement and frontline policing roles operate under

2912-1080: A variety of different designations depending on the individual police service and relevant provincial regulation: some police services categorize these officers as civilian or professional staff, while others categorize them as sworn employees in a category distinct from police officers. The Winnipeg Police Service and Vancouver Police Department both employ special constables to guard crime scenes, respond to some non-violent calls for service, and direct traffic at emergencies. The Saskatoon Police Service employs special constables, referred to as "alternative response officers," to guard crime scenes, direct traffic at emergencies and events, and conduct foot patrols in high-crime areas. The File Hills First Nations Police Service employs special constables to fulfill almost all community policing duties in member reserves, manage police stations and police records, conduct traffic enforcement, and respond to some calls for service. Police services in Ontario have practiced tiered policing since

3024-1154: Is a corporation owned by a municipality . They are typically "organisations with independent corporate status, managed by an executive board appointed primarily by local government officials, and with majority public ownership." Some municipally owned corporations rely on revenue from user fees , distinguishing them from agencies and special districts funded through taxation . Municipally owned corporations may also differ from local bureaucracies in funding, transaction costs, financial scrutiny, labour rights, permission to operate outside their jurisdiction, and, under some circumstances, in rights to make profits and risk of bankruptcy. The causes and effects of municipally owned corporations are posited to be different from those of state-owned enterprises . Corporatization may be more utilised locally rather than nationally allowing more hybrid or flexible forms of public service delivery such as public-private partnerships and inter-municipal cooperation . It also allows charging user fees. Effects can be different because of lower regulator expertise, lower contracting capacity for municipalities, and

3136-692: Is at the "heart of what the RCMP does." In addition to its contracts with three territories, eight provinces, 150 municipalities, and more than 600 Indigenous communities, the RCMP is responsible for border integrity; overseeing Canadian peacekeeping missions involving police; managing the Canadian Firearms Program , which licenses and registers firearms and their owners; and the Canadian Police College, which provides police training to Canadian and international police forces. The force has faced criticism for its uniquely broad mandate, and

3248-412: Is beneficial may depend on the nature of the service that is corporatized, where autonomy may be less beneficial for more politicized and complex services. At the local level there may also be higher transaction costs, because contracting capacity may be lower. Once a service has been corporatised, it is often relatively easy to (partially) privatise it by selling some or all of the company's shares via

3360-416: Is externalization. Such externalization gives the service delivery organization legal and managerial autonomy from politicians, which could potentially increase efficiency, because it safeguards the firm from political exploitation. However, it can also fail to bring efficiency (or cause inefficiency), because this autonomy also reduces the government's ability to monitor its management. Whether corporatization

3472-422: Is for subsidized housing. It is 30 per cent of gross monthly household income before deductions, plus utilities and other service changes. TCHC’s Accessibility Program gives tenants with disabilities an opportunity to work with staff and other residents to make accessibility improvements to their units and common areas. The program supports Toronto Community Housing's Human Rights, Harassment and Fair Access Policy,

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3584-561: Is heterogeneity in interests between the multiple municipalities, there may be directive ambiguity or lobbying of the corporations by individual municipalities, leading to high inefficiency and low accountability. Delegating governance to one elected party may be a way to solve this problem. Municipal corporatization is more prominent for some services than for others. It is typically prominent in: Law enforcement in Canada#Special constabularies Law enforcement in Canada

3696-551: Is responsible for the enforcement of the Canada National Parks Act , the Species at Risk Act , and park-specific legislation. Each province and territory in Canada operates or authorizes a variety of civil law enforcement agencies, including employment standards and workplace safety offices, animal cruelty organizations, and environmental enforcement services. Because of the wide-ranging regulatory powers of provinces, and

3808-703: Is the responsibility of police services , special constabularies , and civil law enforcement agencies , which are operated by every level of government, some private and Crown corporations, and First Nations . In contrast to the United States or Mexico , and with the exception of the Unité permanente anticorruption (English: Permanent Anti-corruption Unit) in Quebec and the Organized Crime Agency of British Columbia , there are no organizations dedicated exclusively to

3920-747: The Constitution Act, 1982 as First Nations , Inuit , and Métis peoples, and the law enforcement powers of Indigenous governments vary significantly between the different groups. Métis self-government exists only in eight settlements in Alberta , none of which have the authority to raise police services, but may, with provincial approval, establish bylaw enforcement agencies. The territory of Nunavut and regional government of Kativik , both of which are populated mostly by Inuit peoples, were established after Inuit land claims agreements, but are not exclusive to Inuit peoples, have authority over police services. First Nations and Inuit communities governed by

