43°45′00″S 172°49′59″E / 43.750°S 172.833°E / -43.750; 172.833
65-503: Port Levy ( Māori : Koukourarata ) is a long, sheltered bay and settlement on Banks Peninsula in Canterbury , New Zealand. The current population is under 100, but in the mid-19th century it was the largest Māori settlement in Canterbury with a population of about 400 people. It is named after Solomon Levey , an Australian merchant and ship owner who sent a number of trading vessels to
130-627: A marae (tribal meeting ground) of Ngāi Tahu and its Te Rūnanga o Koukourarata branch, is located at Port Levy. It includes the Tūtehuarewa wharenui (meeting house). The three hapū of Koukourarata are Ngāi Tūhaitara , Ngāi Tūtehuarewa and Ngāti Huikai . Portions of the Peter Jackson film Heavenly Creatures based on the Parker–Hulme murder case were shot in Port Levy — specifically
195-426: A high cation exchange capacity (the ability of the soil to retain nutrients) and porosity (the air-filled space in the soil). The fertility of loess is not due to organic matter content, which tends to be rather low, unlike tropical soils which derive their fertility almost wholly from organic matter. Even well managed loess farmland can experience dramatic erosion of well over 2.5 kg/m per year. In China,
260-563: A hundred meters in areas of Northwestern China and tens of meters in parts of the Midwestern United States. Loesses generally occur as blanket deposits that cover hundreds of square kilometers. The deposits are often tens of meters thick. Loesses often have steep or vertical faces. Because the grains are angular, loesses will often stand in banks for many years without slumping . This type of soil has "vertical cleavage", and thus, it can be easily excavated to form cave dwellings, which
325-473: A notable feature on the peninsula. The road included portions of the early tracks that were built to move cattle around (e.g. the 15 mile track from Akaroa to Pigeon Bay completed in 1844). Much of the construction was completed in the 1880s with more work carried out in the 1930s, the road is in two sections (both of which have views of the area, as well as parks, walkways, and other recreational features): Estimates suggest that native forest once covered 98% of
390-617: A number of holiday homes in Pigeon bay as well as a yacht club and a camping ground. Pigeon Bay most likely gained its name from early whalers seeing the large number of pigeons ( kererū ) in the forests of Pigeon Bay. The first reference to Pigeon Bay was in 1836. Captain Langlois celebrated his "purchase" of Banks Peninsula on 9 August 1840 by raising the French flag and conducting a 101 gun salute at Pigeon Bay. HMS Britomart visited Pigeon Bay towards
455-510: A peninsula. His first officer, William Stewart, charted this area of the coast. Pegasus Bay is named after their vessel. In 1830, the Māori settlement at Takapūneke was sacked, and the local Ngāi Tahu chief, Tama-i-hara-nui captured, by Ngāti Toa chief, Te Rauparaha , with the assistance of the captain of the British brig Elizabeth, John Stewart. It was partly as a result of this massacre that
520-488: A persistent grassland biome . When the valuable A-horizon topsoil is eroded or degraded, the underlying loess soil is infertile, and requires the addition of fertilizer in order to support agriculture . The loess along the Mississippi River near Vicksburg, Mississippi , consists of three layers. The Peoria Loess , Sicily Island Loess , and Crowley's Ridge Loess accumulated at different periods of time during
585-560: Is a clastic , predominantly silt -sized sediment that is formed by the accumulation of wind-blown dust . Ten percent of Earth's land area is covered by loesses or similar deposits . A loess is a periglacial or aeolian (windborne) sediment, defined as an accumulation of 20% or less of clay with a balance of roughly equal parts sand and silt (with a typical grain size from 20 to 50 micrometers), often loosely cemented by calcium carbonate . Usually, they are homogeneous and highly porous and have vertical capillaries that permit
650-613: Is a popular method of making human habitations in some parts of China. However, loesses can readily erode. In several areas of the world, loess ridges have formed that had been aligned with the prevailing winds during the last glacial maximum . These are called " paha ridges" in America and "greda ridges" in Europe. The formation of these loess dunes has been explained as a combination of wind and tundra conditions. The word loess , with connotations of origin by wind-deposited accumulation,
715-538: Is a settlement of mostly holiday houses on the Akaroa harbour. Wainui can mean 'big water' or 'big river' or 'big bay'. Wainui was once home to a large Ngāti Māmoe settlement. Wainui has important associations for Ngāi Tahu as the bay was then claimed by Te Ruahikihiki for Ngāi Tahu. He made his claim when he landed at Wainui and dug for fern roots there. (This was one of the many traditional ways to claim land). In Ngāi Tahu legend, Tuhiraki (Mt Bossu) which lies behind Wainui,
