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112-554: It was commissioned by the "Match King" Ivar Kreuger (1880–1932) as the headquarters of the Swedish match company Svenska Tändsticks AB . It was designed by architect Ivar Tengbom (1878-1968) and built by Kreuger & Toll Construction AB 1926–28. The palace remained Swedish Match's office until 1991 and was sold to Telia in 1999, who subsequently sold it to businessman Muhammed Al-Amoundi for SEK 450 million. Swedish Match moved their headquarter back to Tändstickspalatset, to one of

224-775: A diagnosis and establish a management plan and, when necessary, incorporate the results of laboratory and imaging studies like X-rays, CT-scan, or MRI findings. Physical therapists can use sonography to diagnose and manage common musculoskeletal, nerve, and pulmonary conditions. Electrodiagnostic testing (e.g., electromyograms and nerve conduction velocity testing) may also be used. PT management commonly includes prescription of or assistance with specific exercises, manual therapy , and manipulation, mechanical devices such as traction, education, electrophysical modalities which include heat, cold, electricity, sound waves, radiation, assistive devices, prostheses, orthoses, and other interventions. In addition, PTs work with individuals to prevent

336-611: A neurological disorder or disease. These can include stroke , chronic back pain, Alzheimer's disease, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) , ALS , brain injury, cerebral palsy , multiple sclerosis , Parkinson's disease , facial palsy and spinal cord injury. Common impairments associated with neurologic conditions include impairments of vision, balance, ambulation, activities of daily living , movement, muscle strength and loss of functional independence. The techniques involve in neurological physical therapy are wide-ranging and often require specialized training. Neurological physiotherapy

448-559: A "memorandum of understanding" with the four other members of the World Health Professions Alliance "to enhance their joint collaboration on protecting and investing in the health workforce to provide safe, quality and equitable care in all settings". Physicians like Hippocrates and later Galen are believed to have been the first practitioners of physical therapy, advocating massage , manual therapy techniques and hydrotherapy to treat people in 460 BC. After

560-408: A Ponzi scheme, early investors are paid dividends from their own money or that of subsequent investors. Although Kreuger did this to some extent, he also controlled many legitimate and often very profitable businesses, and owned banks, real estate, a gold mine, and pulp and industrial companies, besides his many match companies. Many of them have survived to this day. Kreuger & Toll, for example,

672-577: A controlling stake in L.M. Ericsson & Co., Sweden's leading phone company. He controlled about 50% of the world market in iron ore and cellulose. He owned mines all over the world including the Boliden mine in Sweden, which had one of the richest gold deposits outside South Africa in addition to other minerals. Kreuger formed Swedish Match by merging his father's business with other match factories he had quietly bought during World War I . Its initial capital

784-429: A curriculum of continuing education courses in orthopedics and manual therapy. The program consists of 5 levels (7 courses) of training with ongoing mentorship and evaluation at each level. The orthopedic curriculum and examinations take a minimum of 4 years to complete. However, upon completion of level 2, physiotherapists can apply to a unique 1-year course-based Master's program in advanced orthopedics and manipulation at

896-515: A director he went to jail for 10 months after Ivar's death. In 1911 and 1912, the Kreuger family match factories in Kalmar , Fredriksdal and Mönsterås , run by his father Ernst Kreuger, uncle Fredrik Kreuger and his brother Torsten Kreuger, encountered financial problems. Kreuger was then advised by his banker Oscar Rydbeck to turn the factories into a stock corporation in order to raise more capital. This

1008-431: A few years, Kreuger & Toll was seen as the best building company in Sweden and one of the top firms in all of Europe. Within six years after its incorporation, Kreuger & Toll earned annual profits of around $ 200,000 and was paying a substantial dividend of 15%. In 1917, the company was split into two separate companies: Kreuger & Toll Construction AB, with the majority of shares owned by Paul Toll. Ivar Kreuger

1120-580: A four-year Bachelor of Science degree or a two-year master's degree (if they already have an undergraduate degree in a related field). To use the title 'Physiotherapist', a student must register with the Health and Care Professions Council , a UK-wide regulatory body, on qualifying. Many physiotherapists are also members of the Chartered Society of Physiotherapy (CSP), which provides insurance and professional support. The primary physical therapy practitioner

1232-466: A global match and financial empire. Between the two world wars, he negotiated match monopolies with European, Central American and South American governments, and finally controlled between two thirds and three quarters of worldwide match production, becoming known as the "Match King". Kreuger's financial empire has been described by one biographer as a Ponzi scheme , based on the supposedly fantastic profitability of his match monopolies. However, in

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1344-461: A job are important predictors of job satisfaction. In a Polish study, job burnout among the physical therapists was manifested by increased emotional exhaustion and decreased sense of personal achievement. Emotional exhaustion is significantly higher among physical therapists working with adults and employed in hospitals. Other factors that increased burnout include working in a hospital setting and having seniority from 15 to 19 years. According to

1456-590: A new way of thinking in the Swedish match industry with large scale production facilities as well as ideas to increase efficiency in production, administration, distribution, and marketing. He managed to unite the Swedish match industry as well as the major match companies in Norway and Finland. With this new company structure the match industry in Scandinavia became a major competitor to large manufacturers elsewhere. Ivar's methods resembled those John D. Rockefeller used in

1568-453: A particular date Kreuger & Toll would give the client a partial refund of $ 1,200 (about $ 18,000 in today's currency) for each late day. It is noteworthy that Kreuger & Toll's entire capital would have covered just two days of being late. The client, in turn, agreed to pay a bonus for every day the building was finished before the due date. Kreuger & Toll finished early and subsequently earned completion bonuses for every project. Within

