43-466: T18 may refer to: Aircraft [ edit ] Slingsby T.18 Hengist , a British glider Thorp T-18 , an American homebuilt aircraft Armoured vehicles [ edit ] T18 Boarhound , an American armoured car T18 howitzer motor carriage , an American self-propelled gun T-18 tank , a Soviet tank Rail and transit [ edit ] Lines [ edit ] Annapolis Road Line , of
86-669: A South Saxon army in about 685, was able to kill Hlothhere, and replace him as ruler of Kent. In the 680s, the Kingdom of Wessex was in the ascendant, the alliance between the South Saxons and the Mercians and their control of southern England, put the West Saxons under pressure. Their king Cædwalla , probably concerned about Mercian and South Saxon influence in Southern England, conquered
129-581: A Toyota Corolla model sold in Australia [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title formed as a letter–number combination. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T18&oldid=1237593803 " Category : Letter–number combination disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
172-870: A people called the Eudoses, a tribe who possibly developed into the Jutes. The Jutes have also been identified with the Eotenas ( ēotenas ) involved in the Frisian conflict with the Danes as described in the Finnesburg episode in the Old English poem Beowulf . Theudebert , king of the Franks, wrote to the Emperor Justinian and in the letter claimed that he had lordship over a nation called
215-650: A pivotal region between the Northern and the Western Germanic dialects . It has not been possible to prove whether Jutish has always been a Scandinavian dialect which later became heavily influenced by West Germanic dialects, or whether Jutland was originally part of the West Germanic dialectal continuum . An analysis of the Kentish dialect by linguists indicates that there was a similarity between Kentish and Frisian. Whether
258-545: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Slingsby T.18 Hengist The Slingsby Hengist was a British military glider designed and built by Slingsby Sailplanes Ltd . Like other British troop carrying gliders in the Second World War , it was named after military figures whose name began with H, in this case the Jute invader Hengist . The use of assault gliders by
301-624: Is discussion about who crafted the jewellery (found in the archaeological sites of Kent). Suggestions include crafts people who had been trained in the Roman workshops of northern Gaul or the Rhineland. It is also possible that those artisans went on to develop their own individual style. By the late 6th century grave goods indicate that west Kent had adopted the distinctive east Kent material culture. The Frankish princess Bertha arrived in Kent around 580 to marry
344-597: The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle , has been contested by some findings in archaeology. One alternative hypothesis to the foundation legend suggests, because previously inhabited sites on the Frisian and north German coasts had been rendered uninhabitable by flooding , that the migration was due to displacement. Under this alternative hypothesis, the British provided land for the refugees to settle on in return for peaceful coexistence and military cooperation. Ship construction in
387-702: The Germanic tribes who settled in Great Britain after the departure of the Romans . According to Bede , they were one of the three most powerful Germanic nations, along with the Angles and the Saxons : Those who came over were of the three most powerful nations of Germany—Saxons, Angles, and Jutes. From the Jutes are descended the people of Kent, and of the Isle of Wight, and those also in
430-583: The Meonwara (southern Hampshire). In 686 Bede tells us that Jutish Hampshire extended to the western edge of the New Forest ; however, that seems to include another Jutish people, the Ytene , and it is not certain that these two territories formed a continuous coastal block. Towards the end of the Roman occupation of England, raids on the east coast became more intense and the expedient adopted by Romano-British leaders
473-588: The Saxones Eucii . The Eucii are thought to have been Jutes and may have been the same as a little-documented tribe called the Euthiones . The Euthiones are mentioned in a poem by Venantius Fortunatus (583) as being under the suzerainty of Chilperic I of the Franks. The Euthiones were located somewhere in northern Francia , modern day Flanders , an area of the European mainland opposite to Kent. Bede inferred that
SECTION 10
#1733085801527516-582: The 2nd or 3rd century adopted the use of iron fastenings, instead of the old sewn fastenings, to hold together the plank built boats of the Jutland peninsula. This enabled them to build stronger sea going vessels. Vessels going from Jutland to Britain probably would have sailed along the coastal regions of Lower Saxony and the Netherlands before crossing the English Channel. This was because navigation techniques of