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#1732869934356780-541: Is a small town which sits at the head of the Akaroa harbour. Diamond Harbour is on Banks Peninsula. The inland valleys of the Port Hills known as McCormacks Bay and Moncks Bay are bays of the Avon Heathcote Estuary , rather that coastal bays of Banks Peninsula. Working around the coast from north to south one encounters: Sumner Bay marks the coastal transition from the long sandy beach of Pegasus Bay and
845-461: Is also found in Australia and Africa. Loess tends to develop into very rich soils. Under appropriate climatic conditions, it is some of the most agriculturally productive terrain in the world. Soils underlain by loess tend to be excessively drained. The fine grains weather rapidly due to their large surface area, making soils derived from loess rich. The fertility of loess soils is due largely to
910-484: Is also known as brickearth . Non-glacial loess can originate from deserts , dune fields , playa lakes , and volcanic ash . Some types of nonglacial loess are: The thick Chinese loess deposits are non-glacial loess having been blown in from deserts in northern China. The loess covering the Great Plains of Nebraska , Kansas , and Colorado is considered to be non-glacial desert loess. Non-glacial desert loess
975-474: Is immediately north of the peninsula. Banks Peninsula forms the most prominent volcanic feature of the South Island, similar to — but more than twice as large as — the older Dunedin volcano ( Otago Peninsula and Harbour ) 350 kilometres (220 mi) to the southwest. Geologically, the peninsula comprises the eroded remnants of two large composite shield volcanoes (Lyttelton formed first, then Akaroa), and
1040-564: Is mainly deposited in plateau-like situations in the Danube basins , likely derived from the Danube River system. In south-western Europe, relocated loess derivatives are mostly restricted to the Ebro Valley and central Spain. The Loess Hills of Iowa owe their fertility to the prairie topsoils built by 10,000 years of post-glacial accumulation of organic-rich humus as a consequence of
1105-598: Is the resting place of the kō (digging stick) of Rakaihautū. He used this digging stick to dig out many of the South Island lakes. In 1856, the Wainui Māori Reserve was established and set aside 432 acres for the Ngāi Tarewa Hapū of Ngāi Tahu. In the 1857 census, there was 40 people living there but by 1861, this had declined to 20 people. A post office was established in 1874, telephone office in 1875, school in 1885 and Presbyterian Church in 1911. Duvauchelle
1170-521: The Ngāi Tahu hapū Ngāi Tūhaitara, who arrived in the 1730s. The first European sighting of the peninsula was on 17 February 1770 by Captain James Cook and crew during Cook's first circumnavigation of New Zealand. Cook described the land as "of a circular figure ... of a very broken uneven surface and [having] more the appearance of barrenness than fertility." Deceived by the outline of higher land behind
1235-549: The Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region , and parts of others. Loess deposits of varying thickness (decimeter to several tens of meters) are widely distributed over the European continent. The northern European loess belt stretches from southern England and northern France to Germany, Poland and the southern Ukraine and deposits are characterized by strong influences of periglacial conditions. South-eastern European loess
1300-683: The Pleistocene . Ancient soils, called paleosols , have developed on the top of the Sicily Island Loess and Crowley's Ridge Loess. The lowermost loess, the Crowley's Ridge Loess, accumulated during the late Illinoian Stage . The middle loess, Sicily Island Loess, accumulated during the early Wisconsin Stage . The uppermost loess, the Peoria Loess in which the modern soil has developed, accumulated during
1365-466: The Port Hills . According to tradition the first Māori settlers of the area now known as Banks Peninsula were the Waitaha led by their founding ancestor Rākaihautū . The Māori name for the peninsula is Te Pātaka o Rākaihautū (The Storehouse of Rākaihautū) in recognition of his deeds and the abundance of mahinga kai (foods of the forests, sea, rivers and skies). They were followed by Kāti Māmoe , and then
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#17328699343561430-617: The Waitaki River , and extends 20 nautical miles out to sea, covering an area of about 14,310 km . The relatively small Pōhatu Marine Reserve centres on Pōhatu / Flea Bay on the south-east side of the peninsula and the larger Akaroa Marine Reserve lies at the entrance to the Akaroa Harbour . The Rod Donald Banks Peninsula Trust aims to improve public walking and biking access and enhance biodiversity on Banks Peninsula. They (in 2020) are raising money to purchase 500ha of land including