1680-597: A physical therapist. Physical therapist assistants in the United States are currently trained under associate of applied sciences curricula specific to the profession, as outlined and accredited by CAPTE. As of December 2022, there were 396 accredited two-year ( Associate degree ) programs for physical therapist assistants In the United States of America. Curricula for the physical therapist assistant associate degree include: Job duties and education requirements for Physical Therapy Technicians or Aides may vary depending on

1792-441: A physiotherapy program or program in university. Following admission, physical therapy students work on a bachelor of science with a major in physical therapy and rehabilitation. The B.Sc. usually requires three years to complete. Students must then enter graduate school to complete a master's degree in physical therapy, which normally requires one and a half to two years of study. Graduates who obtain their M.Sc. must successfully pass

1904-424: A price of $ 94.50 for each $ 100 of principal amount. Investors paid $ 94.50 in return for the right to receive interest of $ 6.50 per year for 20 years (6.5 percent of the hundred dollars principal amount.). The deal raised a total of $ 14,175,000, i.e. 94.5 percent of $ 15 million. Kreuger invented another financial instrument, which continues to be used and is nowadays known as American depositary receipts . That issue

2016-1156: A wide area of issues concerning people as they go through normal adult aging but is usually focused on the older adult. There are many conditions that affect many people as they grow older and include but are not limited to the following: arthritis , osteoporosis , cancer , Alzheimer's disease , hip and joint replacement, balance disorders, incontinence , etc. Geriatric physical therapists specialize in providing therapy for such conditions in older adults. Physical rehabilitation can prevent deterioration in health and activities of daily living among care home residents. The current evidence suggests benefits to physical health from participating in different types of physical rehabilitation to improve daily living, strength, flexibility, balance, mood, memory, exercise tolerance, fear of falling, injuries, and death. It may be both safe and effective in improving physical and possibly mental state, while reducing disability with few adverse events. The current body of evidence suggests that physical rehabilitation may be effective for long-term care residents in reducing disability with few adverse events. However, there

2128-767: A wide variety of cardiopulmonary disorders or pre and post cardiac or pulmonary surgery. An example of cardiac surgery is coronary bypass surgery . The primary goals of this specialty include increasing endurance and functional independence. Manual therapy is used in this field to assist in clearing lung secretions experienced with cystic fibrosis . Pulmonary disorders, heart attacks , post coronary bypass surgery , chronic obstructive pulmonary disease , and pulmonary fibrosis , treatments can benefit from cardiovascular and pulmonary specialized physical therapists. This specialty area includes electrotherapy/physical agents, electrophysiological evaluation (EMG/NCV) , physical agents, and wound management. Geriatric physical therapy covers

2240-401: Is aimed to recognize individuals with advanced clinical knowledge and skill training in their respective area of practice, and exemplifies the trend toward greater education to optimally treat individuals with movement dysfunction. Physical therapist assistants may deliver treatment and physical interventions for patients and clients under a care plan established by and under the supervision of

2352-424: Is also called neurophysiotherapy or neurological rehabilitation . It is recommended for neurophysiotherapists to collaborate with psychologists when providing physical treatment of movement disorders. This is especially important because combining physical therapy and psychotherapy can improve neurological status of the patients. Orthopedic physical therapists diagnose, manage, and treat disorders and injuries of

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2464-1010: Is central to what it means to be healthy . Physical therapy is a professional career that has many specialties including musculoskeletal , orthopedics , cardiopulmonary , neurology , endocrinology , sports medicine , geriatrics , pediatrics , women's health , wound care and electromyography . Neurological rehabilitation is, in particular, a rapidly emerging field. PTs practice in many settings, such as privately-owned physical therapy clinics, outpatient clinics or offices, health and wellness clinics, rehabilitation hospital facilities, skilled nursing facilities, extended care facilities, private homes, education and research centers, schools , hospices , industrial and these workplaces or other occupational environments, fitness centers and sports training facilities. Physical therapists also practice in non-patient care roles such as health policy, health insurance, health care administration and as health care executives. Physical therapists are involved in

2576-487: Is increasing steadily with 219 residency, and 42 fellowship programs accredited in 2016. Residencies are aimed to train physical therapists in a specialty such as acute care , cardiovascular & pulmonary , clinical electrophysiology , faculty , geriatrics , neurology , orthopaedics , pediatrics , sports , women's health , and wound care , whereas fellowships train specialists in a subspecialty (e.g. critical care , hand therapy, and division 1 sports ), similar to

2688-433: Is insufficient to conclude whether the beneficial effects are sustainable and cost-effective. The findings are based on moderate quality evidence. Wound management physical therapy includes the treatment of conditions involving the skin and all its related organs. Common conditions managed include wounds and burns. Physical therapists may utilize surgical instruments, wound irrigations, dressings, and topical agents to remove

2800-446: Is more vocal, just over 2% of companies issue restricted shares. Ivar and Lee Higginson & Co., his investment banker in the USA, decided to have International Match issue new securities called convertible gold debentures. "Debenture" is a debt instrument not secured by physical collateral or assets. They were issued to mature in 20 years and they were payable in either dollars or gold, at

2912-601: Is only customary to consolidate the assets and liabilities of companies in such a balance sheet when a substantial majority of the outstanding shares are owned by the parent company. Where less than such a majority is owned, the shares are included as investments." This invention gained rapid acceptance by others, e.g. Goldman Sachs and Lehman Brothers . The former issued 250 million dollars' worth of complex securities (equivalent to about $ 4.4 billion in 2023 dollars) in 1929. Lehman issued similar obligations, which immediately rose 30 percent. Enron used them extensively and in