559-653: The Anglo-Saxon kingdoms were evangelised the script of the Latin alphabet was introduced by Irish Christian missionaries . However, they ran into problems when they were unable to find a Latin equivalent to some of the Anglo-Saxon phonetics. They overcame this by modifying the Latin alphabet to include some runic characters. This became the Old English Latin alphabet . The runic characters were eventually replaced by Latin characters by
602-738: The British was prompted by the use by Germany of the DFS 230 transport glider, which was first used in May 1940 to land assault troops on the Eben Emael fort in Belgium . Their advantage compared to parachute assault was that the troops landed in one place, rather than being dispersed. The Slingsby T.18 Hengist was designed by John "Jack" Frost . It was a 15-seat glider designed to meet Specification X.25/40 (in accordance to O.R.98), issued in February 1941. The specification
645-582: The Geats resided in southern Sweden and also in Jutland (where Beowulf would have lived). The evidence adduced for this hypothesis includes: However, the tribal names possibly were confused in the above sources in both Beowulf (8th–11th centuries) and Widsith (late 7th – 10th century). The Eoten (in the Finn passage) are clearly distinguished from the Geatas . The Finnish surname Juutilainen , which comes from
688-651: The Hengist with a rubber bag as a landing device. A strengthened undercarriage was used on the production aircraft and was called the Mk III, but this name was not carried over to the RAF. The Hengist had a distinctive appearance with curved upper and lower surfaces and a flat sided fuselage. Two Hengist Mk Is were delivered to the Glider Pilots' Exercise Unit while others were issued to experimental units or remained in storage. Production
731-419: The Isle of Wight was the last area of Anglo-Saxon England to be evangelised in 686, when Cædwalla of Wessex invaded the island, killing the local king Arwald and his brothers. The Jutes used a system of partible inheritance known as gavelkind , which was practised in Kent until the 20th century. The custom of gavelkind was also found in other areas of Jutish settlement. In England and Wales, gavelkind
774-614: The Jutes settled in England, they are divided on where they actually came from. The chroniclers, Procopius , Constantius of Lyon , Gildas , Bede, Nennius , and also the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle , Alfred the Great and Asser provide the names of tribes who settled Britain during the mid-fifth century, and in their combined testimony, the four tribes mentioned are the Angli , Saxones , Iutae and Frisii . The Roman historian Tacitus refers to
817-555: The Jutish kingdom of Kent was founded, around the middle of the 5th century, Roman ways and influences must have still had a strong presence. The Roman settlement of Durovernum Cantiacorum became Canterbury. The people of Kent were described as Cantawara , a Germanised form of the Latin Cantiaci . Although not all historians accept Bede's scheme for the settlement of Britain into Anglian, Jutish and Saxon areas as perfectly accurate,
860-464: The Jutish homeland was on the Jutland peninsula. However, analysis of grave goods of the time have provided a link between East Kent, south Hampshire and the Isle of Wight, but little evidence of any link with Jutland. There is evidence that the Jutes who migrated to England came from northern Francia or from Frisia. Historians have posited that Jutland was the homeland of the Jutes, but when the Danes invaded
903-608: The Jutish settlements in Hampshire. Therefore, it is possible that the German folk arriving in the 5th century that landed in the Selsey area would have been directed north to Southampton Water. From there into the mouth of the Meon valley and would have been allowed to settle near the existing Romano-British people. The Jutish kingdom in Hampshire that Bede describes has various placenames that identify
SECTION 20
#1733085801527946-617: The Jutland Peninsula in about AD 200, some of the Jutes would have been absorbed by the Danish culture and others may have migrated to northern Francia and Frisia. In Scandinavian sources from the Middle Ages, the Jutes are only sporadically mentioned, now as subgroup of the Danes. There is a hypothesis , suggested by Pontus Fahlbeck in 1884, that the Geats were Jutes. According to this hypothesis
989-515: The Kentish system underlaid the 5th century farming practices of Sussex. He hypothesised that Sussex was probably settled by Jutes before the arrival of the Saxons, with Jutish territory stretching from Kent to the New Forest. The north Solent coast had been a trading area since Roman times. The old Roman roads between Sidlesham and Chichester and Chichester to Winchester would have provided access to