1495-664: The loess deposits which give the Yellow River its color have been farmed and have produced phenomenal yields for over one thousand years. Winds pick up loess particles contributing to the Asian Dust pollution problem. The largest deposit of loess in the United States which is the Loess Hills along the border of Iowa and Nebraska , has survived intensive farming and poor farming practices . For almost 150 years, this loess deposit
1560-973: The 1840s, the peninsula and the Canterbury Plains beyond were considered for colonisation, but it took until 1848 for the Canterbury Association chief surveyor, Captain Joseph Thomas to survey the surrounding plains and prepare for the arrival of the Canterbury pilgrims in December 1850. From the 1850s, Lyttelton and then Christchurch outgrew Akaroa, which is now a holiday resort and cruise ship destination and has retained many French influences as well as many of its nineteenth-century buildings. Historic harbour defence works dating from 1874 onwards survive at Ripapa Island in Lyttelton Harbour / Whakaraupō , and at Awaroa / Godley Head . In 2011,
1625-551: The Austrian and Hungarian loess stratigraphy, respectively. Since the 1980s, thermoluminescence (TL), optically stimulated luminescence (OSL), and infrared stimulated luminescence (IRSL) dating have been available, providing the possibility for dating the time of loess (dust) depositions, i.e., the time elapsed since the last exposure of the mineral grains to daylight. During the past decade, luminescence dating has significantly improved by new methodological improvements, especially
1690-586: The Banks Peninsula area during the 1820s. The bay was settled by the Ngai Tūāhuriri sub-tribe of Ngāi Tahu , and the chief Moki named the bay "Koukourarata" after a stream in Wellington that recalls the birth of his father, Tu Ahuriri. It was also the home of Tautahi, the chief after whom the swampland area Ōtautahi was named – now the site of the city of Christchurch . Koukourarata marae,
1755-516: The British authorities sent James Busby , as official British Resident, to New Zealand in 1832. During the 1830s, several European whaling bases were established on Banks Peninsula. In 1838 Captain Jean François Langlois , a French whaler, decided that Akaroa would make a good settlement to service whaling ships and made a provisional purchase of land in "the greater Banks Peninsula" from 12 Kāi Tahu chiefs. A deposit of commodities in
1820-589: The Christchurch earthquakes of Feb and June had their epicentres in the Port Hills, significantly affecting communities. Several sites off the coast of the peninsula serve for mariculture cultivation of mussels . Farming has been a traditional industry on Banks Peninsula. Following the major earthquakes of 2010 and 2011, which affected Christchurch and Lyttelton (the harbour serving Christchurch), cruise ships were diverted to Akaroa Harbour. The Summit Road forms
1885-448: The French plan for colonisation, Hobson quickly dispatched HMS Britomart from the Bay of Islands to Akaroa with police magistrates on board. While Langlois and his colonists sheltered from unfavourable winds at Pigeon Bay on the other side of the peninsula, the British raised their flag at Greens Point between Akaroa and Takapūneke and courts of law convened to assert British sovereignty over
1950-490: The Huangtu Plateau, is a plateau that covers an area of some 640,000 km around the upper and middle reaches of China's Yellow River . The Yellow River was so named because the loess forming its banks gave a yellowish tint to the water. The soil of this region has been called the "most highly erodible soil on earth". The Loess Plateau and its dusty soil cover almost all of Shanxi , Shaanxi , and Gansu provinces;
2015-556: The Rhine valley near Heidelberg . Charles Lyell (1834) brought the term into widespread usage, observing similarities between "loess" and its derivatives along the loess bluffs in the Rhine and in Mississippi . At the time, it was thought that the yellowish brown silt-rich sediment was of fluvial origin and had been deposited by large rivers. The aeolian origin of the loesses was recognized later (Virlet D'Aoust 1857), particularly due to
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2080-585: The South Island. The French colonists arrived in Akaroa Harbour on 18 August and established a settlement centred on the present-day site of Akaroa. Given that the French colonists had set out for New Zealand on the assumption that they owned the land, the New Zealand authorities made a grant of 30,000 acres to the Nanto-Bordelaise Company, which ceded all rights to the peninsula for £4,500. During