3024-508: Is provided as a primary care treatment or alongside, or in conjunction with, other medical services. In some jurisdictions, such as the United Kingdom, physical therapists may have the authority to prescribe medication. Physical therapy addresses the illnesses or injuries that limit a person's abilities to move and perform functional activities in their daily lives. PTs use an individual's history and physical examination to arrive at

3136-632: Is the Physical Therapist (PT) who is trained and licensed to examine, evaluate, diagnose and treat impairment, functional limitations, and disabilities in patients or clients. Physical therapist education curricula in the United States culminate in a Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) degree, with some practicing PTs holding a Master of Physical Therapy degree, and some with a Bachelor's degree . The Master of Physical Therapy and Master of Science in Physical Therapy degrees are no longer offered, and

3248-443: Is the case with Google for instance where they carry ten times more voting power than the A Shares. As already stated, these types of shares are used to this day although, unlike in Kreuger's time, there are often restrictions in some markets and/or jurisdictions nowadays. The New York Stock Exchange , for example, allows companies to list dual-class voting shares. Once shares are listed, however, companies are not allowed to reduce

3360-579: Is the term used for such professionals in the United States, and physiotherapist is the term used in many other countries. The career has many specialties including musculoskeletal , orthopedics , cardiopulmonary , neurology , endocrinology , sports medicine , geriatrics , pediatrics , women's health , wound care and electromyography . PTs practice in many settings, both public and private. In addition to clinical practice, other aspects of physical therapy practice include research, education, consultation, and health administration . Physical therapy

3472-474: Is typically followed by supervised professional experience lasting two to three years. All professionals on the HCPC register must comply with continuing professional development (CPD) and can be audited for this evidence at intervals. The body of knowledge of physical therapy is large, and therefore physical therapists may specialize in a specific clinical area. While there are many different types of physical therapy,

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3584-630: The American Board of Physical Therapy Specialties lists ten current specialist certifications. Most Physical Therapists practicing in a specialty will have undergone further training, such as an accredited residency program, although individuals are currently able to sit for their specialist examination after 2,000 hours of focused practice in their respective specialty population, in addition to requirements set by each respective specialty board. Cardiovascular and pulmonary rehabilitation respiratory practitioners and physical therapists offer therapy for

3696-565: The Chartered Society of Physiotherapy . The School of Physiotherapy at the University of Otago in New Zealand in 1913, and the United States 1914 Reed College in Portland, Oregon, which graduated "reconstruction aides." Since the profession's inception, spinal manipulative therapy has been a component of the physical therapist practice. Modern physical therapy was established towards the end of

3808-510: The Ordre Professionnel de la physiothérapie du Québec (OPPQ) to practice legally in the country according to specialist De Van Gerard. Most physical rehabilitation therapists complete their college diploma at Collège Montmorency , Dawson College , or Cégep Marie-Victorin , all situated in and around the Montreal area. After completing their technical college diploma, graduates have

3920-606: The Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm , from which he graduated with combined master's degrees covering both the faculties of mechanical and civil engineering, at the age of 20. Ivar Kreuger never married, but lived for many years in different periods with Ingeborg Eberth, family name Hässler, born in Stockholm, who worked as a physical therapist in Stockholm. They met for the first time in Stockholm in 1913. According to

4032-533: The Stock Market Crash of 1929 turned out to be a major factor in exposing his accounting that ultimately proved fatal to both him and his empire. In the spring of 1930, he visited the United States and gave a lecture about the situation in world economics at the Industrial Club of Chicago with the title "The transfer problem and its importance to the United States". He was invited by President Hoover to

4144-608: The United States vary among jurisdictions, as each state has enacted its own physical therapy practice act defining the profession within its jurisdiction, but the Federation of State Boards of Physical Therapy has also drafted a model definition to limit this variation. The Commission on Accreditation in Physical Therapy Education (CAPTE) is responsible for accrediting physical therapy education curricula throughout

4256-481: The United States Department of Labor 's Bureau of Labor Statistics , there were approximately 210,900 physical therapists employed in the United States in 2014, earning an average of $ 84,020 annually in 2015, or $ 40.40 per hour, with 34% growth in employment projected by 2024. The Bureau of Labor Statistics also reports that there were approximately 128,700 Physical Therapist Assistants and Aides employed in

4368-548: The White House to discuss the subject and in June he was awarded the title Doctor of Business Administration by Syracuse University , where he had worked as a young chief engineer when Archbold Stadium was built there in 1907. In 1929, at the peak of his career, the Kreuger fortune was thought to be worth 30 billion Swedish kronor , equivalent to approximately US$ 100 billion in 2000, and consisting of more than 200 companies. In

4480-652: The forestry industry in northern Sweden and planned to become head of a cellulose cartel . He also attempted to create a telephone monopoly in Sweden. After founding the pulp manufacturer SCA , in 1929 Kreuger was able to acquire the majority shares in the telephone company Ericsson ; the mining company Boliden (gold); major interests in the ball bearing manufacturer SKF ; the bank Skandinaviska Kreditaktiebolaget and others. Abroad he acquired Deutsche Unionsbank in Germany and Union de Banques à Paris in France, often with

4592-834: The musculoskeletal system including rehabilitation after orthopedic surgery , acute trauma such as sprains, strains, injuries of insidious onset such as tendinopathy, bursitis, and deformities like scoliosis . This specialty of physical therapy is most often found in the outpatient clinical setting. Orthopedic therapists are trained in the treatment of post-operative orthopedic procedures, fractures, acute sports injuries, arthritis, sprains, strains, back and neck pain, spinal conditions, and amputations. Joint and spine mobilization/manipulation, dry needling (similar to acupuncture ), therapeutic exercise , neuromuscular techniques, muscle reeducation, hot/cold packs, and electrical muscle stimulation (e.g., cryotherapy , iontophoresis , electrotherapy ) are modalities employed to expedite recovery in