1032-639: The Migration Period, as part of a larger wave of Germanic migration into Britain. During the period after the Roman occupation and before the Norman conquest, people of Germanic descent arrived in Britain, ultimately forming England. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle provides what historians regard as foundation legends for Anglo-Saxon settlement. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle describes how the brothers Hengist and Horsa in
1075-762: The Old Saxons, the Angles, and the Jutes". The Saxons populated Essex , Sussex and Wessex ; the Jutes Kent , the Isle of Wight and Hampshire ; and the Angles East Anglia , Mercia and Northumbria (leaving their original homeland, Angeln , deserted). The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle also lists Wihtgar and Stuf as founders of the Wihtwara (Isle of Wight) and a man named Port and his two sons Bieda and Maeglaof as founders of
1118-978: The Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority T18 line , of the Stockholm Metro T17/18 Beijing–Mudanjiang through train Rolling stock [ edit ] GER Class T18 , a British steam locomotive Prussian T 18 , a tank locomotive Tatra T18 , a Czehoslovak draisine Stations [ edit ] Hara Station (Nagoya) , Aichi, Japan Hibarigaoka Station (Hokkaido) , Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan Orange Town Station , Sanuki, Kagawa Prefecture, Japan Tenjimbashisuji Rokuchōme Station , Osaka, Japan Urayasu Station (Chiba) , Japan Other [ edit ] Edwards syndrome , or trisomy 18 Estonian national road 18 T18 road (Tanzania) German torpedo boat T18 Toyota T-18 ,
1161-556: The archaeological evidence indicates that the peoples of west Kent were culturally distinct from those in the east of Kent, with west Kent sharing the 'Saxon' characteristics of its neighbours in the southeast of England. Brooches and bracteates found in east Kent, the Isle of Wight and southern Hampshire showed a strong Frankish and North Sea influence from the mid-fifth century to the late sixth century compared to north German styles found elsewhere in Anglo-Saxon England. There
1204-542: The end of the 14th century. The language that the Anglo-Saxon settlers spoke is known as Old English . There are four main dialectal forms, namely Mercian , Northumbrian , West Saxon and Kentish . Based on Bede's description of where the Jutes settled, Kentish was spoken in what are now the modern-day counties of Kent , Surrey , southern Hampshire and the Isle of Wight . However, historians are divided on what dialect it would have been and where it originated from. The Jutish peninsula has been seen by historians as
1247-419: The fear of God, he among the rest destroyed the city of Rochester In 681 Wulfhere of Mercia advanced into southern Hampshire and the Isle of Wight. Shortly after he gave the Isle of Wight and Meonwara to Æthelwealh of Sussex . In Kent, Eadric was for a time co-ruler alongside his uncle Hlothhere with a law code being issued in their names. Ultimately, Eadric revolted against his uncle and with help from
1290-572: The king Æthelberht of Kent . Bertha was already a Christian and had brought a bishop, Liudhard , with her across the Channel. Æthelberht rebuilt an old Romano-British structure and dedicated it to St Martin allowing Bertha to continue practising her Christian faith. In 597 Pope Gregory I sent Augustine to Kent, on a mission to convert the Anglo-Saxons , There are suggestions that Æthelberht had already been baptised when he "courteously received"
1333-557: The kingdom of the Gewissae , he also took the Isle of Wight, which till then was entirely given over to idolatry, and by cruel slaughter endeavoured to destroy all the inhabitants thereof, and to place in their stead people from his own province. Cædwalla killed Aruald, the king of the Isle of Wight . Aruald's two younger brothers, who were heirs to the throne, escaped from the island but were hunted down and found at Stoneham , Hampshire . They were killed on Cædwalla's orders. The Isle of Wight
T18 - Misplaced Pages Continue
1376-463: The land of the South Saxons and took over the Jutish areas in Hampshire and the Isle of Wight . Bede describes how Cædwalla brutally suppressed the South Saxons and attempted to slaughter the Jutes of the Isle of Wight and replace them with people from "his own province", but maintained that he was unable to do so, and Jutes remained a majority on the island. After Cædwalla had possessed himself of