4032-519: The Criminal Code of Canada , Controlled Drugs and Substances Act , Mental Health Act , Liquor Licence Act , Trespass to Property Act , and Provincial Offences Act . They carry batons, OC spray, and handcuffs. On September 24, 2010, a fire broke out on the 24th floor of the 200 Wellesley Street East high-rise apartment building. The fire started in a unit belonging to a tenant that Toronto Public Health had recommended needed to be decluttered after

4144-614: The Indian Act have access to the First Nations and Inuit Policing Program operated by Public Safety Canada and can establish their own police forces, funded entirely by the federal and provincial governments, but most Inuit governments and First Nations that have completed the comprehensive land claims process can only contract police services to a third party police force (although frameworks exist for these Nations to eventually establish their own independent police services). Because of

4256-542: The Bureau des enquêtes indépendantes as a provincial police force, but its role is strictly limited to police oversight and its members are appointed as peace officers only for the purposes of investigating police shootings, allegations of sexual assault made against police officers, and other investigations against police officers and special constables as directed by the Minister of Public Security . Municipal police forces make up

4368-730: The Canada Border Services Agency , which manages Canadian ports of entry and enforces the Customs Act , the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act , and the Quarantine Act . The Agency also operates a Criminal Investigations Unit that investigates criminal violations of CBSA-enforced legislation, such as smuggling or immigration fraud. The government of Canada also employs fishery officers , who enforce federal fishing and fishery regulations; transport inspectors , who enforce

4480-697: The Canadian Human Rights Tribunal found that the federal government, which unilaterally sets the budgets for First Nations police forces participating in the First Nations and Inuit Policing Program, engaged in discrimination when it failed to provide adequate funding to the Mashteuiatsh Innu Nation's police force. In 2022, the British Columbia Special Committee on Reforming the Police Act unanimously recommended that

4592-523: The Canadian Human Rights Tribunal . In 2010, there were 38 self-administered First Nation police services in Canada, with one service each in British Columbia , Saskatchewan , and Manitoba ; three services in Alberta ; nine in Ontario ; and 23 in Quebec , although that number had decreased to 22 by 2020. First Nations police services are required to meet different standards in each province. In British Columbia, First Nations police services are considered "designated policing units" and placed in

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4704-624: The Criminal Code . CFMP officers have authority over any person subject to the Code of Service Discipline (CSD), regardless of their position or rank, and can charge members of the broader public when a crime is committed on or in relation to DND property or assets, or at the request of the Minister of Public Safety , the Commissioner of the Correctional Service of Canada , or the Commissioner of

4816-638: The Metro Vancouver Transit Police and Stlʼatlʼimx Tribal Police Service fall into the same designated policing unit category as the OCABC, they have neither the province-wide mandate nor the direct provincial funding the OCABC does. The Unité permanente anticorruption was created in 2011 and tasked with investigations into corrupt government procurement practices, but relied on secondments from other police services until 2018, when it became its own police force. The Quebec Police Act also defines

4928-712: The Nishnawbe-Aski Police Service in Ontario received only 36% of the funding that the Ontario Provincial Police estimated it would cost to police the same area. Police services in Canada are responsible for the maintenance of the King's peace through emergency response to and intervention against violence; investigations into criminal offences and the enforcement of criminal law; and the enforcement of some civil law, such as traffic violations. Constitutionally,

5040-522: The Ontario Human Rights Code , and the City of Toronto ’s Multi-Year Accessibility Plan. TCHC’s Accessible Customer Service policy follows the Accessibility for Ontarians with Disabilities Act (AODA) : As landlords, the TCHC has a responsibility to: As landlords, the TCHC has a right to collect one month’s rent deposit for tenants in market pay leases. TCHC deposit terms: TCHC developed

5152-496: The Railway Safety Act , any federally-regulated railway in Canada can request that a superior court judge appoint railway employees as police officers. These officers are hired, trained, and employed by the railway for the purposes of preventing crimes against the company and the protection of goods, materials, and public rail transit being moved through the railway network, and have nationwide jurisdiction within 500 metres of