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4704-588: The 19th century due to events that affected on a global scale, which called for rapid advances in physical therapy. Following this, American orthopedic surgeons began treating children with disabilities and employed women trained in physical education, and remedial exercise. These treatments were further applied and promoted during the Polio outbreak of 1916. During the First World War, women were recruited to work with and restore physical function to injured soldiers, and

4816-512: The BScPT to the MPT credential. However, research Master's of Science (MSc) and Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) programs are available at every university. Aside from academic research, practitioners can upgrade their skills and qualifications through continuing education courses and curriculums. Continuing education is a requirement of the provincial regulatory bodies. The Canadian Physiotherapy Association offers

4928-460: The Swedish word for a physical therapist was sjukgymnast = someone involved in gymnastics for those who are ill, but the title was then changed to fysioterapeut (physiotherapist), the word used in the other Scandinavian countries. In 1887, PTs were given official registration by Sweden's National Board of Health and Welfare. Other countries soon followed. In 1894, four nurses in Great Britain formed

5040-682: The U.S. occurred in 1974, with the Orthopaedic Section of the APTA being formed for those physical therapists specializing in orthopedics. In the same year, the International Federation of Orthopaedic Manipulative Physical Therapists was formed, which has ever since played an important role in advancing manual therapy worldwide. An international organization for the profession is the World Confederation for Physical Therapy (WCPT). It

5152-492: The United States are accredited by the Commission on Accreditation in Physical Therapy Education (CAPTE). According to CAPTE, as of 2022 there are 37,306 students currently enrolled in 294 accredited PT programs in the United States while 10,096 PTA students are currently enrolled in 396 PTA programs in the United States. The physical therapist professional curriculum includes content in the clinical sciences (e.g., content about

5264-579: The United States earned a median wage of $ 55,170 annually or $ 26.52 hourly and that Aides/Techs earned a median wage of $ 25,120 annually or $ 12.08 hourly in 2015. The American Physical Therapy Association reports vacancy rates for physical therapists as 11.2% in outpatient private practice, 10% in acute care settings, and 12.1% in skilled nursing facilities. The APTA also reports turnover rates for physical therapists as 10.7% in outpatient private practice, 11.9% in acute care settings, 27.6% in skilled nursing facilities. Definitions and licensing requirements in

5376-547: The United States in 2014, earning an average $ 42,980 annually, or $ 20.66 per hour, with 40% growth in employment projected by 2024. To meet their needs, many healthcare and physical therapy facilities hire "travel physical therapists", who work temporary assignments between 8 and 26 weeks for much higher wages; about $ 113,500 a year. Bureau of Labor Statistics data on PTAs and Techs can be difficult to decipher, due to their tendency to report data on these job fields collectively rather than separately. O-Net reports that in 2015, PTAs in

5488-705: The United States in March 1921 in "The PT Review." In the same year, Mary McMillan organized the American Women's Physical Therapeutic Association (now called the American Physical Therapy Association (APTA). In 1924, the Georgia Warm Springs Foundation promoted the field by touting physical therapy as a treatment for polio . Treatment through the 1940s primarily consisted of exercise , massage, and traction . Manipulative procedures to

5600-439: The United States of America. The title of Physiotherapist is a protected professional title in the United Kingdom. Anyone using this title must be registered with the Health & Care Professions Council (HCPC). Physiotherapists must complete the necessary qualifications, usually an undergraduate physiotherapy degree (at university or as an intern), a master rehabilitation degree, or a doctoral degree in physiotherapy. This

5712-659: The United States, and together with Lee, Higginson & Co. in New York, formed the International Match Corporation . This group eventually came to control almost 75% of the world production in matches. From 1925 to 1930, years when many countries in Europe were suffering after the First World War , Kreuger's companies gave loans to governments to speed up reconstruction. As a security, the governments would grant him

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5824-507: The University of Western Ontario to complete their training. This program accepts only 16 physiotherapists annually since 2007. Successful completion of either of these education streams and their respective examinations allows physiotherapists the opportunity to apply to the Canadian Academy of Manipulative Physiotherapy (CAMPT) for fellowship. Fellows of the Canadian Academy of manipulative Physiotherapists (FCAMPT) are considered leaders in

5936-400: The acquired company's own money. These maneuvers were made both necessary and possible by his invention, decades ahead of his time, of Enron-style financial engineering , which reported profits when there were none and paid out ever increasing dividends by attracting new investment and/or looting the treasury of a newly acquired company. By 1931, Kreuger controlled some 200 companies. However,

6048-481: The bankruptcy. The collection in Stockholm comprised 88 original paintings, among them 19 by Anders Zorn and a great number by old masters from the Netherlands. The New York collection included original paintings by Rembrandt and Anthony van Dyck . Kreuger became the major shareholder when the Swedish film company AB Svensk Filmindustri (SF) was founded in 1919 and because of that, sometimes met celebrities from

6160-506: The book she wrote after Kreuger's death in 1932, he was not interested in marriage or children and was very much focused on his business. She broke off the relationship in 1917 and moved to Denmark, where she married a Danish engineer with the name Eberth. They had a daughter in 1919, Grete Eberth (later to be an actress in Stockholm, married name Mac Laury). After some years, however, she divorced Eberth and moved back to Stockholm with her daughter, reuniting with Kreuger. Mr. Eberth once kidnapped