2145-676: The Summit Walkway. They have also been involved in providing tramping huts (Rod Donald Hut and Ōtamahua Hut on Ōtamahua / Quail Island ) for the public to access. Banks Peninsula Conservation Trust was formed in 2001. It works to conserve and enhance the biodiversity and encourage sustainable land management on Banks Peninsula. Work being undertaken in 2020 included work to protect ruru (morepork) and tūī . They also work with landowners to legally protect important biodiversity and landscape values in perpetuity through covenants. Banks Peninsula Ward of Christchurch City Council, which encompasses
2210-419: The area south of the Port Hills , covers 973.13 km (375.73 sq mi). Banks Peninsula Ward had a population of 8,850 at the 2018 New Zealand census , an increase of 615 people (7.5%) since the 2013 census , and an increase of 684 people (8.4%) since the 2006 census . There were 3,747 households. There were 4,374 males and 4,476 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.98 males per female. The median age
2275-496: The autumn and winter, when the melting of the ice sheets and ice caps ceased, the flow of meltwater down these rivers either ceased or was greatly reduced. As a consequence, large parts of the formerly submerged and unvegetated floodplains of these braided rivers dried out and were exposed to the wind. Because the floodplains consist of sediment containing a high content of glacially ground flour-like silt and clay , they were highly susceptible to winnowing of their silts and clays by
2340-525: The bay. Originally, it was known as Vincent's Bay as a result of a Captain John Vincent wrecking his schooner in the bay. It became known as Taylors Mistake in 1853 after another ship wreck in the bay. This time, a Captain Samuel Taylor wrecked his cutter named Hawk at night time. Taylors Mistake is known as Te One-poto in Māori. Lyttelton Harbour / Whakaraupō is a harbour within Banks Peninsula. Within
2405-564: The convincing observations of loesses in China by Ferdinand von Richthofen (1878). A tremendous number of papers have been published since then, focusing on the formation of loesses and on loess/ paleosol (older soil buried under deposits) sequences as the archives of climate and environment change. These water conservation works have been carried out extensively in China, and the research of loesses in China has been ongoing since 1954. [33] Much effort
2470-459: The development of single aliquot regenerative (SAR) protocols (Murray & Wintle 2000) resulting in reliable ages (or age estimates) with an accuracy of up to 5 and 10% for the last glacial record. More recently, luminescence dating has also become a robust dating technique for penultimate and antepenultimate glacial loess (e.g. Thiel et al. 2011, Schmidt et al. 2011) allowing for a reliable correlation of loess/palaeosol sequences for at least
2535-612: The end of August 1840 conducting the first hydrographic survey and reinforcing British sovereignty of Banks Peninsula. Little Akaloa is named "little" to distinguish it from Akaroa. It was spelt Hakaroa until 1864. Feral goats have been a problem in Little Akaloa but a successful cull of them in early 2019 is helping eradication efforts on Banks Peninsula. Loess A loess ( US : / ˈ l ɛ s , ˈ l ʌ s , ˈ l oʊ . ə s / , UK : / ˈ l oʊ . ə s , ˈ l ɜː s / ; from German : Löss [lœs] )
2600-609: The first Anglican church in what was to become Canterbury.” The current St Paul's Anglican church was built in 1888. 43°38′S 172°50′E / 43.633°S 172.833°E / -43.633; 172.833 Banks Peninsula Banks Peninsula is a peninsula of volcanic origin on the east coast of the South Island of New Zealand. It has an area of approximately 1,200 square kilometres (450 sq mi) and encompasses two large harbours and many smaller bays and coves. The South Island's largest city, Christchurch ,
2665-411: The formation of loess: a dust source, adequate wind energy to transport the dust, a suitable accumulation area, and a sufficient amount of time. Periglacial (glacial) loess is derived from the floodplains of glacial braided rivers that carried large volumes of glacial meltwater and sediments from the annual melting of continental ice sheets and mountain ice caps during the spring and summer. During
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2730-422: The harbour lies Ōtamahua / Quail Island and Ripapa Island . Port Levy is the most north facing of the bays on Banks Peninsula. It has been visited by Europeans since the 1820s and known as Koukourarata in Māori. Pigeon Bay has a walking track which follows the eastern side of Pigeon bay out to the head of the bay. It takes about 4 or 5 hours to walk there and back. It has spectacular coastal views. There are
2795-556: The intention of forming a French colony on a French South Island of New Zealand. By the time Langlois and his colonists arrived at Banks Peninsula in August 1840, many Māori had already signed the Treaty of Waitangi (the signatories including two chiefs at Akaroa in May) and New Zealand's first British Governor, William Hobson , had declared British sovereignty over the whole of New Zealand. On hearing of