5264-625: The Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP, popularly known in English-speaking areas as the "Mounties"), which provides federal criminal law enforcement and contract police services to provinces and municipalities that do not maintain their own police forces. Since the 1990s, a framework has existed for First Nations to establish their own police services, funded entirely by the federal and provincial governments and regulated by provinces. These police services generally receive less funding compared to other Canadian police forces — for example, in 2016,

5376-487: The Royal Canadian Mounted Police have integrated police officers and non-police specialists directly alongside each other, recruiting non-police experts in computer science and accounting to join cyber and financial crime investigation teams. These investigators are fully integrated into the organization, given limited police authority, and are charged with interviewing witnesses and obtaining and executing search warrants, among other duties. Non-police specialists fall into

5488-590: The Royal Canadian Mounted Police . The ability of CFMP members to enforce provincial legislation varies, however, and in several provinces, CFMP officers can enforce neither traffic legislation nor mental health legislation — even on military bases. The CFMP maintains an investigations branch, the Canadian Forces National Investigation Service , which has the ability to investigate any crime concerning DND property or employees, except for sexual assault and intimate partner violence. Under

5600-616: The Royal Newfoundland Constabulary provides community and provincial police services to select urban communities in Newfoundland and Labrador , and the Organized Crime Agency of British Columbia , the Unité permanente anticorruption , and the Bureau des enquêtes indépendantes provide specialized criminal law enforcement services in British Columbia and Quebec. The Ontario Provincial Police and Sûreté du Québec are responsible for both provincial police services, such as

5712-444: The 1990s, several municipal police forces were amalgamated (alongside, in many cases, the municipalities they served) into new, regional organizations in the interest of creating efficiencies and reducing costs. As of 2022, there are regional police forces in British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. The adoption of regional policing has been controversial, however, and

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5824-454: The 23 different pieces of federal transportation legislation the Minister of Transport is responsible for; and Environment and Climate Change Canada enforcement officers , who are responsible for enforcing federal environmental regulations. The Canada Revenue Agency operates a variety of compliance and enforcement divisions, but its proactive criminal enforcement unit, which collaborated with RCMP officers to break up organized crime rings,

5936-543: The Bear Clan Patrol and the Mama Bear Clan conduct regular patrols of Indigenous neighbourhoods, liaise with Winnipeg Police to search for missing people, and deliver food to unhoused residents. Tiered policing is a model of specialization in police service delivery that involves hiring specially-trained, non-police employees to assume responsibility over areas of a police service's traditional mandate. In contrast to

6048-417: The First Nations and Inuit Policing Program be replaced with a "new legislative and funding framework, consistent with international and domestic policing best practices and standards," and noted that "a truly decolonized lens would see Indigenous police services as an option for neighbouring municipalities or regions." Earlier that same year, the federal government began engaging First Nations about changes to

6160-1091: The House of Commons Security Services, Senate Protective Service, and the RCMP parliamentary precinct detachment. The Service, which was formed after the 2014 Parliament Hill shooting , is not a special constabulary, and only some of its members have the powers of a peace officer. In Alberta , Saskatchewan , and Manitoba , municipalities and First Nations are able to raise special constabularies to provide community police services; enforce non-criminal legislation; and assist jurisdictional police in securing crime and incident scenes. These agencies are composed of community peace officers (in Alberta), community safety officers (in Saskatchewan), and community/First Nation safety officers (in Manitoba) who are authorized to enforce municipal by-laws and provincial legislation, make arrests and detain members of

6272-692: The Legislative District Security Unit, the Provincial Protective Service (responsible for the provincial highway patrol, sheriffs officers, and conservation officers) maintains a special constabulary that patrols Wascana Centre , the park that surrounds the provincial legislature. The federal parliament buildings in Ottawa are protected by the Parliamentary Protective Service , which was formed by amalgamating

6384-469: The OCABC still technically exists as of 2022, its officers are limited to conducting operations and investigations within the CFSEU-BC, where it has been it largely superseded by RCMP and municipal police officers seconded to the unit. Despite its status as the core agency of the combined unit, the CFSEU-BC is governed by RCMP policies and procedures rather than the policies and procedures of the OCABC. Although