6272-634: The books were falsified." In March 1932, he was found dead in the bedroom of his flat in Paris. The police concluded that he had committed suicide, but decades later, his brother Torsten claimed that he had been murdered, which spawned some controversial literature on the subject. Kreuger was born in Kalmar , the eldest son of Ernst August Kreuger, an industrialist in the match industry in that city, and his wife Jenny Emelie Kreuger ( née Forssman). He had five siblings. At school, Ivar skipped ahead two classes by taking private lessons. At age 16, he began studies at

6384-448: The building and the park was kept void until the 1970s. Ivar Kreuger Ivar Kreuger ( Swedish: [ˈǐːvar ˈkry̌ːɡɛr] ; 2 March 1880 – 12 March 1932) was a Swedish civil engineer, financier, entrepreneur and industrialist. In 1908, he co-founded the construction company Kreuger & Toll Byggnads AB , which specialized in new building techniques. By aggressive investments and innovative financial instruments, he built

6496-603: The cardiovascular, pulmonary, endocrine, metabolic, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, integumentary, musculoskeletal, and neuromuscular systems and the medical and surgical conditions frequently seen by physical therapists). Current training is specifically aimed to enable physical therapists to appropriately recognize and refer non-musculoskeletal diagnoses that may present similarly to those caused by systems not appropriate for physical therapy intervention, which has resulted in direct access to physical therapists in many states. Post-doctoral residency and fellowship education prevalence

6608-410: The common shares into two classes. Each class would have the same claim to dividends and profits, but the B shares would carry only 1/1000 of a vote, compared to one vote for each A share. In this way Ivar could double the size of his capital, while diluting his control by just a fraction of a percent. Presently such shares are sometimes called A Shares with the B Shares having more voting power, as

6720-469: The construction business also included a definite commitment to finish the building on time. Hitherto the financial risk of delays were assumed by the clients. Kreuger & Toll was the first firm in Europe to commit to finish projects by a fixed date, thus shifting the risk to the builder, who after all was in the best position to reduce delays. When Kreuger won the contract to build a six-story "skyscraper", he promised that if construction wasn't finished by

6832-426: The damaged or contaminated tissue and promote tissue healing. Other commonly used interventions include exercise, edema control, splinting, and compression garments. The work done by physical therapists in the integumentary specialty does work similar to what would be done by medical doctors or nurses in the emergency room or triage. Neurological physical therapy is a field focused on working with individuals who have

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6944-591: The daughter in Stockholm and brought her back to Denmark. Shortly thereafter Ingeborg, without notifying the authorities or police, went down to Denmark and brought the daughter back to Sweden by hiring a private fishing boat in Denmark that took them over Öresund to Sweden. The new period with Kreuger lasted until around 1928; after that they just met occasionally. The last time they met was in November 1931, just before Kreuger started on his final trip to America. Eberth received

7056-621: The development of orthopedics in the eighteenth century, machines like the Gymnasticon were developed to treat gout and similar diseases by systematic exercise of the joints, similar to later developments in physical therapy. The earliest documented origins of actual physical therapy as a professional group date back to Per Henrik Ling , "Father of Swedish Gymnastics," who founded the Royal Central Institute of Gymnastics (RCIG) in 1813 for manipulation , and exercise . Up until 2014,

7168-615: The direct supervision of a physical therapist. Some jurisdictions require physical therapy technicians or aides to be certified, and education and certification requirements vary among jurisdictions. Physical therapy-related jobs in North America have shown rapid growth in recent years, but employment rates and average wages may vary significantly between different countries, states, provinces, or regions. A study from 2013 states that 56.4% of physical therapists were globally satisfied with their jobs. Salary, interest in work, and fulfillment in

7280-476: The employer, but education requirements range from a high school diploma or equivalent to completion of a 2-year degree program. O-Net reports that 64% of PT Aides/Techs have a high school diploma or equivalent, 21% have completed some college but do not hold a degree, and 10% hold an associate degree. Some jurisdictions allow physical therapists to employ technicians or aides or therapy assistants to perform designated routine tasks related to physical therapy under

7392-540: The end of 1907, he returned to Sweden with the goal of introducing the new methods in both countries at the same time. At that time, one of the experts in Sweden in concrete-steel constructions was his cousin Henrik Kreüger working at KTH in Stockholm. In May 1908, Kreuger formed the construction firm Kreuger & Toll in Sweden with the engineer Paul Toll , at that time working for the construction company Kasper Höglund AB, and his cousin Henrik Kreüger , working at

7504-594: The entire match industry in Sweden, including all the major companies that manufactured the production machines used in the factories. The total number of employees working in match production in Sweden in 1917 was around 9000. It also had control over major companies supplying the raw material for the match industry. During this time Kreuger also acquired the largest match manufacturing companies in Norway ( Bryn and Halden ) and in Finland ( Wiborgs and Kekkola ). However, Kreuger not only "acquired" companies but also introduced

7616-567: The entry-level degree is the Doctor of Physical Therapy degree, which typically takes 3 years after completing a bachelor's degree. PTs who hold a Masters or bachelors in PT are encouraged to get their DPT because APTA's goal is for all PT's to be on a doctoral level. WCPT recommends physical therapist entry-level educational programs be based on university or university-level studies, of a minimum of four years, independently validated and accredited. Curricula in

7728-490: The faculty of civil engineering at KTH , as a consulting engineer for the company. In Germany, he formed the company Deutsche Kahneisengesellschaft together with a colleague from his time in America, Anders Jordahl. The concrete-steel construction method of constructing buildings was not fully accepted in Sweden at that time and in order to market the new technique, Kreuger held several lectures and wrote an illustrated article on

