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46-551: The district is located between Küngöy Ala-Too Range and Issyk-Kul lake. The topography varies from multiple-folded medium-altitude mountains featuring in erosional dissection to alluvial - proluvial planes with river fans, and lakeside planes of Issyk-Kul lake area. Approximately 48% of the district is occupied by mountains, and 48% - by valleys. The hydrological conditions are dominated by Tüp river that rises on north slopes of Teskey Ala-Too Range . An average temperature in January

92-1040: A combination of overfishing , heavy predation by two of the introduced invasive species (the pike perch and the rainbow trout ), and the cessation of lake restocking with juvenile fish from hatcheries . At least four commercially targeted endemic fish species are sufficiently threatened to be included in the Red Book of the Kyrgyz Republic — Schmidt's dace ( Leuciscus schmidti ), Issyk-Kul dace ( Leuciscus bergi ), Ili marinka ( Schizothorax pseudoaksaiensis issykkulensis ), and sheer or naked osman ( Gymnodiptychus dybowskii ). Five other indigenous species — Issyk-kul minnow ( Phoxinus issykkulensis ), Issykul gudgeon ( Gobio gobio latus ), spotted thicklip loach ( Triplophysa strauchii ulachilicus ), grey stone loach ( Triplophysa dorsalis ), asp ( Leuciscus aspius iblioides ) — are almost certainly threatened as bycatch or are indirectly impacted by fishing activity and changes to

138-588: A complex mixture of many different elements from different sources (not all from dissolved salts) in different molecular forms. The chemical properties of some of these forms depend on temperature and pressure. Many of these forms are difficult to measure with high accuracy, and in any case complete chemical analysis is not practical when analyzing multiple samples. Different practical definitions of salinity result from different attempts to account for these problems, to different levels of precision, while still remaining reasonably easy to use. For practical reasons salinity

184-475: A large hexahedral goldpiece. Also found was a bronze cauldron with a level of craftsmanship that is today achieved by using an inert gas environment. In 1916 the monastery at Issyk-Kul was attacked by Kyrgyz rebels, and seven monks were killed. The first nature reserve in Kyrgyzstan, Issyk-Kul State Reserve was established in 1948 to protect unique nature landscapes and waterfowl at Issyk-Kul. In 1975, it

230-456: A measured density. Marine waters are those of the ocean, another term for which is euhaline seas . The salinity of euhaline seas is 30 to 35 ‰. Brackish seas or waters have salinity in the range of 0.5 to 29 ‰ and metahaline seas from 36 to 40 ‰. These waters are all regarded as thalassic because their salinity is derived from the ocean and defined as homoiohaline if salinity does not vary much over time (essentially constant). The table on

276-457: A wide range of salinities is euryhaline . Salts are expensive to remove from water, and salt content is an important factor in water use, factoring into potability and suitability for irrigation . Increases in salinity have been observed in lakes and rivers in the United States, due to common road salt and other salt de-icers in runoff. The degree of salinity in oceans is a driver of

322-441: A wide range of salinities, from less than 0.01 g/kg to a few g/kg, although there are many places where higher salinities are found. The Dead Sea has a salinity of more than 200 g/kg. Precipitation typically has a TDS of 20 mg/kg or less. Whatever pore size is used in the definition, the resulting salinity value of a given sample of natural water will not vary by more than a few percent (%). Physical oceanographers working in

368-619: Is -6°C in valleys, and -14°C in mountains. In July, an average temperature varies from +18°C in valleys, to +9°C in mountains. An absolute recorded temperature maximum is +35°. Average maximum temperatures are +30°C in valleys, and +15°C in mountains. Average yearly precipitation is 350-400 mm in valleys, and 500-600 mm in mountains. An average snow cover is up to 30 cm. The Eastern wind called Santash reaches 20-30 m/s. In total, Tüp District includes 37 settlements in 13 rural communities ( ayyl aymagy ). Each rural community may include one or several villages. The rural communities and settlements in

414-632: Is a Ramsar site of globally significant biodiversity and forms part of the Issyk-Kul Biosphere Reserve. Issyk-Kul Lake is 182 kilometres (113 mi) long, up to 60 kilometres (37 mi) wide and its area is 6,236 square kilometres (2,408 sq mi). It is the second-largest mountain lake in the world behind Lake Titicaca in South America . It is at an altitude of 1,607 metres (5,272 ft) and reaches 668 metres (2,192 ft) in depth. About 118 rivers and streams flow into

460-424: Is an important factor in determining many aspects of the chemistry of natural waters and of biological processes within it, and is a thermodynamic state variable that, along with temperature and pressure , governs physical characteristics like the density and heat capacity of the water. A contour line of constant salinity is called an isohaline , or sometimes isohale . Salinity in rivers, lakes, and