6496-735: The Ombudsman recommendations was to implement recommendations from the Honourable Justice Patrick Lesage who the board of directors appointed to conduct an independent review of the eviction. Some of Justice Lesage’s recommendations included making direct contact between TCHC staff and tenants more consistent and creating the Commissioner of Housing Equity, a new independent office to oversee and ensure TCHC staff engages in required eviction prevention procedures. Five TCHC employees were fired after an investigation into fraudulent billing found evidence of wrongdoing. The investigation involved

6608-634: The RCMP's contract policing program, and Public Safety Minister Marco Mendicino was mandated to conduct a review of RCMP contract policing when he took office in 2022. The CFMP provides police, security, and operational support services to the Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) and the Department of National Defence (DND). As a military police force, the CFMP does not have a frontline community policing role, but CFMP members are considered peace officers under

6720-728: The Saskatchewan Highway Patrol, have the authority to enforce criminal legislation in addition to their primary mandate to enforce civil legislation, while others are limited to enforcing only a handful of by-laws. Regardless of the breadth of their legislative authority, all civil law enforcement officers in Canada are considered peace officers for the purposes of carrying out their duties, and may be variously appointed as special constables, municipal law enforcement officers, provincial offences officers, or generically as peace officers. The federal government maintains several civil law enforcement agencies, most prominent among them

6832-544: The Sûreté du Québec. The Royal Newfoundland Constabulary is a provincial police force, but does not provide provincial police services across the entire province. Instead, the responsibility for provincial police services is split between the RCMP, which provides local and provincial police services to Newfoundland and Labrador 's largely rural interior, and the Constabulary, which provides local and provincial police services to

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6944-441: The audit report. As COO of Toronto land development agency Build Toronto, Ballantyne was asked to step down from his position. Although initially reluctant, he stepped down on March 4, 2011. Eugene Jones took over as president and CEO of TCHC on June 18, 2012. In 2013, Ombudsman Toronto released a report about TCHC’s eviction policy and its evictions. The report was sparked by the death of a senior one month after being evicted from

7056-449: The authority to investigate crimes and make arrests or issue citations for offences that occur in their area of authority, and some special constabularies may even have primary or exclusive responsibility for some low-level criminal offences or civil law enforcement in that area; they do not have ultimate responsibility for law enforcement and policing, and special constabularies are required to turn certain offences over to, or operate under

7168-654: The bulk of Canadian police services, and are generally responsible for all criminal matters within their jurisdiction. There are municipal police services in nine provinces, with 12 in British Columbia , seven in Alberta , 12 in Saskatchewan , 10 in Manitoba , 44 in Ontario , 31 in Quebec , nine in New Brunswick , 10 in Nova Scotia , and three in Prince Edward Island . Almost every major city in Canada maintains

7280-953: The bulk of these organizations are an evolution of the band constable system introduced in the 1960s. Band constables were peace officers tasked with enforcing First Nation by-laws and assisting local police. The programme was terminated in 2015 and replaced by special constabularies in Alberta , Saskatchewan , and Manitoba , while in New Brunswick , the officers were replaced by locally-hired civilian RCMP employees tasked with delivering crime prevention and community engagement programmes. The special constabularies have responsibility over enforcing provincial and First Nation legislation and are generally prohibited from conducting Criminal Code enforcement. Other First Nations maintain law enforcement divisions tasked exclusively with enforcing First Nation by-laws. These organizations typically have no authority to enforce provincial or federal legislation. The Musqueam First Nation in British Columbia maintains

7392-435: The cause of the incident was related to a construction default that dated back to the building’s creation. As a result, all tenants from this complex were moved into temporary accommodation. TCHC covered the cost for temporary accommodations, food, and transportation. The next steps are being determined for the Swansea Mews community’s temporary relocation. Municipally owned corporation A municipally owned corporation

7504-952: The cost of policing, but that implementation efforts have been hampered by negative cultural perceptions within police services about non-police specialists and confusion over their role. Some non-police specialists have reported demeaning treatment or exclusion from workplace events, while others have highlighted under-utilization of their expertise or, conversely, expectations to participate in law enforcement activities they are neither trained nor authorized to participate in. Some police services have failed to provide meaningful career advancement or professional development opportunities to non-police staff, and have instead siloed their personnel management strategies between sworn police officers and non-police staff; or they have filled positions intended for non-police specialists with police officers who otherwise would need to be placed on leave for an injury or conduct investigation. Alternatively, police forces like