7840-452: The field of physical therapy was institutionalized. In 1918 the term "Reconstruction Aide" was used to refer to individuals practicing physical therapy. The first school of physical therapy was established at Walter Reed Army Hospital in Washington, D.C., following the outbreak of World War I. Research catalyzed the physical therapy movement. The first physical therapy research was published in

7952-932: The field, having extensive post-graduate education in orthopedics and manual therapy. FCAMPT is an internationally recognized credential, as CAMPT is a member of the International Federation of Manipulative Physiotherapists (IFOMPT), a branch of World Physiotherapy (formerly World Confederation of Physical Therapy (WCPT)) and the World Health Organization (WHO). Physiotherapy degrees are offered at four universities: Edinburgh Napier University in Edinburgh, Robert Gordon University in Aberdeen, Glasgow Caledonian University in Glasgow, and Queen Margaret University in Edinburgh. Students can qualify as physiotherapists by completing

8064-447: The film industry. In June 1924, Mary Pickford and Douglas Fairbanks were invited by SF to Stockholm and were guided around the Stockholm archipelago in Kreuger's motor yacht Loris . A five-minute film sequence of this occasion is stored in SF's film archive. Pickford, Fairbanks, Kreuger, Charles Magnusson (the manager for SF), Greta Garbo and various SF employees appear in the film. After

8176-531: The financial crisis of 2008 they played a major role in bringing down Bear Stearns and Lehman Brothers. Despite the large number of bona fide companies Ivar controlled, he was an avid gambler. Physical therapy Physical therapy ( PT ), also known as physiotherapy , is a healthcare profession , as well as the care provided by physical therapists who promote, maintain, or restore health through patient education , physical intervention, disease prevention , and health promotion . Physical therapist

8288-412: The floors, 1 September 2010. The Matchstick Palace served as the headquarters for Swedish Match at the beginning of the 1930s, 1972–1991, and 2010–2015. Behind the latticework and Corinthian columns of the main portico is the horseshoe-shaped inner courtyard on which the building is centered. The façades of the ground floor are dressed in marble from Kolmården and the courtyard is furnished with

8400-465: The formation of the Standard Oil Trust transforming dozens of struggling factories into a strong and profitable monopoly. The methods had become illegal in the USA because of anti-trust laws , but were not against the law in Sweden at the time. A German chemist had invented phosphorus matches in 1832 but they were dangerous because the yellow phosphorus used was poisonous and because it was in

8512-642: The general manager and major share holder. He controlled it with a tight grip. The board of directors consisted of Ivar, his father, Paul Toll and two very close colleagues. After Ivar got involved in his father's match factories in Kalmar, he became more focused on "constructing" new companies or taking control of other corporations - usually paying with his own securities instead of cash - rather than buildings and bridges. Thus, by 1927, Ivar had bought banks, mining companies, railways, timber and paper firms, film distributors, real estate in several European cities as well as

8624-399: The holder's option. These bonds gave investors the right to receive annual interest payments of 6.5 percent from International Match, which was an attractive rate at the time. Finally, these debentures were convertible, which meant that they could be converted into shares. If International Match performed well and the value of the shares increased, investors could switch from the debentures to

8736-402: The larger one. It was his first big venture in inflating values, which became his prime tactic thereafter. One of the main designers behind this operation, besides Ivar, was his banker Rydbeck. The total number of shares in the new company was 450,000. Ivar Kreuger personally owned 223,000 shares and his new holding company, Kreuger & Toll Holding AB, 60,000. This company group now covered

8848-459: The last two. The use of debt in addition to equity is called leverage and it magnifies both gains and losses. With respect to selling shares, he invented dual class ownership shares since he did not want to lose control of his companies. He called the class of shares with reduced voting power B shares. One of Kreuger's biographers, Frank Partnoy , called it "an ingenious piece of financial engineering". Ivar began with Swedish Match where he divided

8960-508: The lighting of stoves and gas appliances among other uses, and therefore demand for them was highly inelastic , meaning that a monopolist could raise prices (and hence profits) significantly without much affecting the quantity sold. By expanding the Swedish Match company through acquisition of government-created monopolies, the Swedish company became the world's largest match manufacturer. Kreuger set up an affiliate to Kreuger & Toll AB in

9072-448: The loss of mobility before it occurs by developing fitness and wellness-oriented programs for healthier and more active lifestyles, providing services to individuals and populations to develop, maintain, and restore maximum movement and functional ability throughout the lifespan. This includes providing treatment in circumstances where movement and function are threatened by aging, injury, disease, or environmental factors. Functional movement

9184-425: The match head and thus could easily light by accident. The Swedes improved on the design by using a safer red phosphorus, which they put on the striking surface of the matchbox. They called them "safety matches". They made Sweden the leading exporter of matches and made matches the most important Swedish export. It should be remembered that in the early part of the 20th century matches were a necessity for smoking and

9296-511: The match monopoly in their country. This means that Kreuger gained a monopoly in match production, sales, or distribution, or a complete monopoly. The monopoly agreements differed from country to country. The capital was raised to a large extent through loans from Swedish and American banks, combined with issuing a large amount of participating debentures. Kreuger also often moved money from one corporation he controlled to another. Kreuger did not limit himself to matches, but gained control of most of

9408-455: The medical model. Residency programs offer eligibility to sit for the specialist certification in their respective area of practice. For example, completion of an orthopedic physical therapy residency, allows its graduates to apply and sit for the clinical specialist examination in orthopedics, achieving the OCS designation upon passing the examination. Board certification of physical therapy specialists