506-431: Is defined as that which can pass through a very fine filter (historically a filter with a pore size of 0.45 μm, but later usually 0.2 μm). Salinity can be expressed in the form of a mass fraction , i.e. the mass of the dissolved material in a unit mass of solution. Seawater typically has a mass salinity of around 35 g/kg, although lower values are typical near coasts where rivers enter the ocean. Rivers and lakes can have

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552-619: Is near the east tip of the lake and is a good base for excursions into the surrounding area. Its small old core contains an impressive wooden mosque , built without metal nails by the Dungan people and a wooden Orthodox church that was used as a stable during Soviet times. Issyk-Kul Lake was a stopover on the Silk Road , a land route for travelers from the Far East to Europe. The great Chinese Buddhist scholar-monk Xuanzang passed by this lake and noted

598-520: Is pulled in to replace the sinking water, which in turn eventually becomes cold and salty enough to sink. Salinity distribution contributes to shape the oceanic circulation. Limnologists and chemists often define salinity in terms of mass of salt per unit volume, expressed in units of mg/L or g/L. It is implied, although often not stated, that this value applies accurately only at some reference temperature because solution volume varies with temperature. Values presented in this way are typically accurate to

644-651: Is referred to as brine . Salinity is an ecological factor of considerable importance, influencing the types of organisms that live in a body of water. As well, salinity influences the kinds of plants that will grow either in a water body, or on land fed by a water (or by a groundwater ). A plant adapted to saline conditions is called a halophyte . A halophyte which is tolerant to residual sodium carbonate salinity are called glasswort or saltwort or barilla plants. Organisms (mostly bacteria) that can live in very salty conditions are classified as extremophiles , or halophiles specifically. An organism that can withstand

690-522: Is the eighth-deepest lake in the world , the eleventh-largest lake in the world by volume (though not in surface area), the deepest lake whose deepest point is above sea level (939 meters or 3,080 feet), and the third-largest saline lake. Issyk-Kul means "warm lake" in the Kyrgyz language ; although it is located at a lofty elevation of 1,607 metres (5,272 ft) and subject to severe cold during winter, it rarely freezes over due to high salinity . The lake

736-470: Is usually related to the sum of masses of a subset of these dissolved chemical constituents (so-called solution salinity ), rather than to the unknown mass of salts that gave rise to this composition (an exception is when artificial seawater is created). For many purposes this sum can be limited to a set of eight major ions in natural waters, although for seawater at highest precision an additional seven minor ions are also included. The major ions dominate

782-652: The Karabulan Peninsula on the lake would be leased for an indefinite period to the Russian Navy , which is planning to establish new naval testing facilities as part of the 2007 bilateral Agreement on Friendship, Cooperation, Mutual Help, and Protection of Secret Materials. The Russian military will pay $ 4.5 million annually to lease the area. India also plans to invest in the facility to test all types of torpedoes such as heavy weight torpedoes and those that have thermal navigation system. Another advantage that works for

828-572: The Tian Shan runs parallel to the north shore. The southern slopes of the Kungey Alatau are comparatively short. Therefore, the rivers rising on them are relatively small and do not have a chance to flow together to form larger hydrographic systems. As a result, they separately empty either into Issyk-Kul or into Tüp river flowing along the range. The lake water's salinity is approx. 0.6% – compared to 3.5% salinity of typical seawater – and, although

874-434: The abyssal ocean , however, are often concerned with precision and intercomparability of measurements by different researchers, at different times, to almost five significant digits . A bottled seawater product known as IAPSO Standard Seawater is used by oceanographers to standardize their measurements with enough precision to meet this requirement. Measurement and definition difficulties arise because natural waters contain

920-564: The hydrography is such that a possible cause of reduced circulation is the production of stratified oceans. In such cases, it is more difficult to subduct water through the thermohaline circulation. Not only is salinity a driver of ocean circulation, but changes in ocean circulation also affect salinity, particularly in the subpolar North Atlantic where from 1990 to 2010 increased contributions of Greenland meltwater were counteracted by increased northward transport of salty Atlantic waters. However, North Atlantic waters have become fresher since

966-413: The world's ocean circulation , where density changes due to both salinity changes and temperature changes at the surface of the ocean produce changes in buoyancy, which cause the sinking and rising of water masses. Changes in the salinity of the oceans are thought to contribute to global changes in carbon dioxide as more saline waters are less soluble to carbon dioxide. In addition, during glacial periods,