7616-523: The delivery of police services is the responsibility of provinces and territories , but every province except for Newfoundland and Labrador , which maintains the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary to police some of its urban communities, delegates this responsibility to municipalities. The federal government also maintains its own police service, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police , which provinces and territories can contract to provide provincial and municipal policing. Every Canadian territory and province, with

7728-408: The difference that the company's shares remain state ownership are not traded on the stock market . This also became a trend at the local level. Municipal corporation followed a process of externalization that required new skills and orientations from the respective local governments, and followed common changes in the institutional landscape of public services . There was a substantial growth in

7840-466: The enforcement of Indigenous and provincial legislation. Some First Nations police services, citing a lack of legitimacy or prosecutability, will not enforce Indigenous laws. Several First Nations and Indigenous communities operate special constabularies or other law enforcement agencies with limited law enforcement powers, while others operate community safety agencies with no law enforcement powers. Although similar functions existed pre-colonization,

7952-582: The enforcement of court orders is the responsibility of the Superior Court of Justice Enforcement Office, which was named and is still sometimes referred to as the sheriff's office. Every municipality in Canada is authorized to develop and enforce municipal by-laws , but each province and territory regulates the authority of municipal law enforcement agencies differently. In British Columbia , Manitoba , Ontario , Nova Scotia , and Prince Edward Island , municipal enforcement agencies are generally limited to

8064-470: The enforcement of municipal legislation and operate on an as-requested basis. In all three territories, as well as the provinces of Newfoundland and Labrador , Quebec , Saskatchewan , and Alberta , some — but not all — municipal enforcement agencies also enforce provincial legislation and control traffic. Several municipalities rely on police services or contracted commissionaires for bylaw enforcement. Indigenous peoples in Canada are defined in

8176-438: The exceptions of Ontario and Quebec , relies on the RCMP to provide at least some provincial or municipal police services. The exact duties of Canadian police forces vary significantly: each province regulates the basic responsibilities of police services in their jurisdiction. In Ontario , for example, police services are obliged to provide at least five core police services — crime prevention, law enforcement, maintenance of

8288-482: The federal Railway Safety Act . Some smaller railways and transit authorities, such as GO Transit , also maintain provincially-regulated special constabularies to protect passengers and property. These agencies are authorized by provincial governments and are not related to federally-authorized Railway Safety Act police forces. Railway police have attracted scrutiny and criticism for their privately-funded nature and role in investigating train derailments. In 2020,

8400-546: The federal or provincial governments for police services. The policing of Indigenous communities in Canada has long been fraught with racial tension , inequitable police service delivery, and the enforcement of colonial laws and practices. Beginning in the 1960s, the federal government began to withdraw RCMP officers from reserves in the provinces of Ontario and Quebec in favour of provincial control over First Nations policing. Between 1990 and 1995, there were several high-profile conflicts between Indigenous protesters demanding

8512-413: The following LEED credits: TCHC is committed to the revitalization of its buildings. During this process, some residents need to relocate while buildings are being repaired. TCHC provides residents with significant notice and intensive education about the revitalization and relocation process before any relocation process is underway. In some cases, residents can move directly from their old unit and into

8624-423: The formal requirement that bidders make deposits, which is a requirement that protects the TCHC, should a bidder fail to meet its contractual obligations. The report criticized TCHC because its documentation inadequately supported some cases of single tendering. Toronto Mayor Rob Ford demanded that the TCHC board of directors resign. Though initially resistant, all board members resigned by March 3, 2011. The board

8736-409: The higher presence of scale economies. Current research shows that municipally owned corporations are frequently more efficient than bureaucracy but have higher failure rates because of their legal and managerial autonomy . An additional problem is the fact that municipally owned corporations often have more than one municipal owner, and conflict between municipal owners can lead to reduced output for

8848-458: The history of the Canadian reserve system, which operated on the assumption that Indigenous families required less land than settler families and routinely gave away reserve lands to settlers without Indigenous consultation or consent, many reserves are too small to sustain independent police forces, requiring First Nations to form regional police agencies with neighbouring communities or contract with

8960-412: The integrated role of special constables employed by police services. Civil law enforcement agencies are responsible for the specialized enforcement of civil legislation. Civil law enforcement agencies are maintained by every level of government, a variety of government corporations and authorities, and First Nations . The powers of civil law enforcement agencies vary significantly. Some, such as

