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45-528: The Mercedes-Benz T2 is a semi-bonneted light commercial vehicle that was manufactured by Daimler-Benz . The T2 is also known as the "Düsseldorf Transporter", since it was built in Düsseldorf from 1967 to 1991. The third generation, built from 1996 at Ludwigsfelde , was branded the Mercedes-Benz Vario . In Argentina assembly started with the first generation L 608 D in 1969 and ended in 1990. In 1989,

90-584: A digital tachograph has become mandatory for all wheeled transport owned by legal entities and individual entrepreneurs (including GAZelles and taxis), which is in operation on the territory of Russia, as reported in Federal Law No. 78-FZ adopted on 14 June 2012 (Article 1 and Article 12). In accordance with Order No. 36 dated 13.02.13 of the Ministry of Transport of Russia , the following categories and types of vehicles issued for circulation and in operation on

135-423: A distribution center as the majority of deliveries are direct. A delivery may consist of a single, multiple or priority urgent load and can be either same day or next day delivery. The vehicle (as long as it doesn't exceed the 3.5 T gross vehicle weight) does not require a tachograph and can also be driven by people with a regular car license without the need for an Operator's License . The speed restriction

180-514: A gross weight of over 3.5 tons engaged in intercity transportation starting 1 April 2015. Russian tachographs use a cryptographic information protection tool (CIPF). Requirements for the use of the CIPF unit as part of tachographs are established by Order of the Ministry of Transport of Russia No. 36 dated 13.02.2013. Digital tachographs appeared in Russia on 16 June 2010 (digital tachographs appeared before

225-578: A light duty truck with single or double cab. Drop-side or dumper beds, standard or insulated box bodies with or without freezer units were supplied ex factory while chassis trucks were available to third-party body builders for individual bodies. The T2s were popular for a wide range of applications such as goods distribution, parcel services (widely used by the Deutsche Post with sliding front doors on both sides), fire brigade and emergency rescue, military, police, landscaping and construction companies. After

270-509: A little extra while. The total number of first generation T2s summed up to 496,447 units. The second generation of the T2 was introduced in 1986, and was manufactured until 1996. It was significantly upgraded, the bonnet having become longer and the design altogether more sharp-edged. The chassis sold in large numbers in the United Kingdom and Ireland during the minibus revolution. Variations included

315-635: A microchip with flash memory. Digital driver cards store data in a format that can later also be read out as a .ddd file. These files – both those read from internal memory with a download device, and those read from the driver cards – can be imported into tachograph analysis/archival software. Drivers and their employers are legally required to accurately record their activities, retain the records (files from internal memory and from driver cards must both be retained) and produce them on demand to transport authorities who are in charge of enforcing regulations governing drivers' working hours . They are also used in

360-407: A modular design, enabling the head to fit into a standard DIN slot in the vehicle dashboard. This would enable a relatively easy upgrade to the forthcoming digital models, which were manufactured to the same physical dimensions. The analogue tachograph head uses styli to trace lines on a wax coated paper disc that rotates throughout the day, where one rotation encompasses a 24-hour period. If the disc

405-401: A pear-shaped aperture in the centre, ensuring it is perfectly aligned upon insertion into the tachograph head. There is no facility to prevent it being inserted back to front, where the styli would be prevented from making contact with the wax surface. The centrefield is used by the driver to store certain handwritten information. This includes the drivers name, the date(s) the disc refers to,

450-501: A recording medium. Tachograph heads are of either analogue or digital types. All relevant vehicles manufactured in the EU since 1 May 2006 must be fitted with digital tachograph heads. The recording medium for analogue heads are wax coated paper discs, and for digital heads there are two recording mediums: internal memory (which can be read out with one of a variety of download devices into a so-called .ddd file) and digital driver cards containing

495-507: A result, the first generation T2 ended up with the OM314 engine as the most popular choice and the OM352 as the most powerful engine for the heaviest versions with up to 6.8 tons gross weight. Several CKD assemblies existed (see infobox). In Brazil and some other South American countries it was equipped with a turbo diesel engine. The T2 was offered as a panelled or glazed van, a more upscale minibus or