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1012-408: The 1980s. Titration with silver nitrate could be used to determine the concentration of halide ions (mainly chlorine and bromine ) to give a chlorinity . The chlorinity was then multiplied by a factor to account for all other constituents. The resulting 'Knudsen salinities' are expressed in units of parts per thousand (ppt or ‰ ). The use of electrical conductivity measurements to estimate

1058-515: The Tüp District are: This Issyk-Kul region location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Issyk-Kul Issyk-Kul ( Russian : Иссык-Куль ) or Ysyk-Köl ( Kyrgyz : Ысык-Көл , IPA: [ɯsɯ́q kʰɵ́l] ; lit.   ' Warm Lake ' ) is an endorheic saline lake in the western Tianshan Mountains in eastern Kyrgyzstan , just south of a dividing range separating Kyrgyzstan from Kazakhstan . It

1104-474: The analysis of preserved genetic material from seven individuals buried in two cemeteries near Issyk-Kul and determined that the Black Death was present there in 1338 or 1339. The plague first infected people in a small, nearby settlement of traders eight years before it devastated Eurasia, killing 60 percent of the population, having traveled along trade routes. The lake's status as a byway for travelers allowed

1150-500: The beach which lead the cold, less heavy water to the top of the lake and often the salty, heavy water below is oddly more warm than the water on the surface. During the Soviet period , the Soviet Navy operated an extensive facility at the lake's east end, where submarine and torpedo technology was evaluated. In March 2008, Kyrgyz newspapers reported that 866 hectares (2,140 acres) around

1196-417: The composition of seawater. They can also be determined by making direct density measurements. A sample of seawater from most locations with a chlorinity of 19.37 ppt will have a Knudsen salinity of 35.00 ppt, a PSS-78 practical salinity of about 35.0, and a TEOS-10 absolute salinity of about 35.2 g/kg. The electrical conductivity of this water at a temperature of 15 °C is 42.9 mS/cm. On

1242-621: The details in the classic travelogue Great Tang Records on the Western Regions in the 7th century. The lake was once a part of the territory of Qing Dynasty of China and was ceded to Russia – along with the surrounding territory – after the Treaty of Tarbagatai . Many historians believe that the lake was the point of origin for the Black Death that plagued Europe and Asia during the early and mid-14th century. In 2022, researchers reported on

1288-632: The ecological structure and balance of the lake's fish population. Sevan trout , a fish endemic to Lake Sevan in Armenia , was introduced into Issyk-Kul in the 1970s. While this fish is an endangered species in its native waters, it has a much better chance to survive in Lake Issyk-Kul where it has actively predated on other species, but is limited in habitat for reproduction and in food. The lake supports large numbers of wintering waterfowl as well as waders and passerines on passage migration . Both

1334-430: The facility. Towns and some villages around the lake, listed clockwise from the lake's western tip: Salinity Salinity ( / s ə ˈ l ɪ n ɪ t i / ) is the saltiness or amount of salt dissolved in a body of water , called saline water (see also soil salinity ). It is usually measured in g/L or g/kg (grams of salt per liter/kilogram of water; the latter is dimensionless and equal to ‰). Salinity

1380-491: The form of silicic acid , which usually appears as a neutral molecule in the pH range of most natural waters, may also be included for some purposes (e.g., when salinity/density relationships are being investigated). The term 'salinity' is, for oceanographers, usually associated with one of a set of specific measurement techniques. As the dominant techniques evolve, so do different descriptions of salinity. Salinities were largely measured using titration -based techniques before

1426-411: The global scale, it is extremely likely that human-caused climate change has contributed to observed surface and subsurface salinity changes since the 1950s, and projections of surface salinity changes throughout the 21st century indicate that fresh ocean regions will continue to get fresher and salty regions will continue to get saltier. Salinity is serving as a tracer of different masses. Surface water

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1472-421: The inorganic composition of most (but by no means all) natural waters. Exceptions include some pit lakes and waters from some hydrothermal springs . The concentrations of dissolved gases like oxygen and nitrogen are not usually included in descriptions of salinity. However, carbon dioxide gas, which when dissolved is partially converted into carbonates and bicarbonates , is often included. Silicon in

1518-412: The ionic content of seawater led to the development of the scale called the practical salinity scale 1978 (PSS-78). Salinities measured using PSS-78 do not have units. The suffix psu or PSU (denoting practical salinity unit ) is sometimes added to PSS-78 measurement values. The addition of PSU as a unit after the value is "formally incorrect and strongly discouraged". In 2010 a new standard for

1564-510: The lake ; the largest are the Jyrgalang and Tüp . It is fed by springs, including many hot springs and snow melt. The lake has no current outlet, but some hydrologists hypothesize that the lake's water filters deep underground into the Chu River . The bottom of the lake contains the mineral monohydrocalcite : one of the few known lacustrine deposits. The lake's southern shore is dominated by