9072-537: The investigation of criminal activity in Canada. Criminal investigations are instead conducted by police services, which maintain specialized criminal investigation units in addition to their mandate for emergency response and general community safety. Canada's provinces are responsible for the development and maintenance of police forces and special constabularies, and every province except Newfoundland and Labrador delegates this responsibility to municipalities, which can establish their own police forces or contract with

9184-438: The majority of its buildings, most of which are over 50 years old. This plan was funded through the federal government’s National Housing Co-Investment fund, which contributed $ 1.3 billion in partnership with the City of Toronto. It was the largest federal housing investment with a municipal partner in Canadian history. TCHC offers three types of rent: rent-geared-to-income, affordable rent, and market rent. Rent-geared-to-income

9296-451: The model are common across Canada, and tiered policing is practiced in Yukon , the Northwest Territories , British Columbia , Alberta , Saskatchewan , Manitoba , Ontario , Quebec , New Brunswick , and Newfoundland and Labrador . Literature and research into tiered policing has generally found that tiered delivery models are successful in increasing police efficacy and reducing

9408-400: The more populous, less remote provinces. A special constabulary is any law enforcement organization composed of special constables or other peace officers ― as opposed to police officers ― with a mandate for criminal law enforcement and/or proactive peacekeeping and security. Their members are usually unarmed, and their duties may consist of providing frontline specialized police services for

9520-463: The municipally owned corporation due to various negative spillovers. Under New Public Management , corporatization became prominent as a step towards (partial) privatization . It soon became an end in itself, aiming to combine government control with efficient, businesslike service delivery that was considered lacking in bureaucratic service delivery. The state-owned enterprises that resulted were to be organized akin to private corporations, with

9632-622: The northeast Avalon Peninsula (metropolitan St. John's ); the Bay of Islands and the Humber Valley (metropolitan Corner Brook ); and western Labrador ( Churchill Falls , Labrador City , and Wabush ). The Organized Crime Agency of British Columbia (OCABC) is legally defined as a designated policing unit, and is the "core agency" of the Combined Forces Special Enforcement Unit – British Columbia (CFSEU-BC). Although

9744-458: The number of municipally owned corporations in the 1990s and 2000s throughout Europe and the United States. Municipal corporatization can be used to improve efficiency of public service delivery (with mixed successes) or as a step towards (partial) privatization or hybridization. Its reasons and effects are somewhat similar as those of corporatization . A key purpose of corporatization

9856-432: The organization’s funds for personal interest. Some examples include: The procurement audit found that the TCHC board of directors’ procurement policy and procedures were sometimes ignored. Examples include: One tendering process case included a potential conflict of interest of nearly $ 25 million in work awarded to an unsolicited proposal without competition from other vendors. The report also criticized TCHC for bypassing

9968-623: The original city of Toronto, were amalgamated to create the City of Toronto under one government.   TCHC was created by the City of Toronto on January 1, 2002 with the Metropolitan Toronto Housing Corporation (MTHC) and the Toronto Housing Company. The MTHC was formerly the Metro Toronto Housing Authority, which managed provincial public housing units in the city. Toronto Housing Company

10080-528: The policing of provincial highways, investigation of major crimes, and protection of provincial leaders, and the delivery of local police services to municipalities that do not maintain their own police forces, usually under contract. In Ontario, the OPP provides police services to municipalities without independent police forces regardless of whether or not there is a contract in place for them to do so, but contracts enable municipalities to direct police priorities, have

10192-554: The price of a new home in their revitalization community. The BOOST program helps eligible home purchasers with their down payment by providing assistance for up to 10 per cent of the price of a new home in a TCHC revitalization community. TCHC maintains a special constabulary for the purposes of providing policing and law enforcement services at and in relation to TCHC properties. The unit conducts proactive patrols, responds to calls for service, and investigates some crimes at TCHC properties. The special constables have authority under

10304-589: The proceeds to the backlog of building repairs. In 2012, the Ontario government approved the sale of 65 properties. Toronto City Council approved the sale of 55 properties in October 2012. By 2013, TCHC still estimated $ 751 million in repairs needed for its buildings. Toronto Auditor General Jeffery Griffiths conducted audits of TCHC procurements and employee expenses between January 1, 2009 and June 30, 2010. He reported his findings in two reports on December 7, 2010. One revealed inappropriate expenses from TCHC staff abusing