1419-571: The locations as Jutish. These include Bishopstoke ( Ytingstoc ) and the Meon Valley ( Ytedene ). In Kent, Hlothhere had been ruler since 673/4. He must have come into conflict with Mercia , because in 676 the Mercian king Æthelred invaded Kent and according to Bede : In the year of our Lord's incarnation 676, when Ethelred, king of the Mercians, ravaged Kent with a powerful army, and profaned churches and monasteries, without regard to religion, or
1462-530: The pope's mission. Æthelberht was the first of the Anglo-Saxon rulers to be baptised. The simplified Christian burial was introduced at this time. Christian graves were usually aligned East to West, whereas with some exceptions pagan burial sites were not. The lack of archaeological grave evidence in the land of the Haestingas is seen as supporting the hypothesis that the peoples there would have been Christian Jutes who had migrated from Kent. In contrast to Kent,
1505-412: The province of the West Saxons who are to this day called Jutes, seated opposite to the Isle of Wight. There is no consensus amongst historians on the origins of the Jutes. One hypothesis is that they originated from the Jutland Peninsula but after a Danish invasion of that area, migrated to the Frisian coast. From the Frisian coast they went on to settle southern Britain in the later fifth century during
1548-642: The time required the ship to be moored up overnight. Marine archaeology has suggested that migrating ships would have sheltered in various river estuaries on the route. Artefacts and parts of ships, of the period, have been found that support this theory. It is likely that the Jutes initially inhabited Kent and from there they occupied the Isle of Wight, southern Hampshire and also possibly the area around Hastings in East Sussex ( Haestingas ). J E A Jolliffe compared agricultural and farming practices across 5th century Sussex to that of 5th century Kent. He suggested that
1591-549: The word "juutti", is speculated by some to have had a connection to Jutland or the Jutes. The runic alphabet is thought to have originated in the Germanic homelands that were in contact with the Roman Empire, and as such was a response to the Latin alphabet. In fact some of the runes emulated their Latin counterpart. The runic alphabet crossed the sea with the Anglo-Saxons and there have been examples, of its use, found in Kent. As
1634-495: The year 449 were invited to Sub-Roman Britain by Vortigern to assist his forces in fighting the Picts . They landed at Wippidsfleet ( Ebbsfleet ), and went on to defeat the Picts wherever they fought them. Hengist and Horsa sent word home to Germany asking for assistance. Their request was granted and support arrived. Afterward, more people arrived in Britain from "the three powers of Germany;
1677-556: Was abolished by the Administration of Estates Act 1925 . Before abolition in 1925, all land in Kent was presumed to be held by gavelkind until the contrary was proved. The popular reason given for the practice remaining so long is due to the "Swanscombe Legend"; according to this, Kent made a deal with William the Conqueror whereby he would allow them to keep local customs in return for peace. Although historians are confident of where
1720-448: Was halted when Waco Hadrian gliders became available under Lend-Lease . As a back-up type, it saw no operational service and was phased out of service in 1946. Data from Slingsby Sailplanes, British Gliders and Sailplanes 1922–1970 General characteristics Performance Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era Related lists Jutes The Jutes ( / dʒ uː t s / JOOTS ) were one of
1763-408: Was issued in case sufficiently powerful tugs were not available for the larger Airspeed Horsa . Four prototypes were ordered in late 1940, the first prototype DG570 flying in January 1942, towed by an Armstrong Whitworth Whitley . A total of 14 production Hengist Mk I were delivered to the Royal Air Force (RAF) between February 1943 and March 1944. One of Frost's unique design touches was to fit
T18 - Misplaced Pages Continue
1806-416: Was then permanently under West Saxon control and the Meonwara was integrated into Wessex. Cædwalla also invaded Kent and installed his brother Mul as leader. However, it was not long before Mul and twelve others were burnt to death by the Kentishmen. After Cædwalla was superseded by Ine of Wessex , Kent agreed to pay compensation to Wessex for the death of Mul, but they retained their independence. When
1849-422: Was to enlist the help of mercenaries to whom they ceded territory. It is thought that mercenaries may have started arriving in Sussex as early as the 5th century. Before the 7th century, there is a dearth of contemporary written material about the Anglo-Saxons' arrival. Most material that does exist was written several hundred years after the events. The earlier dates for the beginnings of settlement, provided by
#526473