9520-464: The medical-legal field serving as experts, performing peer review and independent medical examinations . Education varies greatly by country. The span of education ranges from some countries having little formal education to others having doctoral degrees and post-doctoral residencies and fellowships. Regarding its relationship to other healthcare professions, physiotherapy is one of the allied health professions . World Physiotherapy has signed

9632-516: The membership examination to become members of the Ordre Professionnel de la physiothérapie du Québec (PPQ). Physiotherapists can pursue their education in such fields as rehabilitation sciences, sports medicine, kinesiology, and physiology. In the province of Quebec, physical rehabilitation therapists are health care professionals who are required to complete a four-year college diploma program in physical rehabilitation therapy and be members of

9744-412: The midst of the growing panic investors went crazy for the issue and promised to buy 28 million dollars of the new securities. And this happened two days after Black Monday in 1929. The second Poland agreement also contained some extraordinary protection for International Match including a binary foreign exchange option, a kind of derivative contract, to protect International Match from any declines in

9856-453: The more valuable shares. The convertible feature made these securities particularly attractive: they have both downside protection (because in the case of bankruptcy the bond holders were paid before the shareholders) and upside potential. In other words, the best of both worlds. "Ivar and Lee Higginson had designed their first financial mousetrap." Ivar's popularity helped Lee Higginson sell $ 15 million of International Match gold debentures, at

9968-625: The most famous, Svalan ( Swallow ), built at Lidingö in 1928, a 37 ft, 4.9 ton motor yacht, equipped with a V12, 31.9 liter Hispano-Suiza engine from the US company Wright, with 650 HP output, capable of more than 50 knots (≈ 57 mph). A replica of the boat has been built. He had a large private library in both his apartments in Stockholm and New York and quite a large art collection. The paintings were sold at different auctions held in September 1932, as all of Kreuger's private assets were incorporated into

10080-894: The national Physiotherapy Competency Examination (PCE). Passing the PCE is one of the requirements in most provinces and territories to work as a licensed physiotherapist in Canada. CAPR has members which are physiotherapy regulatory organizations recognized in their respective provinces and territories: Physiotherapy programs are offered at fifteen universities, often through the university's respective college of medicine. Each of Canada's physical therapy schools has transitioned from three-year Bachelor of Science in Physical Therapy (BScPT) programs that required two years of prerequisite university courses (five-year bachelor's degree) to two-year Master's of Physical Therapy (MPT) programs that require prerequisite bachelor's degrees. The last Canadian university to follow suit

10192-617: The news about his death in Paris on March 12, 1932, from newspaper headlines the day after. Kreuger had private apartments in Stockholm, New York, Paris, and Warsaw , and a country place used during the summer season on the private island Ängsholmen in the archipelago of Stockholm. On business tours in Europe, he preferred to meet his business associates in Paris and then stayed in his flat at 5, Av. Victor Emanuel III (today named Avenue Franklin-D.-Roosevelt  [ fr ] ). He owned several specially designed motor yachts , among them Elsa built in 1906, Loris (1913), Tärnan (1925), and

10304-723: The opportunity to pursue their studies at the university level to perhaps obtain a bachelor's degree in physiotherapy , kinesiology , exercise science , or occupational therapy . The Université de Montréal , the Université Laval and the Université de Sherbrooke are among the Québécois universities that admit physical rehabilitation therapists in their programs of study related to health sciences and rehabilitation to credit courses that were completed in college . To date, there are no bridging programs available to facilitate upgrading from

10416-432: The orthopedic setting. Additionally, an emerging adjunct to diagnosis and treatment is the use of sonography for diagnosis and to guide treatments such as muscle retraining. Those with injury or disease affecting the muscles, bones, ligaments, or tendons will benefit from assessment by a physical therapist specialized in orthopedics. Pediatric physical therapy assists in the early detection of health problems and uses

10528-413: The parent company's financial statements. Some of these entities were more or less secret. The associated debt, called "off balance sheet obligations", didn't appear in any financial statements of the companies Ivar controlled other than in summary form, if at all. Albert D. Berning of the firm Ernst & Ernst, International Match's auditor, rationalized it at the shareholder's meeting in 1926. He said "it

10640-412: The right to appoint the managing director of Garanta who alone was entitled to sign for the company. On or after October 1, 1929, International Match Corporation had the right to acquire 60 percent of the shares at par. This option term secured both initial control over Garanta and the right to own a majority of Garanta's shares in the future. This term means that details of an enterprise do not appear in

10752-722: The same year, the total loans made by Swedish banks were barely 4 billion SEK. Obtaining a monopoly for the production and/or sale of matches in return for loans to governments was, in its essence, not a new way of doing business. Such schemes had been around for a long time (e.g. the Mississippi Bubble of John Law , and the South Sea Bubble ) but Kreuger was very creative inventing new ways of financing business, while making sure that he kept control of his companies. Kreuger financed his activities by selling shares and bonds of his companies as well as through large bank loans, mainly

10864-415: The sculpture Diana fountain I by sculptor Carl Milles (1875–1955). Inside the portico are two flights of stairs leading up to the quarters of the board of directors, where is the circle segment -shaped board meeting room with paintings by expressionist painter Isaac Grünewald (1889–1946). On the opposite side of the courtyard, the first two floors are taken up by the session room. The space between

10976-642: The spine and extremity joints began to be practiced, especially in the British Commonwealth countries, in the early 1950s. Around the time polio vaccines were developed, physical therapists became a normal occurrence in hospitals throughout North America and Europe. In the late 1950s, physical therapists started to move beyond hospital-based practice to outpatient orthopedic clinics, public schools, colleges/universities health-centres, geriatric settings (skilled nursing facilities), rehabilitation centers and medical centers. Specialization in physical therapy in