10416-709: The program and Indigenous police legislation. Every form of Indigenous government has the power to enact and enforce by-laws. Métis settlements receive their authority from the Alberta Metis Settlements Act , and First and Inuit nations receive their authority either from the Indian Act or the relevant comprehensive land claim agreement. However, because the Indian Act does not specify whether by-law violations should be prosecuted in federal or provincial and territorial courts, some provincial courts will not prosecute Indigenous laws. The federal government ended

10528-502: The province of Alberta has gradually expanded the mandate and powers of its sheriffs service , which now maintains a highway patrol, a criminal investigations unit, and provides legislative security to the Legislative Assembly of Alberta . Ontario is the only province or territory in Canada that does not maintain a sheriffs service — instead, court security and prisoner transport duties are handled by local police services, and

10640-755: The provinces of Alberta , Saskatchewan , and New Brunswick deploy armed commercial vehicle enforcement officers. Some provinces, such as Ontario , empower provincial corporations and authorities to establish and maintain their own civil law enforcement agencies, separate from the provincial government. Almost every province and territory in Canada maintains a sheriffs service, although their role and powers vary between jurisdictions. In most provinces and all three territories, sheriffs are limited to providing courtroom security, enforcing court orders, and transporting offenders to and from court. In Quebec , sheriffs have no security function and are instead limited to enforcing court orders and selecting juries. Since 2006,

10752-596: The public peace, emergency response, and assistance to victims of crime — to fulfill the province's requirement for "adequate and effective policing," while in neighbouring Quebec , the responsibilities of a police force are dependent on the population it serves. Other jurisdictions, such as Manitoba and British Columbia , do not define adequate and effective policing, although individual regulations in both of those provinces set out basic responsibilities of police forces. Individual police services may also take on additional duties, such as municipal by-law enforcement, or have

10864-872: The public, conduct traffic stops, and, in some cases, conduct investigations into non-emergency criminal offences. Officers employed by these agencies are generally unarmed, but may carry firearms to destroy injured animals. Because these special constabularies are provincially regulated, the exact duties, powers, and regulations governing their operations vary slightly between each province. In Manitoba, for example, community/First Nation safety officers are strictly prohibited from enforcing criminal legislation, while some officers in Saskatchewan and Alberta are empowered to enforce certain Criminal Code violations. Although special constables are often employed by special constabularies, they are also be employed by government agencies that require investigators or traffic agents to have some police authority, by police services as part of

10976-540: The purposes of protecting their provincial legislatures . Select special constables in British Columbia and Ontario were armed with handguns in the wake of the 2014 Parliament Hill shooting . In Alberta , legislative security is provided by the Alberta Sheriffs Branch , an armed provincial law enforcement agency also responsible for courtroom security, traffic enforcement on provincial highways, and some criminal investigations. In Saskatchewan , in addition to

11088-936: The remaining 90 per cent of portfolio repairs. It has a $ 2.6 billion investment between the federal, provincial, and municipal government. TCHC retained the Canadian Centre for Economic Analysis to analyze the full value of the portfolio, municipal, provincial, and federal investments. The key findings of the report found that with full investment in the capital repair plan: TCHC is looking for and implementing innovative solutions to improve, renew, and maintain its housing supply. Many of TCHC’s buildings have implemented best practices through Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) for New Construction system, an internationally recognized rating system for sustainable building best practices. LEED credits are organized in seven main green building categories. TCHC buildings have accomplished

11200-508: The return of lands to which they had Aboriginal title and non-Indigenous police forces, resulting in the death of a police officer — Corporal Marcel Lemay of the Sûreté du Québec — and an unarmed Indigenous protester named Dudley George . During the 1995 Gustafsen Lake standoff , an RCMP commander reportedly told a subordinate to kill a prominent Indigenous demonstrator and "smear the prick and everyone with him," and an RCMP media liaison officer

11312-778: The same category as the Metro Vancouver Transit Police . In Alberta, First Nations police services cannot maintain specialized resources, such as police dogs, and must consult with the RCMP before completing investigations into major crimes. In Quebec, however, First Nations police services have the "same missions, responsibilities, and powers [as non-Indigenous police forces] under Quebec police law." First Nations police services in Ontario are considered programs, not essential services, and are not required to meet standards under that province's Police Services Act unless police leadership decides to apply for an opt-in. Many First Nations police services face serious funding shortfalls. In January 2006, two Indigenous men burned to death and an officer