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540-406: A successor to the L 319 / L 406 series. Production began with gross weights ranging from 3.5 to 4.6 tons (only slightly heavier than its predecessor), narrow bodies and gasoline and diesel engines derived from the contemporary passenger cars. But soon the line-up was extended by chassis with or without standard or double/crew cabs, longer wheel bases, wider bodies, higher roofs and larger engines. As

585-415: A thin line, availability as a slightly thicker line, other work as slightly thicker again and the drive trace being the thickest. The trace closest to the outer edge is the speed trace . The disc is preprinted with a speed scale and the stylus produces a mark corresponding with the speed of the vehicle at any given time. It is important that the maximum speed (Vmax) specification of the chart matches that of

630-399: Is created every 5 kilometres, and therefore each completed 'V' represents 10 kilometres travelled. By counting the zig-zags, the total distance travelled can be calculated and compared against the stated odometer readings in the centrefield. By comparing the end position of the trace for a particular day against the start position for the following day, it can be seen if the vehicle has moved in

675-472: Is higher than heavy goods vehicles: 60 MPH on dual carriageways and up to 70 MPH on motorways. Qualifying light commercial vehicles include pickup trucks , vans and three-wheelers – all commercially based goods or passenger carrier vehicles. The LCV concept was created as a compact truck and is usually optimised to be tough-built, have low operating costs and powerful yet fuel efficient engines, and to be used in intra-city operations. All of

720-470: Is left in the head over 24 hours, a second trace will be written onto the first, and so on until the disc is removed. It is an infringement of EU Regulation 561/2006 to use a disc for a period longer than it is designed for. Multiple overlapping traces may still be deciphered in the speed and distance fields, but it is far more difficult for the activity field where one trace can easily be obliterated by another. Analogue tachograph heads provide no indication to

765-518: Is recorded on an individual driver card and transmitted to the central computer of the motor transport enterprise. Since 23 January 2012, the tachograph in Russia has become mandatory for installation and use when transporting passengers and dangerous goods. This is evidenced by the Technical Regulations on the Safety of Wheeled Vehicles in the latest edition. And since 1 April 2013, the presence of

810-511: The Ministry of Transport of Russia dated 13 February 2013, No. 36) must be equipped with tachographs in order to ensure safe conditions. A tachograph is mandatory for vehicles of class M2, M3, N2, N3. Vehicles must be equipped with on-board monitoring devices in accordance with regulatory documents. From 1 April 2014, in the absence of a tachograph, fines will be applied to the following types of transport: - buses with more than 8 seats; - vehicles used to transport dangerous goods; — According to

855-564: The 1920s. For reasons of public safety, many jurisdictions have limits on the working hours of drivers of certain vehicles, such as buses and trucks. A tachograph can be used to monitor this and ensure that appropriate breaks are taken. The Verkehrs-Sicherungs-Gesetz (German Traffic Safety Law) of 19 December 1952, made tachographs mandatory in Germany for all commercial vehicles weighing over 7.5 tonnes. Since 23 March and 23 December 1953, all new commercial vehicles and buses must be equipped with

900-601: The 609D, 614D, 709D, 711D, 811D, 814D and 510 (petrol). The LO812 was sold in Australia from the early 1990s, Westbus purchasing 26 in 1992 and National Bus Company purchased 45 in 1994/95. Various other operators would purchase smaller fleets. The T2 was manufactured in Argentina until 1997, as the L 710 and the LO 915 chassis for minibus applications. In 1996, the T2 was replaced by the Mercedes-Benz Vario . Visual differences between

945-527: The EEC as of 29 September 1986. (Regulation 1463/70 amended by regulation 2828/77 made tachographs mandatory by 1 July 1979, reference to these regulations can be found in Regulation 3821/85). A "European arrangement in regard to the work of driving personnel engaged in international traffic" (AETR, from French " Accord Européen sur les Transports Routiers ") became effective on 31 July 1985. Regulation 561/2006/EC of

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990-618: The European Union, adopted on 11 April 2007, specified the driving and rest times of professional drivers. These time periods can be checked by the employers, police and other authorities with the help of the tachograph. Regulation (EU) 165/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council on tachographs in road transport, issued on 4 February 2014, repealed Regulation 3821/85 and amended Regulation 561/2006. The 2014 regulation introduced