2860-547: The last two interglacial/glacial cycles throughout Europe and the Northern Hemisphere (Frechen 2011). Furthermore, the numerical dating provides the basis for quantitative loess research applying more sophisticated methods to determine and understand high-resolution proxy data including the palaeodust content of the atmosphere, variations of the atmospheric circulation patterns and wind systems, palaeoprecipitation, and palaeotemperature. Besides luminescence dating methods,
2925-662: The late Wisconsin Stage. Animal remains include terrestrial gastropods and mastodons . Extensive areas of loess occur in New Zealand including the Canterbury Plains and on the Banks Peninsula . The basis of loess stratigraphy was introduced by John Hardcastle in 1890. Much of Argentina is covered by loess. Two areas of loess are usually distinguished in Argentina: the neotropical loess north of latitude 30° S and
2990-421: The lowlands of the Canterbury Plains to the rocky cliffs of Banks Peninsula. While Sumner is politically and socially considered a suburb of Christchurch, the high Clifton cliffs and the post of volcanic rock on the beach, known locally as Rapanui , or Shag Rock, mark the place where the coastal plains meet the peninsula. Taylors Mistake is a Christchurch swimming beach with a number of holiday houses lining
3055-551: The meeting of the Indo-Australian and Pacific tectonic plates ) and from the alluvial fans created by large braided rivers . These plains reach their widest point where they meet the hilly sub-region of Banks Peninsula. A layer of loess , a rather unstable fine silt deposited by the foehn winds which bluster across the plains, covers the northern and western flanks of the peninsula. The portion of crater rim lying between Lyttelton Harbour / Whakaraupō and Christchurch city forms
3120-418: The native bush. Other protected areas on the peninsula include Ellangowan Scenic Reserve (3.14 km ), designated in 1973, Mount Herbert Scenic Reserve (2.42 km ), designated in 1980, Wairewa Stewardship Area (6.51 km ), designated in 1987, and Palm Gully Scenic Reserve (1.11 km ), designated in 1989. A large Marine Mammal Sanctuary, mainly restricting set-net fishing , surrounds much of
3185-512: The pampean loess. The neotropical loess is made of silt or silty clay. Relative to the pampean loess the neotropical loess is poor in quartz and calcium carbonate . The source region for this loess is thought by some scientists to be areas of fluvio-glacial deposits the Andean foothills formed by the Patagonian Ice Sheet . Other researchers stress the importance of volcanic material in
3250-458: The peninsula, Cook mistook it for an island and named it "Banks Island" in honour of Endeavour ' s botanist, Joseph Banks . Distracted by a phantom sighting of land to the southeast, Cook then ordered Endeavour away to the south without exploring more closely. In 1809, Captain Samuel Chase, in the sealer Pegasus , corrected Cook's charts by determining that "Banks Island" was in fact
3315-461: The peninsula. This has the principal aim of the conservation of Hector's dolphin , the smallest of all dolphin species. Eco-tourism based around the playful dolphins has now become a significant industry in Akaroa. The Banks Peninsula Marine Mammal Sanctuary was expanded in 2020, with restrictions introduced on seismic surveying and seabed mining. The sanctuary stretches from the Jed River south to
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#17328699343563380-506: The peninsula. However, Māori and European settlers successively denuded the forest cover and less than 2% remains today, although some reforestation has started. European settlers have planted many English trees, notably walnut . Hinewai Reserve , a private nature reserve , has been established on the peninsula to allow for native forest to regenerate on land that was once farmed. It was established in 1987 and now spans 1250 hectares of native bush. it has 40 km of walking tracks through
3445-401: The scenes where Pauline Parker and Juliet Hulme , two 16-year-old girls from Christchurch , saw their imaginary Fourth World . The earliest Anglican church in Canterbury was thought to have been built at Port Levy. This occurred at some time in the 1840s. A stone memorial marks the site. It is inscribed “Te Turanga o te whare karakia tuatahi o te hahi mihinare o Waitaha. On this site stood
3510-444: The sediment to fracture and form vertical bluffs . Loesses are homogeneous ; porous ; friable ; pale yellow or buff ; slightly coherent ; typically, non- stratified ; and often calcareous . Loess grains are angular , with little polishing or rounding, and composed of quartz , feldspar , mica , or other mineral crystals. Loesses have been described as rich, dust-like soil. Loess deposits may become very thick: at more than