11424-512: The stock market. Thus corporatisation can be a stop on the way towards (partial) privatization. Corporatization also can be a step towards the creation of hybrid forms of organization, such as institutional private-partnerships or inter-municipal service organizations, which are especially relevant at the local level because of opportunities to capture scale economies. Municipal corporations tend to be established by local governments experiencing some degree of fiscal stress. Corporatization

11536-602: The supervision of, the jurisdictional police service. In Canada, special constables (referred to as peace officers in Alberta and safety officers in Manitoba ) are sworn peace officers granted police powers to enforce specific legislation in a distinct context or geographic area, and may be employed by a range of organizations other than special constabularies . Special constabularies are generally referred to as special constable services, protective services, or, in some cases, as police services. British Columbia , Ontario , and Saskatchewan maintain special constabularies for

11648-453: The technical, specialized nature of much of civil law enforcement, many provincial civil law enforcement agencies operate in obscurity. The two most prominent uniformed civil law enforcement services operated by provinces and territories are commercial vehicle and conservation enforcement agencies, which usually maintain proactive patrols and education programs. While conservation officers in every province and territory are routinely armed, only

11760-521: The total police strength in the country (the highest in twelve years after steady declines in the 1980s and 1990s), Canada still employs fewer police officers per capita than Wales (262/100,000). Provincially, Nova Scotia had the highest number of officers per capita (193.8/100,000) in 2019. The lowest numbers per capita were in Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick . The three territories , while having far fewer police officers in absolute terms, have around twice as many police officers per capita as

11872-493: The use of separate organizations to deliver certain frontline police services is also common, particularly in rural areas or in communities that do not maintain an independent police service. In these communities, independent special constabularies , civil law enforcement agencies , and community safety agencies are tasked with delivering basic frontline policing and community safety duties while police services respond to serious criminal violations. As of 2024, both forms of

11984-722: Was a product of a 1999 merger between the Metropolitan Toronto Housing Company Ltd. and the City of Toronto Non-Profit Housing Corporation (also known as Cityhome). Cityhome was established in 1974 to provide affordable rental accommodation for low-income families. TCHC took charge of administering all public housing units within Toronto as the newly amalgamated city created an official plan around revitalizing priority neighbourhoods. Since 2006, TCHC has been engaged in an extensive period of community revitalization work across their portfolio. Projects have been launched in

12096-564: Was a way to allow local governments to "hide their liabilities by allocating them partly to their companies" or "corporatized their utilities (…) to raise new sources of income from their companies." The frequent ownership of municipally owned corporations by multiple municipalities can cause problems, the so-called multiple principal problem , that can lead these to be inefficient, inequitable, or unaccountable or have high failure rates. There can be free-riding or duplication in steering and monitoring procedures, resulting in high costs. If there

12208-774: Was disbanded after budget cuts in 2012. (The RCMP disbanded its various counterparts to the CRA's criminal enforcement unit between 2012 and 2020.) The federal government also operates the Competition Bureau , which enforces the Competition Act , the Consumer Packaging and Labelling Act , the Textile Labelling Act and the Precious Metals Marking Act . Parks Canada maintains a park warden service, which

12320-622: Was quoted as saying that "smear campaigns are [the RCMP's] specialty." The federal government created the First Nations and Inuit Policing Program in 1992, which scholars have called the first "comprehensive national policing strategy for [a country's] Aboriginal peoples." The Program was designed to allow First Nations and Inuit communities to create their own police forces that met the provincial standards for non-Indigenous police services, or establish their own RCMP detachment staffed by Indigenous officers, but has been criticized as underfunded and discriminatory by Indigenous groups, police chiefs, and

12432-467: Was replaced on a temporary basis by former city councillor Case Ootes . Ford also demanded that TCHC CEO Keiko Nakamura resign. Although she initially refused to step down, she was fired by Managing Director Ootes, officially losing her position on March 25, 2011. Nakamura had replaced Derek Ballantyne, the CEO of TCHC from 2002 to 2009, whose time in leadership overlapped with the inappropriate expenses from

12544-421: Was seriously injured in a rescue attempt at a Nishnawbe-Aski Police Service detachment that the police force could not afford to bring into compliance with the fire code. (Two years later, the service had only one detachment that met provincial standards.) Other First Nations police services have struggled to pay for officers' wages and benefits or fill frontline positions because of budget shortfalls. In 2022,

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