1035-518: The Vario and its predecessors were quite small, but included new headlights and radiator grille: at the same time the interior, engine and suspension were revised. Light commercial vehicle In the UK, light haulage is a restricted-weight delivery service where the maximum permitted gross vehicle weight rating without the need of an operator's license is also up to 3.5 tonnes. Usually light haulage excludes

1080-666: The above light commercial vehicles are sold through dealer networks. Usually, a car dealer will have a franchise for the sale of a manufacturer's cars and the LCVs will be sold as an addition. The exceptions to these are Mercedes-Benz, which has a dedicated commercial vehicle network for heavy and light commercial vehicles, Volkswagen, whose franchised dealers usually have standalone van centres, Iveco, and Isuzu Truck. Isuzu Truck market commercial vehicles up to 18 tonnes GVW and Iveco market their heavy truck range with their Daily van to complement this. Many franchised dealers also retail used LCVs, with

1125-412: The device per law Straßenverkehrs-Zulassungs-Ordnung § 57a. Tachographs are mandatory for vehicles allowed to carry a total weight of over 3.5 tonnes and vehicles built to carry at least 9 passengers, if the vehicle is used for commercial purposes. They are used to review the driving and rest time of drivers during reviews by traffic standards organizations or accident investigation. A driver must carry

1170-575: The discs (and then discarding one of the two, so that some activities are "forgotten") is well known throughout Europe. "Ghosting" is another common trick when false driver information is entered onto a second chart to give the appearance that there is a second driver present in the cab for long-distance runs that cannot be completed within a single driver's daily driving period. Digital tachographs make tampering much more difficult by sending signals in an encrypted manner. EU regulation 1360/2002 makes digital tachographs mandatory for all vehicles described in

1215-544: The driver of the need to change the disc. Analogue data is retrieved visually, and can be assisted by manual analysis tools. Analogue discs can also be electronically scanned and analysed by computer, although this analogue to digital conversion process still requires human expert interpretation for best results, due to imperfections in the source disc such as dirt and scratch marks in the wax surface that can be incorrectly read as trace marks. The analogue chart must be EU type approved. The country of type approval can be found on

1260-407: The driver's activity selected from a choice of modes. The drive mode is activated automatically when the vehicle is in motion, and modern tachograph heads usually default to the other work mode upon coming to rest. The rest and availability modes can be manually selected by the driver whilst stationary. A tachograph system comprises a sender unit mounted to the vehicle gearbox, the tachograph head and

1305-457: The front. Apart from enforcing regulations, tachographs are often used in Germany to investigate and punish speeding. This practice was approved by the German high regional court in the 1990s. Also, after an accident, the discs are often examined with a microscope to discover the events that took place at a collision site. Tachographs can be tampered with in various ways, such as slightly twisting

1350-411: The intermediate period. The trace in the central area is the mode trace . The driver's activity is displayed in this area, and is always displayed as either drive , other work , availability or rest . Earlier tachograph heads displayed the mode as a thin line in one of four concentric tracks within the activity band. These heads are known as manual heads as the activity was manually selected using

1395-461: The international agreement of the countries that joined the AETR. Before that date, no later than 3 months, all interested parties (drivers, inspectors, mechanics, administrators of motor transport enterprises) must be provided with special cards. Unlike analogue devices, the disks of which were easily counterfeited, this device cannot be opened or the recorded information changed in any way. All information

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1440-517: The maritime world, for example through the Central Commission for Navigation on the Rhine . The tachograph was originally introduced for the railways so that companies could better document irregularities. The inventor was Max Maria von Weber , a civil servant, engineer and author. The Daniel Tachometer has been known in the railway industry since 1844. The Hasler Event recorder was introduced in

1485-435: The marker, blocking the path of the arm with a piece of rubber or foam, short-circuiting the unit for short periods, intentionally preventing the detection of gear movement with a magnet, or interrupting the (older analogue) tachograph's power supply with a blown fuse to stop operation completely thus recording no information whatsoever. There is also "forgetting to insert" the chart when beginning duty. Unauthorized changing of