11088-435: The start of the 20th century, Kreuger spent seven years traveling and working abroad as an engineer in the USA, Mexico, South Africa and other countries, but spent most of the time in the US. In South Africa, he ran a restaurant for a short time together with his friend Anders Jordahl , but they soon sold the restaurant. At an early stage, he came in contact with the patented Kahn System for concrete-steel constructions that

11200-495: The subject in a leading engineering magazine, Teknisk Tidskrift . The new technology was a success and the firm won several prestigious contracts, such as the construction of the Stockholm Olympic Stadium (1911–12); the foundation work for the new Stockholm City Hall (1912–13) and the department store NK (1913–14) in Stockholm. The chief engineer behind these advanced projects was Henrik Kreüger. Innovation in

11312-521: The value of the dollar: "International Match Corporation shall have the right to obtain payment of interest in Dutch guilders or US dollars according to its choice and for all such payments one dollar shall be counted as 2½ guilders." To retain control of Garanta , a company established to facilitate his deals, Ivar created another innovative financial provision, which meant that during the first four years until October 1, 1929, International Match Corporation had

11424-514: The voting rights of the existing shares or issue a new class of superior voting shares. There is a wide range of dual-class share structures and their use between countries. In Canada, for example, an estimated 20% to 25% of companies currently listed on the TSX make use of some form of dual-class share structure or special voting rights. In the United States on the other hand, where rules on dual-class shares are much more restrictive and investor opposition

11536-594: Was appointed the general manager. Ivar became a member of the board. A merger between this company with several other small match companies in Sweden, the company AB Svenska Förenade Tändsticksfabriker was founded in 1913 with Ivar Kreuger as the general manager. Later, by merging with the largest match company in Sweden, AB Jönköping-Vulcan , Svenska Tändsticks AB ( Swedish Match ) was founded in 1917. Ivar had originally tried to convince AB Jönköping-Vulcan to merge in December 1912, but they had not been interested as Vulcan

11648-519: Was around $ 10 million ($ 170 million in 2023 dollars) and Ivar owned about half of it, held all senior positions and controlled the board of directors. The Swedish banker Oscar Rydbeck became a close associate and an important teacher for Ivar in the financing business. He worked for Kreuger & Toll as a consultant from around 1912 until the Kreuger Crash in 1932 and was a member of its board of directors. For not having carried out his duties as

11760-404: Was called Kreuger & Toll "American Certificates". American investors had never seen an investment like this. It was part bond, part preferred stock, and part profit sharing option. The certificates enabled investors to gain exposure to a foreign company that had been paying dividends of 25 percent. It would be backed by the largest private loan to a foreign government (i.e. Germany) ever. Even in

11872-504: Was composed of bona fide businesses, and there were others like it. Another biographer called Kreuger a "genius and swindler", and John Kenneth Galbraith wrote that he was the " Leonardo of larcenists". Kreuger's financial empire collapsed during the Great Depression . The Price Waterhouse autopsy of his financial empire stated: "The manipulations were so childish that anyone with but a rudimentary knowledge of bookkeeping could see

11984-454: Was exploited by Julius Kahn's Trussed Concrete Steel Company , when working for different engineering companies, among them The Consolidated Engineering & Construction Co. and Purdy & Henderson in New York. This new technique had not been introduced in Sweden at that time. In 1907, he managed to get the representative rights for the system for both the Swedish and the German markets, and at

12096-737: Was founded in 1951 and has operated under the brand name World Physiotherapy since 2020. Educational criteria for physical therapy providers vary from state to state, country to country, and among various levels of professional responsibility. Most U.S. states have physical therapy practice acts that recognize both physical therapists (PT) and physical therapist assistants (PTA) and some jurisdictions also recognize physical therapy technicians (PT Techs) or aides. Most countries have licensing bodies that require physical therapists to be member of before they can start practicing as independent professionals. The Canadian Alliance of Physiotherapy Regulators (CAPR) offers eligible program graduates to apply for

12208-420: Was not among the board members in the construction company. How much of Paul Toll's company Ivar Kreuger owned has not been revealed—just that Paul Toll owned 60% in 1917 and, around 1930, 66% of the construction company. Kreuger & Toll Construction Co. has never shown up in any Kreuger & Toll Holding organisation charts. Kreuger & Toll Holding became his financial holding company, with Ivar Kreuger as

12320-559: Was the University of Manitoba , which transitioned to the MPT program in 2012, making the MPT credential the new entry to practice standard across Canada. Existing practitioners with BScPT credentials are not required to upgrade their qualifications. In the province of Quebec, prospective physiotherapists are required to have completed a college diploma in either health sciences, which lasts on average two years, or physical rehabilitation technology, which lasts at least three years, to apply to

12432-411: Was the dominating match company in Sweden. Ivar then started to acquire all of the match companies as well as most of the raw material companies he could find in and around Sweden and then finally got AB Jönköping-Vulcan to accept the merger. He had been so persuasive in arguing for the merger that he managed to overvalue his side of the deal so that it was essentially the smaller organization taking over

12544-493: Was the starting point for the reformation of the Swedish match industry as well as the major match companies in Norway and Finland. The goal was to get control of the entire match industry in Scandinavia. With the family match factories as the base, Kreuger first founded the Swedish corporation AB Kalmar-Mönsterås Tändsticksfabrik in 1912. His father, Ernst, and uncle Fredrik, became the major shareholders and his brother Torsten

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