1610-534: The lake level is still currently some 8 metres (26 ft) higher than in medieval times, its level now drops by approximately 5 centimetres (2.0 in) per year due to water diversion. Administratively, the lake and the adjacent land are within Issyk-Kul Region of Kyrgyzstan. During the Soviet era, the lake became a popular vacation resort, with numerous sanitoria , boarding houses and vacation homes along its northern shore, many concentrated in and around

1656-409: The measured conductivity at 5 °C might only be in the range of 50–80 μS/cm. Direct density measurements are also used to estimate salinities, particularly in highly saline lakes . Sometimes density at a specific temperature is used as a proxy for salinity. At other times an empirical salinity/density relationship developed for a particular body of water is used to estimate the salinity of samples from

1702-430: The ocean is conceptually simple, but technically challenging to define and measure precisely. Conceptually the salinity is the quantity of dissolved salt content of the water. Salts are compounds like sodium chloride , magnesium sulfate , potassium nitrate , and sodium bicarbonate which dissolve into ions. The concentration of dissolved chloride ions is sometimes referred to as chlorinity. Operationally, dissolved matter

1748-491: The order of 1%. Limnologists also use electrical conductivity , or "reference conductivity", as a proxy for salinity. This measurement may be corrected for temperature effects, and is usually expressed in units of μS/cm . A river or lake water with a salinity of around 70 mg/L will typically have a specific conductivity at 25 °C of between 80 and 130 μS/cm. The actual ratio depends on the ions present. The actual conductivity usually changes by about 2% per degree Celsius, so

1794-419: The plague to spread across these continents via medieval merchants who unknowingly carried infested vermin along with them. The lake level is some 8 metres (26 ft) higher than in medieval times. Divers have found the remains of submerged settlements in shallow areas around the lake. Articles identified as the world's oldest extant coins were found underwater, with gold wire rings used as small change and

1840-598: The properties of seawater called the thermodynamic equation of seawater 2010 ( TEOS-10 ) was introduced, advocating absolute salinity as a replacement for practical salinity, and conservative temperature as a replacement for potential temperature . This standard includes a new scale called the reference composition salinity scale . Absolute salinities on this scale are expressed as a mass fraction, in grams per kilogram of solution. Salinities on this scale are determined by combining electrical conductivity measurements with other information that can account for regional changes in

1886-650: The right, modified from Por (1972), follows the "Venice system" (1959). In contrast to homoiohaline environments are certain poikilohaline environments (which may also be thalassic ) in which the salinity variation is biologically significant. Poikilohaline water salinities may range anywhere from 0.5 to greater than 300 ‰. The important characteristic is that these waters tend to vary in salinity over some biologically meaningful range seasonally or on some other roughly comparable time scale. Put simply, these are bodies of water with quite variable salinity. Highly saline water, from which salts crystallize (or are about to),

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1932-459: The ruggedly beautiful Teskey Ala-Too Range of the Tian Shan mountains. The northern slopes of the range are long and send a considerable flow to Issyk-Kul. Numerous streams taking their rise at the slopes flow together into comparatively large rivers. They deeply dissect the range and flow in wide valleys. On exit from mountains the rivers form large alluvial cones. In eastern part of Issyk-Kul they flow into Jyrgalang river. The Kungey Alatau of

1978-400: The testing center is that the torpedoes fired can also be recovered allowing scientists to make physical verification of a torpedo structure for further study. India is also planning to use the torpedo test facility to test the autonomous underwater vehicle being developed by NSTL . For this, India has proposed to engage local companies with know-how in torpedo technology to further co-develop

2024-518: The town of Cholpon-Ata . These fell on hard times after the break-up of the USSR, but now hotel complexes are being refurbished and simple private bed-and-breakfast rentals are being established for a new generation of health and leisure visitors. The city of Karakol (formerly Przhevalsk, after the Russian explorer Przhevalsky , who died there) is the administrative seat of Issyk-Kul Region of Kyrgyzstan. It

2070-556: The western and eastern ends of the lake have been recognised as Important Bird Areas (IBAs) by BirdLife International . There is a small lake below the water level of Issyk Kul at the south-west side of the lake. This lake is called Tyz köl (salt lake) in Kyrgyz due to its very high saline content and swimming in the Issyk Kul salt lake is a very different experience from less salty water. The lake receives its water from small cold springs at

2116-417: Was acknowledged as a Ramsar site . Biosphere Reserve Issyk-Kul covered by UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves was established in year 2000 within the administrative borders of Issyk-Kul Region . The lake contains highly endemic fish biodiversity, and some of the species, including four endemics, are seriously endangered. In recent years yields of all fish species have declined markedly, due to

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