1530-456: The mode switch. Automatic heads succeeded manual heads, and differ from them in two main areas. Firstly, the automatic head will always display the drive mode when the vehicle is in motion, regardless of the setting of the mode switch. For this reason, the drive mode is no longer available to be selected by the mode switch. Secondly, the activity is displayed on the chart as a sequence of block traces of differing thickness. The rest mode appears as

1575-640: The new products are the L 710, L 914 and 814 with the LO variant (chassis bus). The production ceased in 1996. The Venezuelan version of the T2 was manufactured in Barcelona by the Grupo Consorcio 1390 S.A. (currently MMC Automotriz S.A. ) as the Mercedes-Benz Class L3. The L3 was built from 1969 up to 1978, when the company was bought by the Ford Motor Company . In 1967, the T2 was introduced as

1620-692: The order of the Ministry of Transport dated 17 December 2013 No. 470, Moscow "On Amendments to the Order of the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation dated 13 February 2013 No. 36", penalties will be applied to freight vehicles with a gross weight of over 15 tons engaged in intercity transportation starting 1 July 2014, penalties will be applied to freight vehicles with a gross weight of over 12 tons engaged in intercity transportation starting 1 September 2014, and penalties will be applied to freight vehicles with

1665-510: The poorer quality examples sent to specialist auctions for sale. There is a large network of independent used commercial vehicle retailers who retail thousands of used commercial vehicles every month. LCV dealers are increasingly using the Internet to help sell their vehicles in addition to the traditional print media. Tachograph A tachograph is a device fitted to a vehicle that automatically records its speed and distance, together with

1710-478: The rear of the chart, i.e. a mark of E11 would indicate the chart to have been approved in the UK for use in the EU. The chart is manufactured out of heavyweight paper with a black printed face that is thinly coated with a white wax, upon which is printed a number of features. The surface can be scratched or rubbed to reveal the black paper underneath. This enables the traces to be made without the use of ink. The chart features

1755-406: The specification for a so-called "smart" tachograph. A "smart" tachograph records the position of a vehicle automatically via a global navigation satellite system at the places where the daily working period begins and ends, and at every three hour interval of accumulated driving. Most tachographs produced prior to 1 May 2006 were of the analogue type. Later analogue tachograph head models are of

1800-460: The specified date). Starting from 16 June 2010, the Russian Federation was supposed to implement the European digital tachography system on its territory for international transportation, but by that date the digital tachography infrastructure was not ready, as was the case in a number of other countries, as a result the first AETR digital tachograph cards were issued at the end of 2010 in accordance with

1845-422: The start and end odometer readings and the registration mark of the vehicle. Three traces are made in the wax surface by the head. These traces are either made by three separate styli or a single multipurpose stylus. The trace closest to the centrefield is the distance trace . The stylus moves up and down with distance travelled, producing a zig-zag pattern, often referred to as a 'V' trace. A complete deflection

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1890-410: The tachograph head for the speed to be correctly recorded. It can be expected that a high speed trace will correlate with a tightly spaced zig-zag pattern within the distance trace. The disc is preprinted with a 24-hour scale that completes the outer circumference. The rear face of the chart is printed with a grid that enables the driver to make handwritten additions or amendments to the information on

1935-405: The tachograph records with him for all days of the current week and the last day of the previous week that he drove. Companies must keep the records for 1 year. In Germany, § 16 of the work time regulations lengthens this time to 2 years if the records will be used as proof of work time. In Russia, buses with more than 8 seats and trucks with a permitted gross weight of more than 3.5 tons (Order of

1980-411: The take over of Hanomag-Henschel in 1970/1971 a short lived rebadged Hanomag-Henschel version existed, only differing in the front radiator grille and headlights. In 1981, the T2 received a facelift, the most obvious difference was the new grille made of black plastic. In 1986, after 19 years of production, van and truck bodies were replaced by the second generation T2, buses continued in production for

2025-508: The territory of the Russian Federation are equipped with tachographs: On 16 December 2015, the Order of the Ministry of Transport of Russia No. 348 was published, which amends order No. 273. Order No. 348 changes the deadline for equipping vehicles of categories N2, N3, M2, M3 with digital tachographs. Now vehicles must be equipped with digital tachographs by 1 July 2016. EEC regulation 3821/85 on recording equipment in road transport from 20 December 1985 made tachographs mandatory throughout

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