3575-520: The smaller Mt Herbert Volcanic Group. These formed due to intraplate volcanism between approximately eleven and eight million years ago ( Miocene ) on a continental crust. The peninsula formed as offshore islands, with the volcanoes reaching to about 1,500 m above sea level. Two dominant craters formed Lyttelton and Akaroa Harbours. The Canterbury Plains formed from the erosion of the Southern Alps (an extensive and high mountain range caused by
3640-498: The summits of Mt Herbert/Te Ahu Pātiki and Mt Bradley with the intention to set up a conservation park protecting and restoring native biodiversity. The land is currently farmland but over time the trust intends to return it to native bush. In May 2021, the money was raised to purchase the land. The Rod Donald Banks Peninsula Trust plans to upgrade fencing and remove feral grazing animals. The Rod Donald Banks Peninsula Trust are also involved in developing Te Ara Pātaka, also known as
3705-506: The use of radiocarbon dating in loess has increased during the past decades. Advances in methods of analyses, instrumentation, and refinements to the radiocarbon calibration curve have made it possible to obtain reliable ages from loess deposits for the last 40–45 ka. However, the use of this method relies on finding suitable in situ organic material in deposits such as charcoal, seeds, earthworm granules, or snail shells. According to Pye (1995), four fundamental requirements are necessary for
3770-468: The value of £6 was paid and a further £234 worth of commodities was to be paid at a later period. He returned to France , advertised for settlers to go to New Zealand, and ceded his interest in the land to the Nanto-Bordelaise Company , of which he became a part-owner. On 9 March 1840 he set sail for New Zealand with a group of French and German families aboard the ship Comte de Paris , with
3835-632: The wind. Once entrained by the wind, particles were then deposited downwind. The loess deposits found along both sides of the Mississippi River alluvial valley are a classic example of periglacial loess. During the Quaternary , loess and loess-like sediments were formed in periglacial environments on mid-continental shield areas in Europe and Siberia as well as on the margins of high mountain ranges like in Tajikistan and on semi-arid margins of some lowland deserts as in China. In England, periglacial loess
3900-478: Was 26.8%, compared with 27.1% nationally. Although some people objected to giving their religion, 58.9% had no religion, 29.0% were Christian, 0.3% were Hindu, 0.5% were Muslim, 0.7% were Buddhist and 3.4% had other religions. Of those at least 15 years old, 2,400 (32.3%) people had a bachelor or higher degree, and 804 (10.8%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $ 36,000, compared with $ 31,800 nationally. The employment status of those at least 15
3965-434: Was 48.4 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 1,410 people (15.9%) aged under 15 years, 999 (11.3%) aged 15 to 29, 4,710 (53.2%) aged 30 to 64, and 1,728 (19.5%) aged 65 or older. Ethnicities were 93.1% European/Pākehā, 8.3% Māori, 1.3% Pacific peoples, 3.1% Asian, and 2.0% other ethnicities (totals add to more than 100% since people could identify with multiple ethnicities). The proportion of people born overseas
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#17328699343564030-526: Was farmed with mouldboard ploughs and tilled in the fall, both intensely erosive practices. At times it suffered erosion rates of over 10 kilograms per square meter per year. Today this loess deposit is worked as low till or no till in all areas and is aggressively terraced . An area of multiple loess deposits spans from southern Tajikistan up to Almaty , Kazakhstan . The Loess Plateau ( simplified Chinese : 黄土高原 ; traditional Chinese : 黃土高原 ; pinyin : Huángtǔ Gāoyuán ), also known as
4095-665: Was introduced into English from the German Löss , which can be traced back to Swiss German and is cognate with the English word loose and the German word los . It was first applied to the Rhine River valley loesses around 1821. The term "Löß" was first described in Central Europe by Karl Cäsar von Leonhard (1823–1824), who had reported yellowish brown, silty deposits along
4160-407: Was put into setting up regional and local loess stratigraphies and their correlations (Kukla 1970, 1975, 1977). However, even the chronostratigraphical position of the last interglacial soil correlating with marine isotope substage 5e was a matter of debate, due to the lack of robust and reliable numerical dating, as summarized, for example, by Zöller et al. (1994) and Frechen et al. (1997) for
4225-469: Was that 3,807 (51.2%) people were employed full-time, 1,383 (18.6%) were part-time, and 135 (1.8%) were unemployed. Akaroa is a small town on the edge of the Akaroa harbour. Little River is a small town which sits at the end of the Little River Rail Trail. There are several art galleries, a camp ground, rugby club and primary school there. The area is known to Māori as Wairewa. Wainui
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